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Wang W, Wronski T, Yang L. The Status of Wildlife Damage Compensation in China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:292. [PMID: 38254461 PMCID: PMC10812642 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The conservation management of natural ecosystems in China has significantly improved in recent decades, resulting in the effective protection of wildlife and the restoration of habitats. With the rapid growth in wildlife populations and corresponding range expansions, incidents of human-wildlife conflict have notably increased across China. However, only a few studies have paid adequate attention to wildlife damage management and compensation. In our review, we focus on the foremost mitigation measure to combat human-wildlife conflict, i.e., compensation for damage caused by wildlife. We conducted a questionnaire survey and an in-depth review of the literature across 19 Chinese provinces and autonomous regions, resulting in a total of 78 relevant sources. We first introduce the concept of wildlife damage compensation in China, followed by a review of Chinese legislation and policies regarding wildlife damage compensation. We compiled a comprehensive list of nuisance species, and we showcase four case studies in which we exemplarily describe the current situation of wildlife damage compensation. We reflect on difficulties and challenges such as delayed damage assessments or compensation quotas that do not correspond to current market prices. Since local legislation is often insufficient or completely absent, we make suggestions on how to improve existing policies and compensation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Wang
- Research Institute of Forestry Policy and Information, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;
| | - Torsten Wronski
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Liangliang Yang
- Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
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Liu P, Wang Z, An K, Tan Y, Ji W, Su J. Possibility of Wild Boar Harm Occurring in Five Provinces of Northwest China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3788. [PMID: 38136825 PMCID: PMC10741053 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
With the implementation of ecological engineering projects and related policies in China, wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations have surged, leading to increasingly serious conflicts with humans. We evaluated their potential habitat changes from the perspective of environmental suitability. To elucidate the suitable habitat characteristics for wild boars, we obtained data from 79 sites in five provinces in northwest China using database retrieval, human-wildlife conflict (HWC) incident questionnaires, and document retrieval. Thus, 10 environmental variables with lower correlation were selected, and potentially suitable distribution areas for wild boars under the current climate scenario were predicted based on the maximum entropy model. These areas were superimposed with different land use types in different periods to explore habitat selection. Precipitation seasonality (26.40%), human footprint index (16.50%), and elevation (11.90%) were the main environmental factors affecting wild boar distribution. The areas with high potential suitability for wild boars were mainly in the southeast and northwest of the region (total area of 2.63 × 105 km2). The land use types in the high-suitability zones are mainly woodland and grassland with high coverage, canopy density, and cultivated land borders. This study provides a reference for the effective prevention of HWC and management of wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Liu
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (P.L.); (Z.W.); (K.A.); (Y.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (P.L.); (Z.W.); (K.A.); (Y.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Kang An
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (P.L.); (Z.W.); (K.A.); (Y.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Yuchen Tan
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (P.L.); (Z.W.); (K.A.); (Y.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Weihong Ji
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Junhu Su
- College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (P.L.); (Z.W.); (K.A.); (Y.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
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Moures-Nouri F, Hemami MR, Rezvani A, Ghasemi B. The influence of superstitions and emotions on villagers' attitudes towards striped hyena in southwestern Iran. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285546. [PMID: 37552693 PMCID: PMC10409376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensity of human-carnivore conflict in socio-ecological systems may primarily be determined by people's attitudes and perceptions of carnivore-related threats. Direct or indirect threats posed by large carnivores to human interests may eventually lead to negative attitudes that can trigger retaliatory bahaviour against them. We studied local people's attitudes towards striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), the nature and extent of the human-hyena conflict, and the socio-cultural drivers of the conflicts in 19 rural communities in southwestern Iran. We employed structural equation modelling to assess socio-cultural factors affecting attitudes towards striped hyenas. The findings of 300 interviews showed significant differences in local people's superstitious attitudes regarding gender, age, and education. More than 40% of the participants had encountered hyenas, and on average, each respondent lost 0.44 livestock in the past five years due to hyena attacks. However, livestock depredation by the hyena was low (13.3%) compared to the damage inflicted by all carnivores (73%). While the respondents indicated some degrees of fear, hatred to hyena was relatively low and they generally showed positive attitudes towards the species. Women and older people expressed the highest and respondents with higher education the least superstitious beliefs. Attitude score of respondents toward hyenas was correlated negatively with hatred for hyenas and positively with knowledge about them, but socio-demographics effects on attitudes towards hyenas were not statistically significant. Self-reported livestock loss was a relatively good predictor of hatred and fear. Herders who had not protected their livestock reported carnivore attacks at least once. We conclude that superstitions can potentially negatively affect hyena persistence, but can be reduced by improving the educational level of local people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moures-Nouri
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud-Reza Hemami
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azita Rezvani
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Benjamin Ghasemi
- Human Dimensions of Natural Resources Department & Center for Human-Carnivore Coexistence, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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Puri M, Srivathsa A, Karanth KK, Patel I, Kumar NS. Safe space in the woods: Mechanistic spatial models for predicting risks of human–bear conflicts in India. Biotropica 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahi Puri
