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Huggins LG, Namgyel U, Wangchuk P, Atapattu U, Traub R, Colella V. Metabarcoding using nanopore sequencing enables identification of diverse and zoonotic vector-borne pathogens from neglected regions: A case study investigating dogs from Bhutan. One Health 2024; 19:100839. [PMID: 39005237 PMCID: PMC11238191 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The diversity and prevalence of canine vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) in Bhutan have to date remained unexplored, whilst recent epidemiological surveys in other South Asian nations have found diseases caused by VBPs to be rife in local dog populations. Importantly, many of such VBPs can infect people as well, with a building body of evidence identifying potentially zoonotic rickettsial organisms infecting humans in Bhutan. Given the lack of data on canine pathogens in Bhutan we employed a suite of deep-sequencing metabarcoding methods using Oxford Nanopore Technologies' MinION™ device to holistically characterise the bacterial, apicomplexan and filarial worm blood-borne pathogens of dogs in the country's south. Of the 95 stray, owned and community dogs sampled 78% (95% CI = 69%-85%) were infected with at least one VBP. Pathogen species detected were highly diverse including the bacteria Mycoplasma haemocanis in 16% (95% CI: 10-24%), Ehrlichia canis in 4% (95% CI: 2-10%), Anaplasma platys in 2% (95% CI: 0.5-7%) of dogs as well as the zoonotic species Bartonella clarridgeiae in 1% (95% CI: 0.1-6%), a potentially novel Bartonella spp. and an Ehrlichia chaffeensis-like bacterium, both in 1% (95% CI: 0.1-6%) of dogs. The apicomplexan haemoparasites Hepatozoon canis in 62% (95% CI: 52-71%), Babesia gibsoni in 45% (95% CI: 36-55%) and Babesia vogeli in 3% (95% CI: 1-9%) of dogs were also detected. Finally, 5% (95% CI: 2-12%) of dogs were found to be infected with the filarioid Acanthocheilonema reconditum and 1% (95% CI: 0.1-6%) with zoonotic Dirofilaria sp. hongkongensis. One canine was found positive to the filarioid Setaria tundra, a species normally found infecting cervids. The elucidated diversity of VBP communities highlights the strength of assumption-free diagnostics, such as metabarcoding, in detecting rare, novel, and unexpected pathogens. This approach to identifying pathogen diversity is of critical importance when investigating regions and populations that have thus far been neglected, with the findings aiding the development of future One Health informed strategies for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G. Huggins
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Ugyen Namgyel
- National Centre for Animal Health, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan
| | - Pelden Wangchuk
- National Centre for Animal Health, Serbithang, Thimphu 11001, Bhutan
| | - Ushani Atapattu
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Rebecca Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- CityU Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Vito Colella
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Pascutti KM, Dolan JK, Porter LT, Gilor S, Harris AN. Case Report: Septic Pericarditis With Achromobacter xyloxidans in an Immunosuppressed Dog. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:884654. [PMID: 35664856 PMCID: PMC9158496 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.884654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 5-year-old female spayed French Bulldog presented for anorexia and increased respiratory rate. On presentation, she was dyspneic with stridor and increased bronchovesicular sounds. Point-of-care ultrasound identified pericardial effusion. Thoracic radiographs identified pleural effusion, a wide cranial mediastinum, and multifocal unstructured interstitial pulmonary opacities. Bloodwork revealed a moderate leukocytosis characterized by a mature neutrophilia with a left shift, hypoalbuminemia, mildly increased alkaline phosphatase activity, and moderate hypokalemia. Thoracic CT findings revealed moderate pericardial and bilateral pleural effusion, mediastinal effusion, and moderate cranial mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Diagnostic thoracocentesis and pericardiocentesis revealed septic exudates with bacilli. Two days later, a median sternotomy and pericardiectomy were performed. Aerobic cultures of the effusions grew Achromobacter xylosoxidans ss deitrificans. The patient was treated with Amoxicillin-clavulanate and enrofloxacin for 12 weeks and clinically fully recovered. Achromobacter xylosoxidans has not been reported as a cause of purulent pericarditis and pyothorax in a dog. Uniquely, this patient is suspected of developing this infection secondary to immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M. Pascutti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jacqueline K. Dolan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostics and Population Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lauren T. Porter
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shir Gilor
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostics and Population Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Autumn N. Harris
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Steiner V, Rosel AC, Ruppitsch W, Allerberger F, Carranza Valencia A, Markovic M, Luckschander-Zeller N, Szostak MP, Spergser J, Loncaric I, Künzel F. The First Bacterial Endocarditis Due to Achromobacter xylosoxidans in a Dog. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121580. [PMID: 34959535 PMCID: PMC8709460 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious endocarditis (IE) in dogs is often associated with a high mortality rate as diagnostic work-up as well as antibiotic treatment might be challenging. The present case describes bacteremia in a dog caused by Achromobacter xylosoxidans, leading to an infectious endocarditis. Achromobacter xylosoxidans (A. xylosoxidans) is an aerobic Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, which has been associated with multiple nosocomial opportunistic diseases in human medicine. One such manifestation of A. xylosoxidans infection is endocarditis. A. xylosoxidans infections are challenging to treat due to the reduced effectiveness of a wide range of antimicrobial agents. To date, only a few case reports of infections with A. xylosoxidans in animals have been described. This is the first case report of A. xylosoxidans endocarditis in a dog. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to determine the sequencing type and to gain more information about this bacterium regarding its intrinsic resistance genes. With this case report, we seek to increase awareness of A. xylosoxidans as an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen in dogs and to provide a short summary regarding the current state of general knowledge and known resistance patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Steiner
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinical Unit of Internal Medic and Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.V.); (M.M.); (N.L.-Z.); (F.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Adriana Cabal Rosel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.R.); (W.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.R.); (W.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Franz Allerberger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.R.); (W.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Alejandra Carranza Valencia
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinical Unit of Internal Medic and Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.V.); (M.M.); (N.L.-Z.); (F.K.)
