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Genome of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia chilonis sheds light on amino acid resource exploitation. BMC Biol 2022; 20:118. [PMID: 35606775 PMCID: PMC9128236 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A fundamental feature of parasitism is the nutritional exploitation of host organisms by their parasites. Parasitoid wasps lay eggs on arthropod hosts, exploiting them for nutrition to support larval development by using diverse effectors aimed at regulating host metabolism. However, the genetic components and molecular mechanisms at the basis of such exploitation, especially the utilization of host amino acid resources, remain largely unknown. To address this question, here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia chilonis and reconstruct its amino acid biosynthetic pathway. Results Analyses of the amino acid synthetic pathway indicate that C. chilonis lost the ability to synthesize ten amino acids, which was confirmed by feeding experiments with amino acid-depleted media. Of the ten pathways, nine are known to have been lost in the common ancestor of animals. We find that the ability to synthesize arginine was also lost in C. chilonis because of the absence of two key genes in the arginine synthesis pathway. Further analyses of the genomes of 72 arthropods species show that the loss of arginine synthesis is common in arthropods. Metabolomic analyses by UPLC-MS/MS reveal that the temporal concentrations of arginine, serine, tyrosine, and alanine are significantly higher in host (Chilo suppressalis) hemolymph at 3 days after parasitism, whereas the temporal levels of 5-hydroxylysine, glutamic acid, methionine, and lysine are significantly lower. We sequence the transcriptomes of a parasitized host and non-parasitized control. Differential gene expression analyses using these transcriptomes indicate that parasitoid wasps inhibit amino acid utilization and activate protein degradation in the host, likely resulting in the increase of amino acid content in host hemolymph. Conclusions We sequenced the genome of a parasitoid wasp, C. chilonis, and revealed the features of trait loss in amino acid biosynthesis. Our work provides new insights into amino acid exploitation by parasitoid wasps, and this knowledge can specifically be used to design parasitoid artificial diets that potentially benefit mass rearing of parasitoids for pest control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01313-3.
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Watkins OC, Sharpe ML, Perry NB, Krause KL. New Zealand glowworm (Arachnocampa luminosa) bioluminescence is produced by a firefly-like luciferase but an entirely new luciferin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3278. [PMID: 29459729 PMCID: PMC5818473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21298-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The New Zealand glowworm, Arachnocampa luminosa, is well-known for displays of blue-green bioluminescence, but details of its bioluminescent chemistry have been elusive. The glowworm is evolutionarily distant from other bioluminescent creatures studied in detail, including the firefly. We have isolated and characterised the molecular components of the glowworm luciferase-luciferin system using chromatography, mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The purified luciferase enzyme is in the same protein family as firefly luciferase (31% sequence identity). However, the luciferin substrate of this enzyme is produced from xanthurenic acid and tyrosine, and is entirely different to that of the firefly and known luciferins of other glowing creatures. A candidate luciferin structure is proposed, which needs to be confirmed by chemical synthesis and bioluminescence assays. These findings show that luciferases can evolve independently from the same family of enzymes to produce light using structurally different luciferins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Watkins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Miriam L Sharpe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nigel B Perry
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Kurt L Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Qiao L, Du M, Liang X, Hao Y, He X, Si F, Mei T, Chen B. Tyrosine Hydroxylase is crucial for maintaining pupal tanning and immunity in Anopheles sinensis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29835. [PMID: 27416870 PMCID: PMC4945905 DOI: 10.1038/srep29835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the initial enzyme in the melanin pathway, catalyzes tyrosine conversion into Dopa. Although expression and regulation of TH have been shown to affect cuticle pigmentation in insects, no direct functional studies to date have focused on the specific physiological processes involving the enzyme during mosquito development. In the current study, silencing of AsTH during the time period of continuous high expression in Anopheles sinensis pupae led to significant impairment of cuticle tanning and thickness, imposing a severe obstacle to eclosion in adults. Meanwhile, deficiency of melanin in interference individuals led to suppression of melanization, compared to control individuals. Consequently, the ability to defend exogenous microorganisms declined sharply. Accompanying down-regulation of the basal expression of five antimicrobial peptide genes resulted in further significant weakening of immunity. TH homologs as well as the composition of upstream transcription factor binding sites at the pupal stage are highly conserved in the Anopheles genus, implying that the TH-mediated functions are crucial in Anopheles. The collective evidence strongly suggests that TH is essential for Anopheles pupae tanning and immunity and provides a reference for further studies to validate the utility of the key genes involved in the melanization pathway in controlling mosquito development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qiao
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Minghui Du
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xin Liang
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Youjin Hao
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Xiu He