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
- Centre for Wildlife Studies Bengaluru India
| | - Arjun Srivathsa
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society–India Bengaluru India
- School of Natural Resources and Environment University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR Bengaluru India
| | - Krithi K. Karanth
- Centre for Wildlife Studies Bengaluru India
- Environmental Science and Policy, Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Durham North Carolina USA
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DeMatteo KE, Escalante OM, Ibañez Alegre DM, Rinas MA, Sotorres D, Argüelles CF. A multispecies corridor in a fragmented landscape: Evaluating effectiveness and identifying high-priority target areas. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283258. [PMID: 37053238 PMCID: PMC10101518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While Misiones, Argentina contains one of the largest remnants of Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ecoregion, one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, only ~50% of this native forest is protected. Each protected area is at risk of becoming an island of native forest surrounded by a matrix of altered habitats due to ongoing land conversion. In an effort to maximize long-term connectivity between existing protected areas, DeMatteo [1] used a multifaceted cost analysis to determine the optimal location for the region's first multispecies corridor using noninvasive data on jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor), ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), southern tiger cats (Leopardus guttulus), and bush dogs (Speothos venaticus). This work builds on this framework by integrating new field data that broadens the scope of species-specific data across the region's heterogeneous landscape, which varies in vegetation, disturbance, human proximity, and protective status. In addition, two different land use layers are compared across the distributions of the five carnivores, the overlap in their independent distributions, and their relationship to the multispecies corridor. Interpretation of these land use data to species-specific habitat suitability goes beyond DeMatteo [1], with a subdivision of suitability into marginal and optimal areas. This refined scale allows a reanalysis of key areas in the multispecies corridor, where connectivity was previously defined as at highly-at-risk, allowing for a more directed development of management strategies. These analyses and their interpretation extend beyond northern-central Misiones, as the threats are not unique to this region. The need to develop management strategies that balance human-wildlife needs will continue to grow as humans expand their footprint. The techniques applied in this analysis provide a way to identify key areas that require specific management strategies, either through restoration, protection, or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E DeMatteo
- Department of Biology & Environmental Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- WildCare Institute at the Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Orlando M Escalante
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada (GIGA), IBS-Nodo Posadas, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-CONICET, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Genética, Químicas y Naturales, UNaM, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Daiana M Ibañez Alegre
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada (GIGA), IBS-Nodo Posadas, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-CONICET, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Rinas
- Ministerio de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Delfina Sotorres
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada (GIGA), IBS-Nodo Posadas, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-CONICET, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Genética, Químicas y Naturales, UNaM, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Carina F Argüelles
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética Aplicada (GIGA), IBS-Nodo Posadas, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-CONICET, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Genética, Químicas y Naturales, UNaM, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
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Malviya M, Krishnamurthy R. Multiscale spatially explicit modelling of livestock depredation by reintroduced tiger (Panthera tigris) to predict conflict risk probability. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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7
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Spatial-temporal patterns of human-wildlife conflicts under coupled impact of natural and anthropogenic factors in Mt. Gaoligong, western Yunnan, China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Community attitudes towards Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) and their prey species in Yanbian, Jilin province, a region of northeast China where tigers are returning. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276554. [PMID: 36301816 PMCID: PMC9612539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Community attitudes towards large carnivores are of central importance to their conservation in human-dominated landscapes. In this study, we evaluate community attitudes and perceptions towards the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) and bears (Ursus thibetanus and Ursus arctos), as well as their prey species, namely sika deer (Cervus nippon), roe deer and wild boar (Sus scrofa), in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin province, northeast China. We surveyed 139 households and found that community members' perceptions of large carnivores and their prey species were influenced by their predominant economic activities; their prior interactions with wildlife; their household income level; and whether they were either long-term residents of Yanbian or had migrated to the region from elsewhere in China. We recorded fairly neutral attitudes towards large carnivores among the communities we surveyed, but strongly negative attitudes were shown towards wild boar, particularly where respondents had lost agricultural products to crop raiding by wild boar. We recommend conservation stakeholders in northeast China utilise this finding to encourage support for large carnivore recovery and conservation by targeting messaging around the importance of the tiger as a key predator of wild boar in the ecosystem. Furthermore, our findings suggest that government provided compensation paid for cattle lost to large carnivore predation (notably, by tigers) may be helping to reduce animosity from cattle owners towards large carnivores. However, we also highlight that compensation for loss of livestock is therefore performing a useful role in mitigating human-wildlife conflict, that there are potentially unintended consequences of the current compensation program, for example it fails to dissuade livestock grazing in protected areas.
