1
|
Lim S, You M, Sohn S, Won S, Song D, Hong Y. Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging features of canine cervical epidural dirofilariasis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024. [PMID: 39016074 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old neutered male Maltese dog presented with a month-long history of progressive nonambulatory tetraparesis. MRI revealed a well-defined, centrally nonenhanced, T1-weighted hypointense, extradural structure located in the vertebral canal at the level of the C5 vertebral body. CT demonstrated a hypoattenuating, space-occupying structure in the same area. Surgery revealed a long, narrow parasite in the epidural space. An adult Dirofilaria immitis was confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. This is a novel report describing the MRI and CT features of cervical epidural dirofilariasis in a dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Lim
- Western Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - MyungJo You
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, SPECIALIZED Campus, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjune Sohn
- Western Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjun Won
- Ian Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yeonjung Hong
- Western Animal Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perles L, Gernone F, Menga G, Taurino R, Fornelli S, Covino M, Russo U, Ionascu I, Otranto D. Microfilaruria of Dirofilaria immitis in a dog from Italy. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:191. [PMID: 38647713 PMCID: PMC11035387 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis is a mosquito-borne nematode-causing canine heartworm disease, with adult worms localized in the pulmonary arteries and right heart. In rare cases, ectopic migration might occur, and adults and blood circulating microfilariae can be found in unusual organs or fluids (e.g., eyes, abdominal cavity, bone marrow, and urine). A 17-year-old mixed-breed female dog was presented in a private veterinary clinic in Italy for hematuria and dysuria. Physical examination showed cardiac mitral murmur with marked respiratory distress and cyanotic mucous membranes after handling. Abdominal ultrasounds revealed a non-specific chronic cystopathy, while the echocardiography showed enlargement of the right heart associated with tricuspid insufficiency and mitral regurgitation, with the presence of an adult filariae in the right ventricular chamber. Circulating microfilariae were observed in the blood smear and molecularly identified as D. immitis. Unusual microfilaruria was detected in the urine sediment. Data presented raise awareness about the occurrence of microfilariae in unusual locations, such as the bladder, suggesting the need of a thorough clinical and laboratory assessment where D. immitis is endemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livia Perles
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Floriana Gernone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Menga
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory ACV Triggiano, Triggiano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Iuliana Ionascu
- University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory ACV Triggiano, Triggiano, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Goh YS, Kim HM, Alkathiri B, Chang HS, Yoon YM, Lee SH, Park KM. Two cases of ectopic dirofilariasis by Dirofilaria immitis in subconjunctival and subcutaneous tissues in dogs. Parasitol Int 2023; 92:102683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Bonawandt KA, Berg JM, Joseph RJ, Stefanacci JD. Intradural Dirofilariasis in a Dog with Chronic Cervical Pain. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 53:59-63. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A 7 yr old female spayed Yorkshire terrier was referred to the author's institute for a 5 mo history of recurrent cervical spinal pain. Neurologic examination did not reveal any deficits. Hematologic and serum analyses were within normal limits. Thoracic radiographs that incorporated the cervical spine did not show structural abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine demonstrated a contrast enhancing, intradural extramedullary lesion at the level of the C2 vertebra. Hemilaminectomy was performed, during which a long, narrow nematode was visualized upon opening of the dura mater. The parasite was alive when removed during surgery, and the dog recovered with complete resolution of symptoms. The parasite was submitted and confirmed as a male adult Dirofilaria immitis. This is a novel case of an intradural D. immitis infection in the dog with a magnetic resonance imaging description of spinal D. immitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Ann Bonawandt
- From the Animal Specialty Center, Yonkers, New York (K.A.B., J.M.B., R.J.J.); and Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, New York (J.D.S.)
| | - Jason M. Berg
- From the Animal Specialty Center, Yonkers, New York (K.A.B., J.M.B., R.J.J.); and Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, New York (J.D.S.)
| | - Richard J. Joseph
- From the Animal Specialty Center, Yonkers, New York (K.A.B., J.M.B., R.J.J.); and Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, New York (J.D.S.)
