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Jaffey JA. Canine extrahepatic biliary disease: what have we learned? J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:247-264. [PMID: 34935155 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Extrahepatic biliary disease in dogs is commonly encountered in clinical practice worldwide. Diseases in this segment of the biliary tract are diverse and can manifest with mild clinical signs or can be life-threatening. In the last decade there have been advances in diagnostic tests, imaging modalities and therapeutic interventions as well as the identification of novel prognostic variables that could improve outcomes in dogs with extrahepatic biliary disease. Therefore, the objective of this review was to summarise clinically relevant updates of extrahepatic biliary disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA
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2
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Allan F, McCallum KE, Genain M, Harris BJ, Watson PJ. Dissolution of cholelithiasis in a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel receiving conservative management with ursodeoxycholic acid. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Allan
- Queen's Veterinary School HospitalDepartment of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Katie Elizabeth McCallum
- Queen's Veterinary School HospitalDepartment of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marie‐Aude Genain
- Queen's Veterinary School HospitalDepartment of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Penny J Watson
- Queen's Veterinary School HospitalDepartment of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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3
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Ward PM, Brown K, Hammond G, Parkin T, Bouyssou S, Coia M, Nurra G, Ridyard AE. Cholelithiasis in the Dog: Prevalence, Clinical Presentation, and Outcome. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020; 56:152. [PMID: 32182115 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine cholelithiasis is considered to be an uncommon condition and is frequently cited as being an incidental finding. However, there is a paucity of contemporary literature to support these assertions. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to report the prevalence, clinical presentation, and long-term follow-up of cholelithiasis in dogs. The electronic database at the Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow was searched to identify dogs that were diagnosed with cholelithiasis on ultrasound between 2010 and 2018. Sixty-eight dogs were identified, giving an overall prevalence of cholelithiasis in our hospital of 0.97% (confidence interval 0.76-1.22%). Medical records of 61 dogs were available for review. Cholelithiasis was classified as an incidental finding in 53 (86.9%) dogs, with 8 (13.1%) dogs being classified as symptomatic, having complications of cholelithiasis that included biliary duct obstruction, biliary peritonitis, emphysematous cholecystitis, and acute cholecystitis. Follow-up was available for 39 dogs, with only 3 dogs (7.7%) developing complications attributed to cholelithiasis, including biliary duct obstruction and acute cholecystitis, within the subsequent 2 yr. Cholelithiasis is an uncommon but frequently incidental finding in dogs. Within the follow-up period, few of the dogs with incidental cholelithiasis went on to be become symptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Ward
- From Small Animal Hospital (P.M.W., K.B., G.H., S.B., M.C., G.N., A.E.R.) and Weipers Centre Equine Hospital (T.P.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran Brown
- From Small Animal Hospital (P.M.W., K.B., G.H., S.B., M.C., G.N., A.E.R.) and Weipers Centre Equine Hospital (T.P.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gawain Hammond
- From Small Animal Hospital (P.M.W., K.B., G.H., S.B., M.C., G.N., A.E.R.) and Weipers Centre Equine Hospital (T.P.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Parkin
- From Small Animal Hospital (P.M.W., K.B., G.H., S.B., M.C., G.N., A.E.R.) and Weipers Centre Equine Hospital (T.P.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bouyssou
- From Small Animal Hospital (P.M.W., K.B., G.H., S.B., M.C., G.N., A.E.R.) and Weipers Centre Equine Hospital (T.P.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Coia
- From Small Animal Hospital (P.M.W., K.B., G.H., S.B., M.C., G.N., A.E.R.) and Weipers Centre Equine Hospital (T.P.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Genziana Nurra
- From Small Animal Hospital (P.M.W., K.B., G.H., S.B., M.C., G.N., A.E.R.) and Weipers Centre Equine Hospital (T.P.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alison E Ridyard
- From Small Animal Hospital (P.M.W., K.B., G.H., S.B., M.C., G.N., A.E.R.) and Weipers Centre Equine Hospital (T.P.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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4
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Holt DE, Mehler S, Mayhew PD, Hendrick MJ. Canine Gallbladder Infarction: 12 Cases (1993–2003). Vet Pathol 2016; 41:416-8. [PMID: 15232144 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-4-416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A cohort of 12 dogs with severe transmural gallbladder necrosis is described. All dogs had cholecystectomies performed. In six dogs, perforation of the gallbladder was noted at surgery. Eight dogs survived the immediate postoperative period, and four dogs died. Histologically, inflammation was absent or minimal in all cases, suggesting that cholecystitis was not the cause of necrosis. Thrombi ( n = 2) and atheromatous vascular changes ( n = 1) represent possible vascular causes of this condition. The findings of coagulative necrosis in these 12 dogs are compatible with “gallbladder infarction,” and the authors propose this term to describe the histopathologic appearance of the gallbladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Holt
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA.