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Khosravi R, Wan HY, Sadeghi M, Cushman SA. Identifying human–brown bear conflict hotspots for prioritizing critical habitat and corridor conservation in southwestern Iran. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Khosravi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture Shiraz University Shiraz Iran
| | - H. Y. Wan
- Department of Wildlife California State Polytechnic University Humboldt Arcata CA USA
| | - M.‐R. Sadeghi
- Department of Natural Resources Yazd University Yazd Iran
| | - S. A. Cushman
- University of Oxford Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology Oxford UK
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Mkonyi FJ. An integrated approach for the management of human-carnivore conflict: a review of conflict management interventions in Tanzania. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-022-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Poudel TR, Aryal PC, Thapa-Parajuli R, Thapa A, Yadav SK, Prakash M. Depredation loss drives human-wildlife conflict perception in the Trans-Himalayas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114763. [PMID: 35279492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Communities in and around protected areas are exposed to a higher level of human-wildlife interactions. The conservation practice with persistently adverse local livelihood outcomes can potentially aggravate such interactions leading to conflict. In our study, we examined how perceptions of HWC have formed in a protected area of the Trans-Himalayas whose conservation program collides with a centuries-long tradition of transhumance pastoralism. To examine determinants of depredation and how conflict perception has developed there, along with the socioeconomic and ecological interactions underlying those trends, we collected data using household surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. We employed Poisson-logit maximum-likelihood hurdle, binary logit, and multinomial ordered logit regressions in order to explore the determinants of annual livestock depredation, predator attacks on the shed, and household-level perceptions of HWC, respectively. Depredation and encounters with wildlife were the principal causes of perceived HWC, and depredation caused an average household-level loss of US $422.5, up to 23.28% of annual income in some households. Predators' attacks on high-quality sheds were relatively infrequent but more common in areas with perceived habitat degradation. Social customs, pastoral practices, and the present compensation mechanism were identified as being antithetical to conflict reduction and sustainable pastureland management. Further analysis revealed that a diversity of livelihoods, however, lowered conflict perception formation. The identified socio-ecological factors will continue to increase depredation, exacerbate perceived HWC, and degrade pastureland unless local conservation authorities take appropriate remedial measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tika Ram Poudel
- GoldenGate International College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 4059, Nepal; Environment Protection and Study Center (ENPROSC), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prakash Chandra Aryal
- GoldenGate International College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 4059, Nepal; Environment Protection and Study Center (ENPROSC), Kathmandu, Nepal; Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, Kathmandu, 9092, Nepal
| | - Resham Thapa-Parajuli
- Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Kritipur, 44600, Nepal; Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Lalitpur, 3084, Nepal
| | - Arjun Thapa
- GoldenGate International College, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 4059, Nepal; Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, Kathmandu, 9092, Nepal
| | | | - Manab Prakash
- Central Department of Economics, Tribhuvan University, Kritipur, 44600, Nepal.
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Community-Based Conservation for the Sustainable Management of Conservation Conflicts: Learning from Practitioners. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We explore the role of community-based conservation (CBC) in the sustainable management of conservation conflicts by examining the experiences of conservation practitioners trying to address conflicts between snow leopard conservation and pastoralism in Asian mountains. Practitioner experiences are examined through the lens of the PARTNERS principles for CBC (Presence, Aptness, Respect, Transparency, Negotiation, Empathy, Responsiveness, and Strategic Support) that represent an inclusive conservation framework for effective and ethical engagement with local communities. Case studies from India, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and Pakistan show that resilient relationships arising from respectful engagement and negotiation with local communities can provide a strong platform for robust conflict management. We highlight the heuristic value of documenting practitioner experiences in on-the-ground conflict management and community-based conservation efforts.
