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Irigoyen S, Ramasamy M, Pant S, Niraula P, Bedre R, Gurung M, Rossi D, Laughlin C, Gorman Z, Achor D, Levy A, Kolomiets MV, Sétamou M, Badillo-Vargas IE, Avila CA, Irey MS, Mandadi KK. Plant hairy roots enable high throughput identification of antimicrobials against Candidatus Liberibacter spp. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5802. [PMID: 33199718 PMCID: PMC7669877 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major bottleneck in identifying therapies to control citrus greening and other devastating plant diseases caused by fastidious pathogens is our inability to culture the pathogens in defined media or axenic cultures. As such, conventional approaches for antimicrobial evaluation (genetic or chemical) rely on time-consuming, low-throughput and inherently variable whole-plant assays. Here, we report that plant hairy roots support the growth of fastidious pathogens like Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the presumptive causal agents of citrus greening, potato zebra chip and tomato vein greening diseases. Importantly, we leverage the microbial hairy roots for rapid, reproducible efficacy screening of multiple therapies. We identify six antimicrobial peptides, two plant immune regulators and eight chemicals which inhibit Candidatus Liberibacter spp. in plant tissues. The antimicrobials, either singly or in combination, can be used as near- and long-term therapies to control citrus greening, potato zebra chip and tomato vein greening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Irigoyen
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | | | - Shankar Pant
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
- Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Prakash Niraula
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Renesh Bedre
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Meena Gurung
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Denise Rossi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Corinne Laughlin
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Zachary Gorman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Diann Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mamoudou Sétamou
- Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Citrus Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
| | - Ismael E Badillo-Vargas
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Carlos A Avila
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Kranthi K Mandadi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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FINKELSTEIN RA, RANSOM JP. Non-specific resistance to experimental cholera in embryonated eggs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 112:315-28. [PMID: 13699645 PMCID: PMC2137221 DOI: 10.1084/jem.112.2.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It has been confirmed that 11- and 13-day-old chick embryos are susceptible to lethal infection with minute inocula of V. cholerae, while 15-day-old embryos are relatively resistant. Twenty strains of E. coli were found to vary in their capacity to kill chick embryos, without relationship to their human enteropathogenicity. Prior infection of 13-day-old embryonated eggs with E. coli strains selected for low embryo virulence had a marked protective effect against superinfection with V. cholerae. This effect was duplicated by pretreatment of embryos with killed E. coli cells or endotoxin preparations but not with a suspension of killed cells of a Gram-positive species. Preparatory E. coli infection induces a phase of vibriostasis in the 13-day-old egg which may be sufficient to tide the embryo over into the phase of relative insusceptibility associated with age. Younger embryos exhibit only a lag in death under similar conditions. The chick embryo is presented as a potentially valuable tool for the study of combined infections and of the mechanisms of natural resistance.
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Cox HR. Active immunization against poliomyelitis. J Urban Health 1998; 75:584-599. [PMID: 28879588 PMCID: PMC5587435 DOI: 10.1007/bf02427705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herald R Cox
- Viral and Rickettsial Research, Lederle Laboratories Division, American Cyanamid Company, Pearl River, New York
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