The influence of pretreatments and posttreatments on bacterial inactivation by ionizing radiations

A Comparative Analysis of the Metabolomic Response of Electron Beam Inactivated E. coli O26:H11 and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 13311

Ionizing radiation such as Electron beam (EB) and gamma irradiation inactivate microbial cells preventing their multiplication. These cells, however, are structurally intact and appear to have residual metabolic activity. We were interested in understanding the metabolic pathways that were still functional in EB-inactivated cells. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to compare the metabolites accumulating in EB-inactivated pathogens E. coli 026:H11 and S. Typhimurium immediately after EB inactivation and 24 h post inactivation. Defined aliquots (109 CFU/mL) of E. coli O26-H11 (TW 1597) and S. Typhimurium (ATCC 13311) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline were exposed to lethal EB doses of 3 kGy and 2 kGy, respectively. Complete inactivation (inability of cells to multiply) was confirmed by traditional plating methods. An untargeted analysis of the primary metabolites accumulating in un-irradiated (control) cells, EB-inactivated cells immediately after irradiation, and EB-inactivated cells that were incubated at room temperature for 24 h post EB inactivation was performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A total of 349 different metabolites were detected in the EB-inactivated S. Typhimurium and E. coli O26:H11 cells, out of which, only 50% were identifiable. In S. Typhimurium, 98 metabolites were expressed at statistically different concentrations (P < 0.05) between the three treatment groups. In E. coli O26:H11, 63 metabolites were expressed at statistically different concentrations (P < 0.05) between the three treatment groups. In both these pathogens, the β-alanine, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathways were significantly impacted (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the metabolomic changes in EB-inactivated cells were amplified significantly after 24 h storage at room temperature in phosphate-buffered saline. These results suggest that EB-inactivated cells are very metabolically active and, therefore, the term Metabolically Active yet Non-culturable is an apt term describing EB-inactivated bacterial cells.

Growth phase related variation in the radiation sensitivity of human colon adenocarcinoma cells

Changes in radiation sensitivity with length of time in culture are described for an early passage human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (WiDr). The cells were most radioresistant at the end of lag-phase, 2 days after subculture (Do = 1.7 Gy; n = 10). Radiation sensitivity then increased with time reaching a maximum during plateau-phase, between days 8 and 10 (Do = 1.0 Gy; n = 13). The oxygen enhancement ratio remained constant across the different growth phases of the culture. Cell volume decreased with time in culture as did the proportion of S- and G2M-phase cells. Flow cytometric analyses revealed an increase in the proportion of G1 type cells with a plateau between days 8 and 12 of around 75%. The cell age response measured from synchronized cells following 8 Gy showed that WiDr cells were most radiation resistant in mid S-phase with maximal sensitivity during G1. These cells did not show repair of potentially-lethal radiation damage but were efficient in the repair of sub-lethal damage. The ability to repair sub-lethal damage did not change with culture age.

Radioprotection in E. coli by an agent from M. radiodurans

An agent extracted from the radioresistant bacterium M. radiodurans was found to protect several strains of E. coli from X-radiation. Optimal radioprotection was observed when the repair-proficient B/r strain was irradiated in the presence of the agent under hypoxic conditions. It is proposed that this agent acts to modify damage incurred in the presence of reduced oxygen concentrations so that this damage might be subsequently repaired.

Influence of postirradiation incubation temperature on recovery of radiation-injured Clostridium botulinum 62A spores

The number of colonies formed by unirradiated Clostridium botulinum 62A spores was independent of temperature, in the range from 20 to 45 degrees C (in 5 degrees C increments); no colonies developed at 50 degrees C. Spores irradiated at 1.2 or 1.4 Mrads produced more macrocolonies at 40 degrees C than at higher or lower temperatures. Apparently, radiation-injured spores were capable of repair of 40 degrees C than at the other temperatures studied. More than 99% of the radiation (1.2 Mrads) survivors were injured and were unable to form macrocolonies in the presence of 5% NaCl. The germinated radiation-injured spores were also sensitive to dilution, resulting in the loss of viability of 77 to 79% of the radiation survivors. At 30 and 40 degrees C, the irradiated spores did not differ significantly in the extent of germination (greater than 99% at both 30 and 40 degrees C), emergence (64% at 30 degrees C and 67% at 40 degrees C), and the maximum number of emerged cells that started to elongate (69% at 30 degrees C and 79% at 40 degrees C). However, elongation was remarkably more extensive at 40 degrees C than at 30 degrees C. Many elongated cells lysed within 48 h at 30 degrees C, indicating an impaired repair mechanism. If the radiation-injured spores were incubated at 40 degrees C in the recovery (repair) medium for 8 to 10 h, they germinated, emerged, and elongated extensively and were capable of repair. If, after 8 to 10 h at 40 degrees C, these cultures were shifted to 30 degrees C, the recovery at 30 increased by more than eightfold, resulting in similar colony counts at 30 and 40 degrees C. Thus, repair appeared to be associated with outgrowth. Repair did not occur in the presence of chloramphenicol at 40 degrees C, whereas penicillin had no effect, suggesting that the repair involved protein synthesis but did not require multiplication.

Repair of radiation-induced damage to the cell division mechanism of Escherichia coli

Adler, Howard I. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.), William D. Fisher, Alice A. Hardigree, and George E. Stapleton. Repair of radiation-induced damage to the cell division mechanism of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 91:737-742. 1966.-Microscopic observations of irradiated populations of filamentous Escherichia coli cells indicated that filaments can be induced to divide by a substance donated by neighboring cells. We have made this observation the basis for a quantitative technique in which filaments are incubated in the presence of nongrowing donor cells. The presence of "donor" organisms promotes division and subsequent colony formation in filaments. "Donor" bacteria do not affect nonfilamentous cells. An extract of "donor" cells retains the division-promoting activity. The extract has been partially fractionated, and consists of a heat-stable and a heat-labile component. The heat-stable component is inactive in promoting cell division, but enhances the activity of the heat-labile component. The division-promoting system is discussed as a radiation repair mechanism and as a normal component of the cell division system in E. coli.