| | - Joseph D. Stefanacci
- From the Animal Specialty Center, Yonkers, New York (K.A.B., J.M.B., R.J.J.); and Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, New York (J.D.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Colella V, Lia RP, Premont J, Gilmore P, Cervone M, Latrofa MS, D'Anna N, Williams D, Otranto D. Angiostrongylus vasorum in the eye: new case reports and a review of the literature. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:161. [PMID: 27000634 PMCID: PMC4802644 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nematodes of the genus Angiostrongylus are important causes of potentially life-threatening diseases in several animal species and humans. Angiostrongylus vasorum affects the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary arteries in dogs, red foxes and other carnivores. The diagnosis of canine angiostrongylosis may be challenging due to the wide spectrum of clinical signs. Ocular manifestations have been seldom reported but have serious implications for patients. Methods The clinical history of three cases of infection with A. vasorum in dogs diagnosed in UK, France and Italy, was obtained from clinical records provided by the veterinary surgeons along with information on the diagnostic procedures and treatment. Nematodes collected from the eyes of infected dogs were morphologically identified to the species level and molecularly analysed by the amplification of the nuclear 18S rRNA gene. Results On admission, the dogs were presented with various degrees of ocular discomfort and hyphema because of the presence of a motile object in the eye. The three patients had ocular surgery during which nematodes were removed and subsequently morphologically and molecularly identified as two adult males and one female of A. vasorum. Conclusions Three new cases of canine ocular angiostrongylosis are reported along with a review of other published clinical cases to improve the diagnosis and provide clinical recommendation for this parasitic condition. In addition, the significance of migratory patterns of larvae inside the host body is discussed. Veterinary healthcare workers should include canine angiostrongylosis in the differential diagnosis of ocular diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1440-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Colella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
| | - Riccardo Paolo Lia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
| | - Johana Premont
- Eye-Vet Referrals, Apollo House, 41-43 Halton Station Road, Sutton Weaver, Nr Frodsham, Cheshire, WA73DN, UK
| | - Paul Gilmore
- Liverpool Veterinary Parasitology Diagnostics, University of Liverpool, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Mario Cervone
- Small Animal Veterinary Clinic Paris III, Bl des Filles du Calvaire 17, Paris, 75003, France
| | - Maria Stefania Latrofa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy
| | - Nunzio D'Anna
- Clinica per Animali Esotici, Centro Veterinario Specialistico, Rome, 00137, Italy
| | - Diana Williams
- Liverpool Veterinary Parasitology Diagnostics, University of Liverpool, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, UK
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, 70010, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Pfeffer M, Genchi C, Guberti V, Capelli G, Deplazes P. The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Part II: Helminths and arthropods. Vet Parasitol 2015; 213:24-37. [PMID: 26049678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, ecological factors, combined with everchanging landscapes mainly linked to human activities (e.g. encroachment and tourism) have contributed to modifications in the transmission of parasitic diseases from domestic to wildlife carnivores and vice versa. In the first of this two-part review article, we have provided an account of diseases caused by protozoan parasites characterised by a two-way transmission route between domestic and wild carnivore species. In this second and final part, we focus our attention on parasitic diseases caused by helminth and arthropod parasites shared between domestic and wild canids and felids in Europe. While a complete understanding of the biology, ecology and epidemiology of these parasites is particularly challenging to achieve, especially given the complexity of the environments in which these diseases perpetuate, advancements in current knowledge of transmission routes is crucial to provide policy-makers with clear indications on strategies to reduce the impact of these diseases on changing ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita' degli Studi di Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB3 0ES Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita' degli Studi di Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz-PE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Universita' degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene & Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudio Genchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanita' Pubblica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vittorio Guberti
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rossi A, Peix Á, Pavlikovskaya T, Sagach O, Nikolaenko S, Chizh N, Kartashev V, Simón F, Siles-Lucas M. Genetic diversity of Dirofilaria spp. isolated from subcutaneous and ocular lesions of human patients in Ukraine. Acta Trop 2015; 142:1-4. [PMID: 25447827 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This short communication describes the phylogenetic analysis of 48 Dirofilaria worms isolated from human patients in Ukraine. 102 cases were both of subcutaneous (47; 46.1%) and ocular (54; 52.9%) locations. Worms from 44 patients (15 subcutaneous and 29 ocular) were subjected to DNA extraction and amplification of a specific fragment of the 12S rRNA subunit, and sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis. Results showed that 13.8% of the ocular cases analyzed at molecular level were caused by Dirofilaria immitis. Very few cases of ocular human dirofilariosis due to D. immitis have been described in the literature to date, majority of them attributed to Dirofilaria repens. Our results show that ocular dirofilariosis cannot be excluded in areas of low endemicity for D. repens were D. immitis is also present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rossi
