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Bagardi M, Locatelli C, Brambilla PG, Ghilardi S, Rabbogliatti V, Amari M, Casiraghi S, Ravasio G, Galimberti L, Brioschi FA. Comparison of two multimodal intramuscular anaesthetic protocols in uncooperative feline patients: effects on sedation and echocardiographic measurements. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231153069. [PMID: 36820491 PMCID: PMC10812084 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231153069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare the sedative effect, feasibility of venous angiocatheter placement and influence on heart rate (HR), systemic blood pressure (SBP) and echocardiographic variables of two multimodal anaesthetic protocols in uncooperative cats; and to compare their influence on HR, SBP and echocardiographic variables 20 mins after sedation and after elective ovariectomy. METHODS Eighteen stray female cats randomly received intramuscular (IM) ketamine (2 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg) plus dexmedetomidine (7 µg/kg; group D, n = 9) or alfaxalone (2 mg/kg; group A, n = 9). A sedation score (0-15 [from none to good sedation]) was assigned at 5 mins, 10 mins, 15 mins and 20 mins after IM injection. Venous angiocatheter placement and echocardiographic examination feasibility scores (both from 0 to 3 [from very difficult to very easy]) were recorded at 20 mins. Echocardiography, HR and blood pressure measurements (Doppler and oscillometric methods) were performed at 20 mins and at the end of surgery. RESULTS Sedation and angiocatheter feasibility scores did not differ significantly between groups (P >0.05); the feasibility score of echocardiographic examination was higher in cats in group D (P = 0.01). HR was higher in group A at 20 mins and after surgery (P <0.05). The systolic arterial pressure obtained with the Doppler method was statistically significantly higher in cats in group D than in group A at 20 mins (P = 0.01), while postoperatively there were no differences between groups. Cats in group D showed significantly higher atrial diameters (P <0.05) and slower atrial flows (P = 0.04) compared with group A; ventricular thickness and atrial function did not differ between groups (P >0.05). Most echocardiographic variables were not different at 20 mins vs postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Both protocols allowed for effective sedation; however, cats in group D presented alterations in some echocardiographic measurements; the use of alfaxalone, combined with ketamine and methadone, is recommended to obtain a reliable echocardiographic evaluation in uncooperative cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Bagardi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola G Brambilla
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Ghilardi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rabbogliatti
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Martina Amari
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Silvia Casiraghi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
| | - Luigi Galimberti
- Health Protection Agency (ATS), Milan Metropolitan City, Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica A Brioschi
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lodi, Italy
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Kiatsilapanan A, Surachetpong SD. Assessment of left atrial function in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by using two- dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:344. [PMID: 32948164 PMCID: PMC7501631 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrial (LA) function plays an important role in diastolic dysfunction in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is a technique for assessing LA function. This study aimed to evaluate the LA function in HCM cats compared to normal cats, using 2D-STE. RESULTS Seventeen client-owned cats affected with HCM and twenty healthy control cats were studied. Conventional echocardiographic and 2D-STE variables were measured and compared between groups (control and HCM groups). Variability of the peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) displayed good reproducibility with 4.7% intra-observer and 14% inter-observer repeatability. The mean value of PALS in the HCM group (13.16 ± 8.64) was lower than that in the control group (28.54 ± 10.31) (P < 0.001). PALS was lowest in the LA roof region. The atrial longitudinal strains of septal and lateral regions were significantly lower in the HCM group than in the normal group. The PALS correlated with the percentage of the LA fractional shortening (LA-FS) (r = 0.538, P = 0.001), the percentage of the LA ejection fraction (LA-EF) (r = 0.797, P < 0.001), and the LA fractional area change (FAC) (r = 0.746, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PALS is a feasible and reproducible method to evaluate the LA function in cats affected with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisara Kiatsilapanan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Kiatsilapanan A, Surachetpong SD. Assessment of left atrial function in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by using two- dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. BMC Vet Res 2020. [PMID: 32948164 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02557-3.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left atrial (LA) function plays an important role in diastolic dysfunction in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) is a technique for assessing LA function. This study aimed to evaluate the LA function in HCM cats compared to normal cats, using 2D-STE. RESULTS Seventeen client-owned cats affected with HCM and twenty healthy control cats were studied. Conventional echocardiographic and 2D-STE variables were measured and compared between groups (control and HCM groups). Variability of the peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) displayed good reproducibility with 4.7% intra-observer and 14% inter-observer repeatability. The mean value of PALS in the HCM group (13.16 ± 8.64) was lower than that in the control group (28.54 ± 10.31) (P < 0.001). PALS was lowest in the LA roof region. The atrial longitudinal strains of septal and lateral regions were significantly lower in the HCM group than in the normal group. The PALS correlated with the percentage of the LA fractional shortening (LA-FS) (r = 0.538, P = 0.001), the percentage of the LA ejection fraction (LA-EF) (r = 0.797, P < 0.001), and the LA fractional area change (FAC) (r = 0.746, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS PALS is a feasible and reproducible method to evaluate the LA function in cats affected with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arisara Kiatsilapanan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Disatian Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Sugimoto K, Kawase N, Aoki T, Fujii Y. Effects of dehydration on echocardiographic diastolic parameters in healthy cats. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e18. [PMID: 31161736 PMCID: PMC6538523 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of dehydration on echocardiographic indices in healthy cats: specifically, it aimed to assess the effects of volume depletion on diastolic function. Nine experimental cats were subjected to both a dehydration and placebo protocol separated by a 21-day washout period. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and on completion of each protocol. Results were compared between the two protocols. Volume depletion was induced by intravenous administration of furosemide. Volume depletion showed a significant association with increased interventricular septal and left ventricular free wall thickness at end-diastole, decreased left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole, and left atrial diameter at end-systole. The peak early (E) and late (A) diastolic filling velocities, and the peak early diastolic velocities (E′) were significantly decreased by dehydration. Volume depletion did not affect peak longitudinal strain rate during early diastole, E/A, or E/E′. Volume depletion significantly affected the echocardiographic diastolic indices and conventional echocardiographic parameters in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Nana Kawase