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Fengling Si
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Ting Mei
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Entomology and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, 401331, China
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Hidalgo K, Mouline K, Mamai W, Foucreau N, Dabiré KR, Bouchereau A, Simard F, Renault D. Novel insights into the metabolic and biochemical underpinnings assisting dry-season survival in female malaria mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 70:102-116. [PMID: 25083809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes survive the desiccating conditions of the dry season in Africa and are able to readily transmit malaria soon after the rains start remain largely unknown. The desiccation tolerance and resistance of female An. gambiae M and S reared in contrasting environmental conditions reflecting the onset of dry season ("ods") and the rainy season ("rs") was determined by monitoring their survival and body water loss in response to low relative humidity. Furthermore, we investigated the degree to which the physiology of 1-h and 24-h-old females is altered at "ods" by examining and comparing their quantitative metabotypes and proteotypes with conspecifics exposed to "rs" conditions. Results showed that distinct biochemical rearrangements occurred soon after emergence in female mosquitoes that enhance survival and limit water loss under dry conditions. In particular, three amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine) playing a pivotal role in cuticle permeability decreased significantly from the 1-h to 24-h-old females, regardless of the experimental conditions. However, these amino acids were present in higher amounts in 1-h-old female An. gambiae M reared under "ods" whereas no such seasonal difference was reported in S ones. Together with the 1.28- to 2.84-fold increased expression of cuticular proteins 70 and 117, our data suggests that cuticle composition, rigidity and permeability were adjusted at "ods". Increased expression of enzymes involved in glycogenolytic and proteolytic processes were found in both forms at "ods". Moreover, 1-h-old S forms were characterised by elevated amounts of glycogen phosphorylase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and citrate synthase, suggesting an increase of energetic demand in these females at "ods".
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hidalgo
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1, Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - K Mouline
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1, Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - W Mamai
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1, Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - N Foucreau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5023 LEHNA, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - K R Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO), 399 Avenue de la Liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - A Bouchereau
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR INRA IGEPP, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - F Simard
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier 1, Université de Montpellier 2 MIVEGEC, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - D Renault
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Vavricka CJ, Han Q, Mehere P, Ding H, Christensen BM, Li J. Tyrosine metabolic enzymes from insects and mammals: a comparative perspective. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:13-19. [PMID: 23955993 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the metabolism of tyrosine between insects and mammals present an interesting example of molecular evolution. Both insects and mammals possess fine-tuned systems of enzymes to meet their specific demands for tyrosine metabolites; however, more homologous enzymes involved in tyrosine metabolism have emerged in many insect species. Without knowledge of modern genomics, one might suppose that mammals, which are generally more complex than insects and require tyrosine as a precursor for important catecholamine neurotransmitters and for melanin, should possess more enzymes to control tyrosine metabolism. Therefore, the question of why insects actually possess more tyrosine metabolic enzymes is quite interesting. It has long been known that insects rely heavily on tyrosine metabolism for cuticle hardening and for innate immune responses, and these evolutionary constraints are likely the key answers to this question. In terms of melanogenesis, mammals also possess a high level of regulation; yet mammalian systems possess more mechanisms for detoxification whereas insects accelerate pathways like melanogenesis and therefore must bear increased oxidative pressure. Our research group has had the opportunity to characterize the structure and function of many key proteins involved in tyrosine metabolism from both insects and mammals. In this mini review we will give a brief overview of our research on tyrosine metabolic enzymes in the scope of an evolutionary perspective of mammals in comparison to insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher John Vavricka
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Schraermeyer U. Localization of subrhabdomeric haemolymph lacunae in the retina of Drosophila melanogaster and Calliphora erythrocephala. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1993; 22:833-44. [PMID: 8270948 DOI: 10.1007/bf01186355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The haemolymph of flies and other insects contains tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), the rate-limiting enzyme in mammalian melanogenesis. After incubation with 5 mM L-DOPA for several hours the endogenous tyrosinase of the haemolymph forms an electron dense reaction product. This method was used to localize spaces in the retina of the wild type and the white (w) mutant of Drosophila melanogaster that are filled with haemolymph. A network of subrhabdomeric haemolymph lacunae was found. Moreover it was found that these haemolymph lacunae also form extensions into the photoreceptor cells and are connected with small haemolymph lacunae that cross the retinal basement membrane. In a second set of experiments L-DOPA was injected into the thoraces of Calliphora erythrocephala. Half-an-hour after injections the flies were killed and the eyes were embedded for electron microscopy. The small molecule of DOPA or its product dopachrome, surprisingly, penetrated the retinal basement membrane and reached the subrhabdomeric haemolymph lacunae and the ommatidial cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schraermeyer
