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Nazmi A, Field RH, Griffin EW, Haugh O, Hennessy E, Cox D, Reis R, Tortorelli L, Murray CL, Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Jin L, Lavelle EC, Dunne A, Cunningham C. Chronic neurodegeneration induces type I interferon synthesis via STING, shaping microglial phenotype and accelerating disease progression. Glia 2019; 67:1254-1276. [PMID: 30680794 PMCID: PMC6520218 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN‐I) are the principal antiviral molecules of the innate immune system and can be made by most cell types, including central nervous system cells. IFN‐I has been implicated in neuroinflammation during neurodegeneration, but its mechanism of induction and its consequences remain unclear. In the current study, we assessed expression of IFN‐I in murine prion disease (ME7) and examined the contribution of the IFN‐I receptor IFNAR1 to disease progression. The data indicate a robust IFNβ response, specifically in microglia, with evidence of IFN‐dependent genes in both microglia and astrocytes. This IFN‐I response was absent in stimulator of interferon genes (STING−/−) mice. Microglia showed increased numbers and activated morphology independent of genotype, but transcriptional signatures indicated an IFNAR1‐dependent neuroinflammatory phenotype. Isolation of microglia and astrocytes demonstrated disease‐associated microglial induction of Tnfα, Tgfb1, and of phagolysosomal system transcripts including those for cathepsins, Cd68, C1qa, C3, and Trem2, which were diminished in IFNAR1 and STING deficient mice. Microglial increases in activated cathepsin D, and CD68 were significantly reduced in IFNAR1−/− mice, particularly in white matter, and increases in COX‐1 expression, and prostaglandin synthesis were significantly mitigated. Disease progressed more slowly in IFNAR1−/− mice, with diminished synaptic and neuronal loss and delayed onset of neurological signs and death but without effect on proteinase K‐resistant PrP levels. Therefore, STING‐dependent IFN‐I influences microglial phenotype and influences neurodegenerative progression despite occurring secondary to initial degenerative changes. These data expand our mechanistic understanding of IFN‐I induction and its impact on microglial function during chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshed Nazmi
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Robert H Field
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Eadaoin W Griffin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Orla Haugh
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Edel Hennessy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Donal Cox
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Renata Reis
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Lucas Tortorelli
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Carol L Murray
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aisling Dunne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Field R, Campion S, Warren C, Murray C, Cunningham C. Systemic challenge with the TLR3 agonist poly I:C induces amplified IFNalpha/beta and IL-1beta responses in the diseased brain and exacerbates chronic neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:996-1007. [PMID: 20399848 PMCID: PMC3334265 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in the progression of neurodegenerative disease remains unclear. We have shown that systemic bacterial insults accelerate disease progression in animals and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Disease exacerbation is associated with exaggerated CNS inflammatory responses to systemic inflammation mediated by microglia that become 'primed' by the underlying neurodegeneration. The impact of systemic viral insults on existing neurodegenerative disease has not been investigated. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) is a toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) agonist and induces type I interferons, thus mimicking inflammatory responses to systemic viral infection. In the current study we hypothesized that systemic challenge with poly I:C, during chronic neurodegenerative disease, would amplify CNS inflammation and exacerbate disease. Using the ME7 model of prion disease and systemic challenge with poly I:C (12 mg/kg i.p.) we have shown an amplified expression of IFN-alpha and beta and of the pro-inflammatory genes IL-1beta and IL-6. Similarly amplified expression of specific IFN-dependent genes confirmed that type I IFNs were secreted and active in the brain and this appeared to have anti-inflammatory consequences. However, prion-diseased animals were susceptible to heightened acute sickness behaviour and acute neurological impairments in response to poly I:C and this treatment also accelerated disease progression in diseased animals without effect in normal animals. Increased apoptosis coupled with double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and Fas transcription suggested activation of interferon-dependent, pro-apoptotic pathways in the brain of ME7+poly I:C animals. That systemic poly I:C accelerates neurodegeneration has implications for the control of systemic viral infection during chronic neurodegeneration and indicates that type I interferon responses in the brain merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Field
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Campion
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford. Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Colleen Warren
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Carol Murray
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland,Corresponding author. Address: School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, TCD, Ireland. Fax: +353 1 896 3183.
