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Sanz-Gonzalez I, Aitken J, Pedro B, Martin M, Martinez Pereira Y, Dukes-McEwan J, Bode EF, Culshaw GJ. Clinical presentation, management, and survival in dogs with persistent atrial standstill in the United Kingdom. J Vet Cardiol 2023; 51:179-187. [PMID: 38150959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the clinical and echocardiographic presentation of dogs with persistent atrial standstill (PAS), identify variables measured at first presentation that could predict their survival, and document the progression of the disease after pacing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective study of medical records of dogs diagnosed with PAS at three referral hospitals of the United Kingdom over seven years. RESULTS Twenty-six dogs were diagnosed with PAS during the study period. Median age of the population was three years (range: 7 months-12.5 years). The most common clinical sign was syncope (14/26). Twenty-four dogs received artificial pacemakers (PM). Major complications after PM implantation were observed in four dogs (4/24). Serial echocardiographic examinations showed that cardiac dimensions of PAS dogs with left atrial or left ventricular dilation at first presentation did not return to reference range after pacing. Further dilation of the cardiac chambers, recurrence of congestive heart failure (CHF), or development of new episodes of CHF were documented in 7, 4, and 10 PAS dogs, respectively, despite pacing. Median survival time for cardiac-related deaths after PM implantation was 1512 days (18-3207). Neither CHF nor echocardiographic variables at presentation predicted survival after PM implantation in PAS dogs. CONCLUSIONS PAS is an uncommon bradyarrhythmia, occurring in young adult dogs. Affected dogs were often presented with syncope. Whilst syncope resolved, cardiac remodeling persisted after PM implantation. Long-term survival was favorable after PM implantation and was not predicted by congestive status or cardiac chamber size at first presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sanz-Gonzalez
- Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - J Aitken
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Building 400, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - B Pedro
- Centro de Cardiologia Veterinaria do Porto, Rua Artur Maia Mendes 93, 4250-068, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Martin
- Veterinary Cardiology Consultancy, Kenilworth, CV8 2AA, United Kingdom
| | - Y Martinez Pereira
- Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J Dukes-McEwan
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - E F Bode
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom; ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists, Telford Court, Gates Lane, Chester, Cheshire, CH1 6LT, United Kingdom
| | - G J Culshaw
- Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Bester EG, Kitshoff AM, Botha WJ, van Wilpe E, du Plessis L, Williams J. Nemaline myopathy in a six-month-old Pomeranian dog. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2022. [DOI: 10.36303/jsava.2022.93.1.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- EG Bester
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - AM Kitshoff
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - WJ Botha
- Department of Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Panorama Veterinary Clinic and Specialist Centre,
South Africa
| | - E van Wilpe
- Laboratory for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - L du Plessis
- Electron Microscope Unit, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
| | - J Williams
- Section of Pathology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria,
South Africa
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Kamio K, Takahashi Y, Ishihara K, Sekiya A, Kato S, Shimanuki I, Ide M, Furuoka H. Centronuclear Myopathy with Abundant Nemaline Rods in a Japanese Black and Hereford Crossbred Calf. J Comp Pathol 2019; 174:8-12. [PMID: 31955807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological examination was performed on skeletal and diaphragmatic muscles from an 8-month-old male crossbred calf showing abnormal gait and tremor of the hindlimbs. There were numerous round fibres with centrally placed nuclei forming nuclear chains in longitudinal sections, associated with interstitial fibrosis or adipose tissue infiltration. On nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) staining, some muscle fibres in severe lesions showed a spoke-like appearance due to a radial arrangement of sarcoplasmic strands. Additionally, increased NADH-TR activity in the subsarcolemmal structures, appearingas ring-like or necklace-like forms, were observed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed dilated sarcoplasmic reticulum and variably shaped electron-dense inclusions consisting of myofibrillar streams. Another prominent feature was the existence of numerous nemaline rods within muscle fibres; these were stained red by Gomori's trichrome stain. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the nemaline rods showed strong immunoreactivity with α-actinin and desmin antibodies. Electron microscopically, these structures were composed of dense-homogeneous material and continuous with the Z disk. The case was diagnosed as centronuclear myopathy with increased nemaline rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kamio
- Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - Y Takahashi
- Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - K Ishihara
- Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - A Sekiya
- Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - S Kato
- Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
| | - I Shimanuki
- Tokachi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Obihiro, Japan
| | - M Ide
- Tokachi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Obihiro, Japan
| | - H Furuoka
- Division of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan.
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Indications for permanent pacing in dogs and cats. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 22:20-39. [PMID: 30709617 PMCID: PMC7185536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pacemaker implantation is considered as a standard procedure for treatment of symptomatic bradycardia in both dogs and cats. Advanced second-degree and third-degree atrioventricular blocks, sick sinus syndrome, persistent atrial standstill, and vasovagal syncope are the most common rhythm disturbances that require pacing to either alleviate clinical signs or prolong survival. Most pacemakers are implanted transvenously, using endocardial leads, but rarely epicardial leads may be necessary. To decide whether a patient is a candidate for pacing, as well as which pacing modality should be used, the clinician must have a clear understanding of the etiology, the pathophysiology, and the natural history of the most common bradyarrhythmias, as well as what result can be achieved by pacing patients with different rhythm disturbances. The goal of this review was, therefore, to describe the indications for pacing by evaluating the available evidence in both human and veterinary medicine. We described the etiology of bradyarrhythmias, clinical signs and electrocardiographic abnormalities, and the choice of pacing modality, taking into account how different choices may have different physiological consequences to selected patients. It is expected that this review will assist veterinarians in recognizing arrhythmias that may require permanent pacing and the risk-benefit of each pacing modality and its impact on outcome.
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5
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Presumptive partial atrial standstill secondary to atrial cardiomyopathy in a Greyhound. J Vet Cardiol 2017; 19:276-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Luethy D, Slack J, Kraus MS, Gelzer AR, Habecker P, Johnson AL. Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block and Collapse Associated with Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a Horse. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:884-889. [PMID: 28295606 PMCID: PMC5435066 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Third‐degree atrioventricular block (AVB) and primary inflammatory myocarditis are uncommon findings in horses. The horse of this report presented for collapse at rest and was found to have multiple cardiac arrhythmias, most notably 3rd‐degree AVB. The horse was subsequently diagnosed with eosinophilic myocarditis on necropsy, a rare form of myocarditis not previously reported in horses. Despite extensive testing, an etiologic agent could not be identified, illustrating the difficulty in identifying a specific cause of myocarditis in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Luethy
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
| | - J Slack
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
| | - M S Kraus
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - A R Gelzer
- Ryan Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - P Habecker
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
| | - A L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies-New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA
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Schmitt K, Lefbom B. Long-term management of atrial myopathy in two dogs with single chamber permanent transvenous pacemakers. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 18:187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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