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Serenari C. Conservation reliance and its influence on support for carnivore recovery. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Consolee KT, Gao C, Vitekere K, Li C, Yan H, Jiang G. Human-Leopard Conflict: An Emerging Issue of North China Leopard Conservation in Tieqiaoshan Provincial Nature Reserve in Shanxi Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060996. [PMID: 32517372 PMCID: PMC7341223 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the main conservation issues, both locally and globally, is the issue of human-wildlife conflict. Losses of livestock due to predation by carnivores such as leopards has become a common problem. Residents share negative attitudes toward leopards due to conflicts over the depredation of livestock. Using data obtained from League Cat Forest Department records, and standardized, structured and semi-structured questionnaires, we found that the north China leopard was in serious conflict with the locals, causing them personal economic losses. Residents noted that the species was very dangerous to their livestock, causing them economic loss, and wanted to reduce or even eliminate it from their area. Abstract Livestock depredation by large carnivores is a conventional human–wildlife conflict, both at the local and regional level. Many species of wildlife have become endangered because of this conflict. In this study, an investigation of livestock depredation was conducted for the north China leopard in and around Tieqiaoshan Provincial Nature Reserve in Shanxi Province between 2015 and 2018. Data were obtained from League Cat Forest Department records. Additionally, standardized, structured, and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data with the help of reserve field staff. The results show that there was a significant difference (p = 0.015) in livestock depredation in various seasons of the year; the highest depredation was recorded in spring, followed by summer. A significant difference (p = 0.02) was observed between cattle and other livestock species, showing that more cattle were killed by the north China leopard. Most of the livestock depredation occurred during late morning and evening, likely because the leopards are crepuscular. Residents in and around the reserve suffered a high economic loss, ranging between RMB 5000 and 10,000 (USD 706.76–1413.53) per year in terms of the estimated market price of the killed livestock. The attitudes of residents towards the north China leopard vary according to the economic activities of the locals, with about 76% of the livestock keepers reporting that the leopard is “very dangerous” and 8% of the arable farmers in and around the reserve indicating that leopard is “very dangerous.” We recommend that a system with local participants would ensure more effective management of human-north China leopard conflict, as it would allow local communities to take greater responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahindo Tulizo Consolee
- College of Wildlife and Natural Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.T.C.); (C.G.); (K.V.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunyv Gao
- College of Wildlife and Natural Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.T.C.); (C.G.); (K.V.); (C.L.)
| | - Kasereka Vitekere
- College of Wildlife and Natural Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.T.C.); (C.G.); (K.V.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunshi Li
- College of Wildlife and Natural Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.T.C.); (C.G.); (K.V.); (C.L.)
| | - Hua Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (G.J.); Tel.: +86-02087031245 (H.Y.); +86-45182190279 (G.J.)
| | - Guangshun Jiang
- College of Wildlife and Natural Protected Areas, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (K.T.C.); (C.G.); (K.V.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (G.J.); Tel.: +86-02087031245 (H.Y.); +86-45182190279 (G.J.)
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Determinants of herder attitudes towards the Vulnerable snow leopard Panthera uncia in Yushu Prefecture, China. ORYX 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605319001315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractYushu Prefecture in Qinghai Province provides some of the largest known stretches of habitat for the Vulnerable snow leopard Panthera uncia in China. People living in these areas are dependent on agropastoralism. Support from local communities is necessary for effective long-term conservation action for snow leopards, but loss of livestock to snow leopards can create financial burdens that induce negative attitudes and encourage retaliatory killing. We assessed factors driving herders' attitudes towards snow leopards and their conservation. We found that herders had higher agreement with positive than with negative statements about snow leopards despite nearly half reporting livestock loss to snow leopards within the last 5 years. No retaliatory killing was reported. Herders with more years of formal education and fewer livestock losses were more likely to have positive attitudes whereas those with lower importance of snow leopards to their religion, fewer livestock losses, and fewer years of education were more likely to have negative attitudes. Understanding the multifaceted mechanisms responsible for positive views towards species is imperative for reaching conservation goals. Our findings ascribe to the importance of increased education and adherence to Tibetan beliefs in promoting conservation tolerance towards snow leopards in Qinghai Province, but also indicate a need for further research into the impact of livestock loss.