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Bate C, Kempster S, Last V, Williams A. Interferon-gamma increases neuronal death in response to amyloid-beta1-42. J Neuroinflammation 2006; 3:7. [PMID: 16569229 PMCID: PMC1435873 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-3-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive cognitive impairment, the consequence of neuronal dysfunction and ultimately the death of neurons. The amyloid hypothesis proposes that neuronal damage results from the accumulation of insoluble, hydrophobic, fibrillar peptides such as amyloid-β1-42. These peptides activate enzymes resulting in a cascade of second messengers including prostaglandins and platelet-activating factor. Apoptosis of neurons is thought to follow as a consequence of the uncontrolled release of second messengers. Biochemical, histopathological and genetic studies suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a role in neurodegeneration during Alzheimer's disease. In the current study we examined the effects of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 on neurons. Methods Primary murine cortical or cerebellar neurons, or human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, were grown in vitro. Neurons were treated with cytokines prior to incubation with different neuronal insults. Cell survival, caspase-3 activity (a measure of apoptosis) and prostaglandin production were measured. Immunoblots were used to determine the effects of cytokines on the levels of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 or phospholipase C γ-1. Results While none of the cytokines tested were directly neurotoxic, pre-treatment with IFN-γ sensitised neurons to the toxic effects of amyloid-β1-42 or HuPrP82-146 (a neurotoxic peptide found in prion diseases). The effects of IFN-γ were seen on cortical and cerebellar neurons, and on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. However, pre-treatment with IFN-γ did not affect the sensitivity to neurons treated with staurosporine or hydrogen peroxide. Pre-treatment with IFN-γ increased the levels of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 in SH-SY5Y cells and increased prostaglandin E2 production in response to amyloid-β1-42. Conclusion Treatment of neuronal cells with IFN-γ increased neuronal death in response to amyloid-β1-42 or HuPrP82-146. IFN-γ increased the levels of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 in cultured neuronal cells and increased expression of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 was associated with increased production of prostaglandin E2 in response to amyloid-β1-42 or HuPrP82-146. Such observations suggest that IFN-γ produced within the brain may increase neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Bate
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Sarah Kempster
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Victoria Last
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Alun Williams
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
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Root-Bernstein RS, Westall FC. Serotonin binding sites. I. Structures of sites on myelin basic protein, LHRH, MSH, ACTH, interferon, serum albumin, ovalbumin and red pigment concentrating hormone. Brain Res Bull 1984; 12:425-36. [PMID: 6203623 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(84)90115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of combinations of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) with the tryptophan peptide sequence and similar peptides from myelin basic protein. The binding site appears to consist of the sequence Arg Phe Ser Trp. Similar serotonin binding sites were found to exist on LHRH (Tyr Ser Trp) and MSH-ACTH tetrapeptide (Phe Arg Trp). These binding sites are specific to serotonin as is demonstrated by lack of binding by dopamine, histamine, acetylcholine and a dozen other pharmacologically active amines and indoles. Drugs known to affect serotonin levels, e.g., fenfluramine and L-DOPA, bind weakly to these sites. Structural and functional similarities between the tryptophan peptide, LHRH, and MSH-ACTH with an ACTH-like peptide of human leukocyte interferon, with human and bovine serum albumin, hen ovalbumin, and with red pigment concentrating hormone suggest that the latter peptides may also contain similar serotonin binding sites. The elucidation of serotonin binding sites on these peptides and proteins has implications for understanding various aspects of cancer, autoimmunity, neurological disease, and peptide hormone control.
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