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5
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OBSTRUCTIVE CHOLELITHIASIS AND CHOLECYSTITIS IN A KINKAJOU (POTOS FLAVUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:175-8. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0076r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Huynh M, Guillaumot P, Hernandez J, Ragetly G. Gall bladder rupture associated with cholecystitis in a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius). J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:479-82. [PMID: 25168742 PMCID: PMC7166623 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A six‐year‐old neutered female albino ferret was presented with an acute episode of lethargy and anorexia. Clinical examination revealed marked cranial abdominal pain. A severe neutrophilic leukocytosis was present. Abdominal ultrasound was consistent with a diffuse peritonitis and severe bile duct inflammation. Cytology of the abdominal effusion revealed bile peritonitis. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and the gall bladder appeared inflamed with multiple perforations. A cholecystectomy was performed. The ferret recovered without complication. Bacteriological culture of the bile and gall bladder yielded a pure growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Histopathological analysis of the gall bladder and liver was consistent with a marked cholecystitis and cholangiohepatitis. On the basis of sensitivity testing, the ferret was treated with marbofloxacin for one month. No complications or reoccurrence were seen up to 1 year after the diagnosis. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of bile peritonitis secondary to gall bladder rupture in a ferret.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Huynh
- Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Frégis, 94110, Arcueil, France
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Escobar MC, Neel JA. Pathology in practice. Gallbladder mucocele rupture, bile peritonitis, cholestasis, and liver inflammation and necrosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 239:65-7. [PMID: 21718197 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Carolina Escobar
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Adamama-Moraitou KK, Prassinos NN, Galatos AD, Tontis DK, Rallis TS. Isolated abdominal fat tissue inflammation and necrosis in a cat. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a rare clinical case of a 4.5-month-old, female domestic shorthair, cat with isolated abdominal fat tissue inflammation and necrosis, resembling human omental panniculitis. Its possible relationship with pancreatitis or bile induced chemical peritonitis is also discussed. The overall clinical course was considered benign. Initial clinical signs were vomiting and anorexia, presumably due to inflammation, followed by mass development. It was speculated that, eventually, the kitten was vomiting because of mechanical pressure from the mass, and that this pressure subsided as the kitten grew. The mass was surgically resected and no relapse was evident during the next 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina K. Adamama-Moraitou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 St Voutyra Street, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikitas N. Prassinos
- Companion Animal Clinic (Surgery and Obstetrics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 St Voutyra Street, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos D. Galatos
- Clinic of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, PO Box 199, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dimitris K. Tontis
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, PO Box 199, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Tim S. Rallis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 11 St Voutyra Street, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Spillmann T, Schnell-Kretschmer H, Dick M, Gröndahl KA, Lenhard TCW, Rüst SK. ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIO-PANCREATOGRAPHY IN DOGS WITH CHRONIC GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46:293-9. [PMID: 16229427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography is a combination of endoscopy and fluoroscopy used for radiographic imaging of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. In order to assess its feasibility and to describe abnormal findings in dogs, this technique was performed in 30 dogs with nonspecific chronic gastrointestinal disturbances. Using an 11-mm side-view endoscope, retrograde cholangiography was successful in 20/30 dogs (67%) and pancreatography in 21/30 (70%). Success was affected by intraduodenal food, mucus or blood, problems in papillary cannulation, stomach overdistention, body size, and changes in duodenal mucosa. It was impossible to perform the procedure in dogs weighing < 10 kg with the available material. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed findings that differed from previous reports in healthy beagles in 5/20 dogs. Findings included enlarged common bile duct (n = 2), intraductal filling defects (n = 2), and deviated course of common bile duct (n = 1), and major papilla stenosis (n = 1). In the dog with major papilla stenosis and intraductal filling defects, endoscopic guided sphincterotomy was performed. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography revealed an abnormal course of the accessory pancreatic duct in 2/21 dogs. In both dogs with proven end-stage pancreatic acinar atrophy, the left duct branch did not run distal the stomach to the left but went parallel to the right duct branch and the duodenum. Repeated clinical and laboratory examinations revealed no signs of complications after endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography. It was concluded that this imaging technique is promising for the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic diseases in dogs. It also offers the chance for new treatment options such as endoscopic guided sphincterotomy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Spillmann
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen. Germany.
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Vörös K, Sterczer A, Manczur F, Gaál T. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in dogs. Acta Vet Hung 2003; 50:385-93. [PMID: 12498144 DOI: 10.1556/avet.50.2002.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis was performed on 13 healthy beagle dogs to determine whether percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in the dog was a feasible and safe procedure. Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic examinations were done at 0 and 10 minutes, in the 2nd and 16th hour, and on the 7th day. They included a detailed physical examination of the mucous membranes, cardiorespiratory system and abdominal organs. Laboratory examinations of the blood consisted of a complete blood count, determination of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), total plasma protein (TPP), parameters of haemostasis including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and enzyme activities reflecting hepatobiliary function, i.e. aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Ultrasonographic findings of the gallbladder (size, shape, wall, content) and appearance of the biliary tract and the surrounding cranial intraabdominal organs were also evaluated. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis was performed easily during the study, and dogs tolerated well the procedure performed without anaesthesia. All laboratory parameters of the blood remained within normal limits throughout the study. However, some follow-up values, i.e. PCV, TPP, APTT and ALT, demonstrated statistically significant differences when compared to baseline measurements, which might reflect the effect of 24-hour fasting before the experiment, as well as day-to-day metabolic fluctuations due to feeding and water supply during the study. There were no visible signs of bleeding from the liver, bile leakage from the gallbladder or accumulation of free peritoneal fluid during repeated ultrasonographic examinations. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis seems to be an important diagnostic procedure in canine gallbladder diseases and can be used safely and easily to gain gallbladder bile for diagnosis of bacterial cholecystitis or for investigating hepatobiliary function in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vörös
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University, H-1400 Budapest, P.O. Box 2, Hungary.
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Abstract
Four cases of extrahepatic biliary tract surgery in the cat are described. The causes of the disease were inflammation of the gallbladder, distal common bile duct (CBD) or major duodenal papilla, and traumatic avulsion of the CBD. Bile peritonitis was present in two of the cats. Biliary enterostomy was performed in three cats, two of which were euthanased at five weeks and three months postsurgery; the third was alive at the time of writing, four months postsurgery. Cholecystectomy was curative in one cat. A literature review reveals high early mortality following biliary diversion, with only 50 per cent of cases surviving more than two weeks, and 23 per cent surviving more than six months. Surviving cats had repeated intermittent vomiting and anorexia that responded to antibiotics. No postoperative mortality was seen when biliary diversion was avoided. Whenever biliary enterostomy or temporary diversion methods are performed, a poorer prognosis should be offered due to the increased likelihood of postoperative complications and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Bacon
- The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES
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