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Armstrong JF. Neurologic Assessment and Critical Care of Exotic Animals: Approach to the Neurologic Exam, Species Differences, Prognostic Scales, Commonly Encountered Conditions, Ancillary Diagnostic Tests, and Caring for Neurologically Impaired Patients. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023:S1094-9194(23)00025-7. [PMID: 37385906 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Many disorders of other body systems have been well characterized in exotic species; however, data regarding neurologic conditions is limited. Across some of these species, correlates between feline and canine neurology can be made, but variations in the nervous system anatomy make evaluation more challenging. With accurate neurolocalization a focused list of differential diagnoses can be created. Performing the neurologic examination should be methodical for all patients, and the order and extent of examination may depend upon the patient's clinical condition and cooperation. Applications of objective scale measures (such as coma scales), and ancillary diagnostics (electrodiagnostics, advanced imaging, biopsy techniques, and BAER testing) complement physical assessment and clinicopathologic assessment in these neurologic patients. Once a neurolocalization, likely diagnosis, and prognosis have been established, specific considerations for hospitalization and care of neurologic patients can be implemented while treatment is instituted.
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Huynh M, Piazza S. Musculoskeletal and Neurologic Diseases. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2021. [PMCID: PMC7258713 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ferrets may exhibit neurologic signs as a result of various conditions that may be of nervous or muscular origin. Neurologic examination follows the same principles as in small animal medicine. One of the main defect that may be screened during clinical examination is deafness. Congenital deafness in ferrets is associated with coat color patterns such as white markings and premature graying.In this species, paresis is a common presentation and may reflect a generalized weakness. Spinal disorder, intervertebral disk disease, and neoplasia are among the differential diagnosis. Diagnostic exams usually include advance diagnostic imaging such as CT-scan associated with myelography. Seizure is usually associated with hypoglycemia and insulinoma, but other causes such as hypocalcemia or intracranial disorders have been described. Ferrets are sensitive to various neurotropic infectious disease such as rabies, distemper, aleutian disease, or systemic coronavirus. Finally, muscular disorder such as disseminated idiopathic myofasciitis and myasthenia gravis have been recently described, and potential treatments have been intended.
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Liatis T, Gardini A, Marçal VC, Foreman M, Holloway A, Taeymans O, Cherubini GB. Surgical Treatment of a Vertebral Fracture Caused by Osseous Plasmacytoma in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela Putorius Furo). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Dias S, Fernández-Flores F, Pumarola M, Recio A, Novellas R, Martorell J. MULTIFOCAL EMBRYONAL TUMOR IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF A FERRET (MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Warschau M, Hoffmann M, Dziallas P, Hansmann F, Baumgärtner W, Mischke R, Cichowski S, Fehr M. Invasive histiocytic sarcoma of the lumbar spine in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo). J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:115-118. [PMID: 28160308 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the history, clinical examination and histopathology of a histiocytic sarcoma in a domestic ferret. Clinical signs were acute paraplegia and dysuria. Physical examination revealed a firm, smooth, touch-sensitive mass in and around the lumbar vertebral column. Neurologic examination was consistent with a lesion between spinal cord segments T3 and L3. Magnetic resonance images revealed bone lesions of L2 and L3 combined with compression of the spinal cord due to a homogenous, isointense mass that was diagnosed as a malignant round cell tumour and the ferret was euthanased. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of an infiltrative histiocytic sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Warschau
- Clinic for Pets, Reptiles and Pet and Feral Birds, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Hoffmann
- Small Animal Clinic Neandertal, D-42781, Haan, Germany
| | - P Dziallas
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Mischke
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Cichowski
- Small Animal Practice, D-49201, Dissen, Germany
| | - M Fehr
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
In the last few years, significant improvement in diagnosis and treatment of ferret emergencies has occurred. Scientific advances demonstrated the need of specific practices when dealing with emergencies in ferrets. The risk of overdiagnosis of hypoglycemia with human portable blood glucose meters is a clear example. The purpose of this article is to describe the current approach to common medical and surgical emergencies in ferrets.