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Álvaro Peix
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tamara Pavlikovskaya
- Central Sanitary and Epidemiological Station of the Ukrainian Ministry of Health, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Olga Sagach
- Central Sanitary and Epidemiological Station of the Ukrainian Ministry of Health, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Svetlana Nikolaenko
- Central Sanitary and Epidemiological Station of the Ukrainian Ministry of Health, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Nina Chizh
- Central Sanitary and Epidemiological Station of the Ukrainian Ministry of Health, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Kartashev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-na-Donu, Russia
| | - Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy & IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Simón F, Siles-Lucas M, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev 2012; 25:507-44. [PMID: 22763636 PMCID: PMC3416488 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00012-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species (Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. At the same time, both D. immitis and D. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hosts, and issues related to dirofilariasis treatment. Moreover, because dirofilariasis is a vector-borne transmitted disease, their distribution and infection rates have undergone significant modifications influenced by global climate change. Despite advances in our knowledge of D. immitis and D. repens and the pathologies that they inflict on different hosts, there are still many unknown aspects of dirofilariasis. This review is focused on human and animal dirofilariasis, including the basic morphology, biology, protein composition, and metabolism of Dirofilaria species; the climate and human behavioral factors that influence distribution dynamics; the disease pathology; the host-parasite relationship; the mechanisms involved in parasite survival; the immune response and pathogenesis; and the clinical management of human and animal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Simón
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy and IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brener B, Millar PR, Mattos DPBGD, Uchôa F, Bastos B, Lyrio IR, Aragon PL, Sudré AP. Ectopic dirofilariosis in two dogs from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:175-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Report of two canine dirofilariosis cases of ectopic location in the state of Rio de Janeiro. This is the first report of erratic migration for this parasitosis in dogs in the state, calling attention to the short period of time between the two cases. The fact that the area is endemic for this parasite, its zoonotic potential and the report of human cases in the state, demonstrates that authorities should be alerted to the control programs of dirofilariosis along with the pathogenic profile of the infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Flávia Uchôa
- Laboratório Clínico Veterinário Flávia Uchôa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Genchi C, Kramer LH, Rivasi F. Dirofilarial Infections in Europe. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1307-17. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Genchi
- Department of Animal Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura H. Kramer
- Department of Animal Health, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Rivasi
- Institute of Human Pathology, University of Modena, Modena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F. Canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Italy: current situation and perspectives. Parasit Vectors 2010; 3:2. [PMID: 20145730 PMCID: PMC2818618 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In Italy, dogs and cats are at risk of becoming infected by different vector-borne pathogens, including protozoa, bacteria, and helminths. Ticks, fleas, phlebotomine sand flies, and mosquitoes are recognized vectors of pathogens affecting cats and dogs, some of which (e.g., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Dipylidium caninum, Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens) are of zoonotic concern. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of fleas as vectors of pathogens of zoonotic relevance (e.g., Rickettsia felis) in this country. While some arthropod vectors (e.g., ticks and fleas) are present in certain Italian regions throughout the year, others (e.g., phlebotomine sand flies) are most active during the summer season. Accordingly, control strategies, such as those relying on the systematic use of acaricides and insecticides, should be planned on the basis of the ecology of both vectors and pathogens in different geographical areas in order to improve their effectiveness in reducing the risk of infection by vector-borne pathogens. This article reviews the current situation and perspectives of canine and feline vector-borne diseases in Italy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Zootecnia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|