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Nieman WA, Wilkinson A, Leslie AJ. Farmer Attitudes and Regional Risk Modelling of Human–Wildlife Conflict on Farmlands Bordering the Boland Mountain Complex, South Africa. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.3957/056.050.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem A. Nieman
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Western Cape, 7602 South Africa
| | - Anita Wilkinson
- The Cape Leopard Trust, P.O. Box 31139, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966 South Africa
| | - Alison J. Leslie
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Western Cape, 7602 South Africa
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Dai Y, Xue Y, Hacker CE, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu F, Li D. Human-carnivore conflicts and mitigation options in Qinghai province, China. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Huang C, Li XY, Shi LJ, Jiang XL. Patterns of human-wildlife conflict and compensation practices around Daxueshan Nature Reserve, China. Zool Res 2018; 39:406-412. [PMID: 29872032 PMCID: PMC6085767 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the spatial patterns of human-wildlife conflict is essential to inform management decisions to encourage coexistence, but it is constrained by the lack of spatially-explicit data. We collected spatially-implicit data of human-wildlife conflicts from 2009–2015 around Daxueshan Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China, and investigated the patterns and drivers of these conflicts. A questionnaire was also designed to capture local resident attitudes toward insurance-based compensation for the losses caused by targeted wildlife. We found that the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) was the most conflict-prone animal around the reserve, followed by the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and Southeast Asian sambar (Cervus equinus). Conflicts were unevenly distributed among seasons, villages, and communities, with several grids identified as conflict hotspots. Poisson models revealed that human-bear conflicts were negatively related to distance to the reserve and proportion of forest, but positively correlated to the proportion of cropland. Binomial models showed that communities affected by crop depredation were positively correlated with the proportion of cropland and negatively correlated with distance to the reserve, whereas communities affected by livestock depredation were negatively correlated with the proportion of cropland. The insurance-based scheme has compensated over 90% of losses, to the satisfaction of 90.6% of respondents. Our results suggest that human-bear conflict could be potentially reduced by eliminating food crops near the reserve boundary and livestock grazing at conflict hotspots. In addition, the insurance-based scheme could be replicated at a broader scale with improvement in loss assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; E-mail:.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Xue-You Li
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; E-mail:
| | - Liu-Jun Shi
- Daxueshan Nature Reserve, Yongde Yunnan 677600, China
| | - Xue-Long Jiang
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China; E-mail:
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Miller JRB, Stoner KJ, Cejtin MR, Meyer TK, Middleton AD, Schmitz OJ. Effectiveness of contemporary techniques for reducing livestock depredations by large carnivores. WILDLIFE SOC B 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. B. Miller
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Kelly J. Stoner
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Mikael R. Cejtin
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Tara K. Meyer
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Arthur D. Middleton
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Oswald J. Schmitz
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; 195 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
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Li X, Buzzard P, Chen Y, Jiang X. Patterns of livestock predation by carnivores: human-wildlife conflict in northwest Yunnan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2013; 52:1334-1340. [PMID: 24202281 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-013-0192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alleviating human-carnivore conflict is central to large carnivore conservation and is often of economic importance, where people coexist with carnivores. In this article, we report on the patterns of predation and economic losses from wild carnivores preying on livestock in three villages of northern Baima Xueshan Nature Reserve, northwest Yunnan during a 2-year period between January 2010 and December 2011. We analyzed claims from 149 households that 258 head of livestock were predated. Wolves (Canis lupus) were responsible for 79.1 % of livestock predation; Asiatic black bears (Selenarctos thibetanus) and dholes (Cuon alpinus) were the other predators responsible. Predation frequency varied between livestock species. The majority of livestock killed were yak-cattle hybrids or dzo (40.3 %). Wolves killed fewer cattle than expected, and more donkeys and horses than expected. Wolves and bears killed more adult female and fewer adult male livestock than expected. Intensified predation in wet season coincided with livestock being left to graze unattended in alpine meadows far away from villages. On average, carnivore attacks claimed 2.1 % of range stock annually. This predation represented an economic loss of 17 % (SD = 14 %) of the annual household income. Despite this loss and a perceived increase in carnivore conflict, a majority of the herders (66 %) still supported the reserve. This support is primarily due to the benefits from the collection of nontimber resources such as mushrooms and medicinal plants. Our study also suggested that improvement of husbandry techniques and facilities will reduce conflicts and contribute to improved conservation of these threatened predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
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