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takuma Aoki
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Surgery 1, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Häggström J, Luis Fuentes V, Wess G. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in cats. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:S134-49. [PMID: 26776573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heart disease in cats, and it can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Cats are often screened for HCM because of the presence of a heart murmur, but screening for breeding purposes has also become common. These cats are usually purebred cats of breeding age, and generally do not present with severe disease or with any clinical signs. This type of screening is particularly challenging because mild disease may be difficult to differentiate from a normal phenotype, and the margin for error is small, with potentially major consequences for the breeder. This article reviews HCM screening methods, with particular emphasis on echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- The Royal Veterinary College, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Linney CJ, Dukes-McEwan J, Stephenson HM, López-Alvarez J, Fonfara S. Left atrial size, atrial function and left ventricular diastolic function in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:198-206. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Linney
- Department of Cardiology, Small Animal Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst Neston CH64 7TE
| | - J. Dukes-McEwan
- Department of Cardiology, Small Animal Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst Neston CH64 7TE
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 3GA
| | - H. M. Stephenson
- Department of Cardiology, Small Animal Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst Neston CH64 7TE
| | - J. López-Alvarez
- Department of Cardiology, Small Animal Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst Neston CH64 7TE
| | - S. Fonfara
- Department of Cardiology, Small Animal Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool; Leahurst Neston CH64 7TE
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology; Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 3GA
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BaronToaldo M, Guglielmini C, Diana A, Sarcinella F, Cipone M. Feasibility and reproducibility of echocardiographic assessment of regional left atrial deformation and synchrony by tissue Doppler ultrasonographic imaging in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:59-66. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ward JL, Schober KE, Fuentes VL, Bonagura JD. Effects of sedation on echocardiographic variables of left atrial and left ventricular function in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2012; 14:678-85. [PMID: 22577049 PMCID: PMC11104105 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12447729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although sedation is frequently used to facilitate patient compliance in feline echocardiography, the effects of sedative drugs on echocardiographic variables have been poorly documented. This study investigated the effects of two sedation protocols on echocardiographic indices in healthy cats, with special emphasis on the assessment of left atrial size and function, as well as left ventricular diastolic performance. Seven cats underwent echocardiography (transthoracic two-dimensional, spectral Doppler, color flow Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging) before and after sedation with both acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM) and butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM), or acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg IM), butorphanol (0.25 mg/kg IM) and ketamine (1.5 mg/kg IV). Heart rate increased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol/ketamine (mean±SD of increase, 40±26 beats/min) and non-invasive systolic blood pressure decreased significantly following acepromazine/butorphanol (mean±SD of decrease, 12±19 mmHg). The majority of echocardiographic variables were not significantly different after sedation compared with baseline values. Both sedation protocols resulted in mildly decreased left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and mildly increased left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness. This study therefore failed to demonstrate clinically meaningful effects of these sedation protocols on echocardiographic measurements, suggesting that sedation with acepromazine, butorphanol and/or ketamine can be used to facilitate echocardiography in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Chetboul V. Advanced techniques in echocardiography in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:529-43. [PMID: 20610009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Transthoracic echocardiography has become a major imaging tool for the diagnosis and management of canine and feline cardiovascular diseases. During the last decade, more recent advances in ultrasound technology with the introduction of newer imaging modalities, such as tissue Doppler imaging, strain and strain rate imaging, and 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography, have provided new parameters to assess myocardial performance, including regional myocardial velocities and deformation, ventricular twist, and mechanical synchrony. An outline of these 4 recent ultrasound techniques, their impact on the understanding of right and left ventricular function in small animals, and their application in research and clinical settings are given in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Chetboul
- Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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Wess G, Sarkar R, Hartmann K. Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Function by Strain Imaging Echocardiography in Various Stages of Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 24:1375-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Introduction to data analysis. J Small Anim Pract 2008; 49:375-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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