- Institüt für Biologie II (Zoologie), RWTH Aachen, Germany
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Schraermeyer U, Dohms M. Atypical granules in the eyes of the white mutant of Drosophila melanogaster are lysosome-related organelles. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1993; 6:73-84. [PMID: 8391698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1993.tb00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the pigment cells of the white mutant of Drosophila melanogaster, as described earlier, two types of abnormal granules are found by conventional electron microscopy. However, both types of abnormal granules, in addition to those in pigment cell invaginations, are also present in the cytoplasm of the photoreceptor cells. Three enzymes (acid phosphatase, peroxidase, and tyrosinase) are localized within the eyes of wild type and white mutant Drosophila melanogaster by electron microscopy. Peroxidase activity is present in lamellar bodies close to the rhabdomeral microvilli of both fly types. However the organelles containing peroxidase activity are 6-fold more frequent in the wild type than in the mutant. Acid phosphatase is present in lamellar bodies between and at the bases of the rhabdomeral microvilli of the wild type, as well as in ommochrome granules of the photoreceptor cells. In the white mutant, however, acid phosphatase was located in electron lucent vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the receptor cells. These acid phosphatase-positive vacuoles also contained both types of abnormal granules. The latter result indicates that abnormal granules in the receptor cells originate from lysosomal degradation and that targeting of lysosomal enzymes is altered in the white mutant. Due to the tyrosinase activity in the hemolymph of flies, the extracellular spaces are electron dense after DOPA incubation. Since some abnormal granules within the photoreceptor cells are not surrounded by an extracellular space, they can be assumed to originate within the photoreceptor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schraermeyer
- Institut für Biologie II (Zoologie), RWTH Aachen, Germany
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8
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Seed JL, Kilts CD, Bennett JL. Schistosoma mansoni: tyrosine, a putative in vivo substrate of phenol oxidase. Exp Parasitol 1980; 50:33-44. [PMID: 6771156 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(80)90005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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The metabolism of the aromatic amino acids concerned in the cross-linking of insect cuticle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Irytek RE, Allen WV. Synthesis of essential amino acids by bacterial symbionts in the gills of the shipworm Bankia setacea (tryon). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(80)80018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Free amino acids in the adult citrus brown mite,Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein). Cell Mol Life Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01922700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Raghavan K, Nadkarni G. Tyrosine metabolism in carbidopa and phenylthiourea administered Corcyra cephalonica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(78)90010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Barrett FM. Changes in the concentration of free amino acids in the haemolymph of Rhodnius prolixus during the fifth instar. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 48:241-50. [PMID: 4833119 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(74)90200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tobe SS, Davey KG, Huebner E. Nutrient transfer during the reproductive cycle in Glossina austeni Newst.: histology and histochemistry of the milk gland, fat body, and oenocytes. Tissue Cell 1973; 5:633-50. [PMID: 4129183 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(73)80050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mills RR, Raymond Lake C. Metabolism of tyrosine to acid and to acid by the haemolymph of the american cockroach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(71)90042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Whitehead DL. The role of haemocytes in the biosynthesis of protocatechuate in the cockroach colleterial system. Biochem J 1970; 119:65P-66P. [PMID: 5492843 PMCID: PMC1179549 DOI: 10.1042/bj1190065p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Summers NM. The conversion of tyrosine to catecholamines and the biogenesis of N-acetyl-dopamine in isolated epidermis of the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1968; 26:259-69. [PMID: 4991093 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(68)90330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Summers NM. Cuticle sclerotization and blood phenol oxidase in the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1967; 23:129-38. [PMID: 4965430 DOI: 10.1016/0010-406x(67)90480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lennie RW, Birt LM. The localization of a particle-bound tyrosine activating enzyme in Lucilia cuprina and the distribution of free amino acids during the life cycle. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1965; 11:1213-1224. [PMID: 5828290 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1910(65)90113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Lipke H, Leto S, Graves B. Carbohydrate--amino acid conversions during cuticle synthesis in Periplaneta americana. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1965; 11:1225-1232. [PMID: 5828291 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1910(65)90114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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