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Proks P, Stehlik L, Paninarova M, Irova K, Hauptman K, Jekl V. Congenital abnormalities of the vertebral column in ferrets. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2014; 56:117-23. [PMID: 25124147 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebral column pathologies requiring surgical intervention have been described in pet ferrets, however little information is available on the normal vertebral formula and congenital variants in this species. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe vertebral formulas and prevalence of congenital vertebral anomalies in a sample of pet ferrets. Radiographs of 172 pet ferrets (96 males and 76 females) were included in this retrospective study. In 143 ferrets (83.14%), five different formulas of the vertebral column were recorded with normal morphology of vertebrae (rib attachment included) but with a variable number of thoracic (Th), lumbar (L), and sacral (S) vertebrae. The number of cervical (C) vertebrae was constant in all examined animals. Observed vertebral formulas were C7/Th14/L6/S3 (51.74%), C7/Th14/L6/S4 (22.10%), C7/Th14/L7/S3 (6.98%), C7/Th15/L6/S3 (1.74%), and C7/Th15/L6/S4 (0.58%). Formula C7/Th14/L6/S4 was significantly more common in males than in females (P < 0.05). Congenital spinal abnormalities were found in 29 ferrets (16.86%), mostly localized in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral regions. The cervical region was affected in only one case. Transitional vertebrae represented the most common congenital abnormalities (26 ferrets) in the thoracolumbar (13 ferrets) and lumbosacral regions (10 ferrets) or simultaneously in both regions (three ferrets). Other vertebral anomalies included block (two ferrets) and wedge vertebra (one ferret). Spina bifida was not detected. Findings from the current study indicated that vertebral formulas may vary in ferrets and congenital abnormalities are common. This should be taken into consideration for surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Proks
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Small Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Orlandi R, Mateo I. Intervertebral Disc Protrusion in a Ferret with Triple Thoracic Block Vertebrae. J Exot Pet Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Srugo I, Chai O, Yaakov D, Sharon L, Shamir MH. Successful medical management of lumbar intervertebral disc prolapse in a ferret. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:447-50. [PMID: 20630019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thoracolumbar disc herniation was diagnosed in a two-year-old ferret using a myelogram followed by a computed tomography scan. The ferret was paraplegic with no control over urination and defecation. Conservative treatment that included cage rest and passive range of motion exercises for three weeks followed by extensive physiotherapy and hydrotherapy resulted in full recovery two months after the onset of treatment. Although intervertebral disc disease has been reported previously in four ferrets, this is the first report in which a postmyelogram computed tomography was used to demonstrate the herniated disc, and physiotherapy was used as principal treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Srugo
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Neurology represents an important specialty within ferret clinical medicine. Veterinarians should become familiar with the unique anatomic and physiologic differences between ferrets to improve their management of theses cases. In addition, veterinarians should use available diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of neurologic diseases. Recent advances in ferret medicine and veterinary neurology offer new capabilities to investigate and treat neurological disease in ferrets.
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Spriggs M, Arble J, Myers G. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC EXTRUSION AND SPINAL DECOMPRESSION IN A BINTURONG (ARCTICTIS BINTURONG). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38:135-8. [PMID: 17469290 DOI: 10.1638/2006-0013r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-yr-old binturong (Arctictis binturong) developed an acute onset of hind limb paralysis. Neurological examination revealed sensorimotor paraplegia. Myelography and computed tomography demonstrated a ventrolateral extradural compression of the spinal cord centered over the L3-L4 intervertebral disc space. Spinal decompression was performed via hemilaminectomy and excision of degenerate nucleus pulposus, confirmed by histopathologic examination. The binturong regained slight motor function by day 8 postoperatively but succumbed to pancreatitis 19 days postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Spriggs
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus 43210, USA
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Abstract
This case report describes the diagnosis and resolution of an inter-vertebral disk prolapse in a 6-year-old ferret. No predisposing causes were found in the patient's history. A right hemilaminectomy, performed 1 week after presentation, was chosen to treat the patient surgically, and complete remission of clinical signs was achieved 2 months after presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Morera
- Exòtics, Balmes, 454, 08022 Barcelona, Spain.
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