| | - Mato Markovic
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinical Unit of Internal Medic and Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.V.); (M.M.); (N.L.-Z.); (F.K.)
| | - Nicole Luckschander-Zeller
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinical Unit of Internal Medic and Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.V.); (M.M.); (N.L.-Z.); (F.K.)
| | - Michael P. Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.P.S.); (J.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.P.S.); (J.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (M.P.S.); (J.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Frank Künzel
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinical Unit of Internal Medic and Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.V.); (M.M.); (N.L.-Z.); (F.K.)
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Davenport AC, Mascarelli PE, Maggi RG, Breitschwerdt EB. Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria isolated from sick dogs using the BAPGM enrichment culture platform. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:854-61. [PMID: 23647339 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bartonella alpha-Proteobacteria growth medium (BAPGM) enrichment culture has proven useful for documenting Bartonella species infection and has facilitated growth of other fastidious bacteria from human samples. PURPOSE To report non-Bartonella bacterial isolates obtained from canine samples cultured using BAPGM enrichment culture. ANIMALS Between 2004 and 2008, 695 specimens from 513 dogs were tested by the NCSU-IPRL using the BAPGM enrichment culture. Over the same period of time, blood samples from 270 dogs were cultured by the NCSU-CML using Bactec-Plus Aerobic/F media. METHODS BAPGM isolates were characterized using Bartonella genus primers and 16S rDNA primers followed by DNA sequencing. NCSU medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Blood culture results from the NCSU-CML were compared with BAPGM blood culture results. RESULTS Seventy-nine non-Bartonella isolates were obtained from 69/513 dogs. The most commonly isolated phylum was Proteobacteria (48.1%) with alpha-Proteobacteria being the most commonly isolated class. Staphylococcus and Sphingomonas were the most commonly isolated genera. The majority of the remaining isolates were bacteria that are rarely isolated from canine samples. Comparison of NCSU-CML and IPRL (BAPGM) blood culture isolates showed alpha-Proteobacteria were isolated more often from BAPGM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Use of insect cell culture enrichment medium, such as BAPGM, appears to enhance the growth of alpha-Proteobacteria, but also results in isolation of non-alpha-Proteobacteria from sick dogs. Future studies are needed to elucidate the utility of BAPGM and other "nonconventional" growth media and methods for isolation of fastidious organisms and to determine if these organisms play a causal role in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Davenport
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Meakin LB, Salonen LK, Baines SJ, Brockman DJ, Gregory SP, Halfacree ZJ, Lipscomb VJ, Lee KC. Prevalence, outcome and risk factors for postoperative pyothorax in 232 dogs undergoing thoracic surgery. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:313-7. [PMID: 23581608 PMCID: PMC3708104 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence, outcome and risk factors for postoperative pyothorax in dogs undergoing thoracic surgery. Methods Case records were reviewed retrospectively to identify dogs with post thoracic surgery pyothorax, defined as septic neutrophilic inflammation within the pleural space based on cytology and/or a positive bacterial culture of pleural fluid. Those identified were reviewed for potential risk factors for postoperative pyothorax based on biological plausibility and previously published data. These potential risk factors were explored by multivariable logistic regression. Results Of 232 dogs undergoing thoracic surgery, 15 (6·5%) dogs developed pyothorax. Bacteria cultured included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multi-resistant Escherichia coli. Of these dogs, six died, four were euthanased and five were treated successfully. A diagnosis of idiopathic chylothorax [Odds Ratio (OR)=12·5, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=2·7-58·5, P=0·001], preoperative intrathoracic biopsy (OR=14·3, 95% CI=1·7-118·7, P=0·014) and preoperative thoracocentesis (OR=11·2, 95% CI=1·6-78·2, P=0·015) were identified as independent risk factors for development of postoperative pyothorax. Clinical Significance Idiopathic chylothorax, intrathoracic biopsy and prior thoracocentesis are independent risk factors for postoperative pyothorax, which was associated with a 67% mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Meakin
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU
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