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Anderson WG. The endocrinology of 1α-hydroxycorticosterone in elasmobranch fish: A review. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 162:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mehta GU, Lonser RR, Oldfield EH. The history of pituitary surgery for Cushing disease. J Neurosurg 2012; 116:261-8. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.8.jns102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although he never performed a pituitary operation for the disease, Harvey Cushing was the first to describe and treat patients with Cushing disease (CD). Other surgeons at the time were reluctant to operate on the pituitary due to the normal sella on skull radiographs in CD and the unclear etiology of the disorder. To better define and understand factors influencing the history of pituitary surgery for CD, the authors analyzed historical texts related to CD biology, diagnosis, and treatment. Cushing's monograph on basophilic pituitary adenomas and cortisol excess appeared in 1932. One year later in 1933, Alfred Pattison performed the first successful pituitary operation for CD by implanting radon seeds in the sella. Resection of a pituitary adenoma for CD was attempted 1 month later in 1933 by Howard Naffziger, resulting in only transient improvement that corresponded to the lack of tumor in the resected tissue. Soon thereafter, Susman in 1935 and Costello in 1936 described pituitary basophilic adenomas at autopsy in patients without premorbid endocrinopathy. They concluded that the adrenal gland was the cause of CD, which resulted in a 3-decade abandonment of pituitary surgery for CD. Jules Hardy in 1963 used the operating microscope to perform the first selective removal of an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)–secreting microadenoma, which established a pituitary cause and defined the modern treatment of CD. Subsequent reports by Hardy, Laws, and Wilson resulted in widespread acceptance of pituitary surgery for CD. Initial reluctance to operate on the pituitary for CD was multifaceted and included general uncertainty surrounding the etiology of Cushing syndrome as well as a lack of early surgical success, both due to the small size of ACTH-secreting adenomas. Selective removal of ACTH-secreting adenomas identified the source of CD and ended the delay in acceptance of pituitary surgery for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam U. Mehta
- 1Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Russell R. Lonser
- 1Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Edward H. Oldfield
- 1Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; and
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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THORN GW, JENKINS D, LAIDLAW JC, GOETZ FC, DINGMAN JF, ARONS WL, STREETEN DHP, MCCRACKEN BH. Pharmacologic aspects of adrenocortical steroids and ACTH in man. N Engl J Med 1953; 248:284-94; contd. [PMID: 13025682 DOI: 10.1056/nejm195302122480705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dorfman RI. Appendix 2. THE COMPARATIVE ACTIVITIES OF 11-DEHYDROCORTICOSTERONE ISOLATED FROM THE ADRENAL GLAND AND THAT PRODUCED SYNTHETICALLY. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1949; 50:551-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1949.tb39865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lewis LA, Page IH. Appendix 1. STUDIES ON THE PROTECTIVE POWER OF ADRENAL EXTRACT AND STEROIDS AGAINST BACTERIAL TOXINS IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1949; 50:547-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1949.tb39864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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