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Kreilmeier-Berger T, Zeugswetter FK, Blohm KO, Schwendenwein I, Baszler E, Ploderer B, Burgener IA, Künzel F. Successful Insulin Glargine Treatment in Two Pet Guinea Pigs with Suspected Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041025. [PMID: 33916377 PMCID: PMC8067123 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This is the first case report of two guinea pigs with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DM) successfully treated with long-acting basal insulin glargine. Both animals presented with typical symptoms and laboratory changes like polyphagia, glucosuria and highly elevated blood glucose levels that suggested the presence of a diabetes mellitus. One of the guinea pigs had asymmetric bilateral cataracts. Mostly, a disorder resembling type II-DM in humans seems to be prevalent in guinea pigs. In this case, the animals did not respond to the standard treatment of a dietary change but responded promptly to insulin treatment. The diabetes has remained controlled for over 1.5 years now. Thus far, there is only sparse scientific information on spontaneous type I diabetes mellitus and treatment modalities in pet guinea pigs. We discuss the current literature including up to date diagnosis, treatment, monitoring with the evaluation of different glucometers and long-time follow-up. Moreover, individual ophthalmic abnormalities and management regarding suspected diabetic cataracts are described in detail. Abstract Scientific information on spontaneous type I diabetes mellitus (DM) and treatment modalities in guinea pigs is scarce. As most diabetic guinea pigs are overweight and respond to dietary changes, a disorder resembling type II-DM in humans seems to be most prevalent in this species. In the present report, a nine-month-old female intact guinea pig (GP1) was presented because of a cataract and polyphagia. The physical examinations in GP1 and its littermate, GP2, were unremarkable. Laboratory tests revealed hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, elevated fructosamine concentrations, and glucosuria in GP1 and GP2. Not responding to dietary changes, an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was suspected in both animals. Treatment with 0.5 IU of glargine insulin (Lantus®) per guinea pig subcutaneously (s.c.) once daily was initiated in both animals. Monitoring included repeated clinical evaluations and the measurement of plasma glucose and fructosamine concentrations. Capillary glucose concentration was measured using a glucometer, and glucosuria was monitored by dipstick. Blood glucose concentrations decreased quickly in both GPs, and glucosuria resolved. Including several dose adjustments, DM remained controlled for over 1.5 years. Bilateral cataracts and lens-induced uveitis in GP1 were medically managed with only slight progression. This is the first report of guinea pigs with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that were successfully treated with long-acting basal insulin glargine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kreilmeier-Berger
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.K.Z.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (I.A.B.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.-B.); (F.K.); Tel.: +43-01-25077-6371 (T.K.-B.)
| | - Florian K. Zeugswetter
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.K.Z.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Klaas-Ole Blohm
- AniCura Tierärztliche Spezialisten, 22043 Hamburg, Germany;
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Tierklinik Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ilse Schwendenwein
- Department of Pathobiology, Clinical Pathology Platform, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Elisabeth Baszler
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.K.Z.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Bernadette Ploderer
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.K.Z.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Iwan Anton Burgener
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.K.Z.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Frank Künzel
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (F.K.Z.); (E.B.); (B.P.); (I.A.B.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.-B.); (F.K.); Tel.: +43-01-25077-6371 (T.K.-B.)
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Schmid NS, Clauss M, Hetzel U, Riond B, Bochmann M, Hatt JM. Development, diagnosis and therapy of ketosis in non-gravid and non-lactating Guinea pigs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:41. [PMID: 32013972 PMCID: PMC6998326 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ketosis is a metabolic disorder often triggered by anorexia in animals fed on high energy diets. Although mostly described in pregnant female guinea pigs, under the name of pregnancy toxicosis; there is limited information on ketosis in males and non-pregnant females, often presented to clinics with anorexia or inappetence. The objective of this study was to observe progression of ketosis in guinea pigs, document the changes and evaluate diagnostic methods and a therapeutic approach. Results Twenty eight adult guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), castrated males and intact females of obese and slim body condition were fasted for 3 days and refed afterwards. The slim animals served as control group for body condition. Either slim and fat animals were divided into two treatment groups: half of them received fluid replacements with glucose subcutaneously, the other half did not receive any injection and served as treatment control. Serum beta-hydroxybutyrate, and urine acetoacetate and acetone were measured during and after fasting. Serum ALT, bile acids and liver histology were also analyzed after 7 days of refeeding (and therapy). Females and obese guinea pigs showed a significantly higher increase in ketone bodies in serum and urine. Obese, female, or animals not receiving therapy needed more time to regulate ketone bodies to normal levels than slim animals, males or animals receiving therapy. Liver histology revealed increased hepatocyte degeneration and higher glycogen content in obese animals and animals receiving therapy, and additionally more glycogen content in males. Only minor hepatic fat accumulation was documented. Bile acids showed good correlation to histological liver changes whereas ALT did not. Conclusions Female and obese animals react more intensively to fasting. As preventive management, animals should be kept in adequate body condition, fasting should be avoided, and anorexia should be treated immediately. In such a case, urinary dip sticks to detect ketone bodies are a useful diagnostic tool. Glucose therapy leads to faster cessation of ketogenesis and should be recommended in cases of ketosis. However, it needs to be adjusted to avoid hepatocyte glycogen overload and degeneration. Measuring bile acids presents a valuable indicator of liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Schmid
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- Veterinary Clinical Laboratory, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Bochmann
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Walter Zoo, CH-9200, Gossau, SG, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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