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Buggert M, Price DA, Mackay LK, Betts MR. Human circulating and tissue-resident memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2023:10.1038/s41590-023-01538-6. [PMID: 37349380 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Our current knowledge of human memory CD8+ T cells is derived largely from studies of the intravascular space. However, emerging data are starting to challenge some of the dogmas based on this work, suggesting that a conceptual revision may be necessary. In this review, we provide a brief history of the field and summarize the biology of circulating and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells, which are ultimately responsible for effective immune surveillance. We also incorporate recent findings into a biologically integrated model of human memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. Finally, we address how future innovative human studies could improve our understanding of anatomically localized CD8+ T cells to inform the development of more effective immunotherapies and vaccines, the need for which has been emphasized by the global struggle to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael R Betts
- Institute for Immunology and Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sagnia B, Mbakop Ghomsi F, Gutierrez A, Sosso S, Kamgaing R, Nanfack AJ, Nji N, Ambada G, Lissom A, Tchouangueu TF, Ngu Ndengkoh L, Domkam I, Nchinda G, Ndjolo A. Performance of the BD FACSPresto near to patient analyzer in comparison with representative conventional CD4 instruments in Cameroon. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:53. [PMID: 32799909 PMCID: PMC7429678 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-00309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of scaling the viral load in resource limited settings, following HIV infected patient's adults and children with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count still very important in settings where the decentralization of treatment still has some challenges. Effective HIV monitoring in these resource-constrained settings needs affordable and reliable CD4+ T lymphocytes enumeration methods. We investigated the validity of a BD FACSPresto POC which is a dedicated system for enumeration that uses immunofluorescent technologies. In this study, we have assessed the sensitivity, specificity and correlation between most representative flow cytometry instruments present in Cameroon with more than 5000 CD4 T cells tests per year including FACSCalibur, FACSCount, and PIMA POC from Becton-Dickinson and ALERE respectively. METHODS 268 patients aged from 1 to 72 years old were enrolled and included in the study after inform consent. The BD FACSPresto POC CD4+ T cell technology was placed at CIRCB and operated by technician staff. HIV infected patients were from Chantal BIYA international reference Center (CIRCB), Centre de Sante Catholique de NKOLODOM, Centre de Sante Catholique de BIKOP and CASS de Nkolndongo-Yaounde We compared the accuracy of the BD FACSPresto and three existing reference technologies with more than 5000 tests per year like FACSCalibur, FACSCount and PIMA according to the number of CD4 test done per year and their repartition in the country. Bland-Altman method and correlation analysis were used to estimate mean bias and 95% limits of agreement and to compare the methods, including analysis by subgroup of participant gestational age. In addition sensitivity and specificity were determined. Statistical significance was set at P-value < 0.05. RESULTS The BD FACSPresto POC system has excellent precision, accuracy and linearity for CD4+ T lymphocytes enumeration. Good correlations were obtained between the BD FACSPresto poc system and other single platform methods. Bland-Altman plots showed interchangeability between two machines mean bias BD-FACSPresto vs PIMA = - 126,522(- 161,221 to - 91,822) BD-FACSPresto vs FACSCount = - 38,708 (- 58,935 to - 18,482) and FACSPresto vs FACSCALIBUR = 0.791(- 11,908 to 13,491). Mean difference with Absolute CD4+ T-lymphocyte values obtained from the BD FACSPresto system correlated well with PIMA, FACSCount, and FACSCalibur method with R2 equal to 0.88, 0.92 and 0.968 respectively with P < 0.001 for all. The mean comparison between values obtained from BD FACSPresto with PIMA, FACSCount, and FACSCalibur using paired T test give P = 0.17, P = 0.5 and P = 0.6 respectively meaning that there is no significant differences between values obtained with BD FACSPresto and PIMA, FACSCount or FACSCalibur CD4 enumeration machines. Further analysis revealed close agreement between all the three instruments with no significant difference between the forth methods (P = 0.91). CONCLUSION This BD-FACSPresto POC system is a simple, robust and reliable system for enumeration of absolute and percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes especially suitable for remote areas with limited resources. Having one BD-FACSPresto POC system easy to use, should reduce the cost and thus increase and improved access to CD4 testing for HIV infected patients in resource-constrained countries. BD-FACSPresto POC CD4 will enable reduction in patient time and improve the overall quality of ART service count and may improve test access in remote areas. This technology can allow for greater decentralization and wider access to CD4 testing and ART.
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Ten years of antiretroviral therapy: Incidences, patterns and risk factors of opportunistic infections in an urban Ugandan cohort. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206796. [PMID: 30383836 PMCID: PMC6211746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increased antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage and the raised CD4 threshold for starting ART, opportunistic infections (OIs) are still one of the leading causes of death in sub-Saharan Africa. There are few studies from resource-limited settings on long-term reporting of OIs other than tuberculosis. METHODS Patients starting ART between April 2004 and April 2005 were enrolled and followed-up for 10 years in Kampala, Uganda. We report incidences, patterns and risk factors using Cox proportional hazards models of OIs among all patients and among patients with CD4 cell counts >200 cells/μL. RESULTS Of the 559 patients starting ART, 164 patients developed a total of 241 OIs during 10 years of follow-up. The overall incidence was highest for oral candidiasis (25.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 20.5-31.6 per 1000 person-years of follow-up), followed by tuberculosis (15.3, 95% CI: 11.7-20.1), herpes zoster (12.3, 95% CI: 9.1-16.6) and cryptococcal meningitis (3.0, 95% CI: 1.7-5.5). Incidence rates for all OIs were highest in the first year after ART initiation and decreased with the increase of the current CD4 cell count. Factors independently associated with development of OIs were baseline nevirapine-based regimens, time-varying higher viral load, time-varying lower CD4 cell count and time-varying lower hemoglobin. In patients developing OIs at a current CD4 cell count >200 cells/μL, factors independently associated with OI development were time-varying increase in viral load and time-varying decrease in hemoglobin, whereas a baseline CD4 cell count <50 cells/μL was protective. CONCLUSION We report high early incidences of OIs, decreasing with increasing CD4 cell count and time spent on ART. Ongoing HIV replication and anemia were strong predictors for OI development independent of the CD4 cell count. Our findings support the recommendation for early initiation of ART and suggest close monitoring for OIs among patients recently started on ART, with low CD4 cell count, high viral load and anemia.
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Noulsri E, Abudaya D, Lerdwana S, Pattanapanyasat K. Corrected Lymphocyte Percentages Reduce the Differences in Absolute CD4+ T Lymphocyte Counts between Dual-Platform and Single-Platform Flow Cytometric Approaches. Lab Med 2018; 49:246-253. [PMID: 29546347 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether a corrected lymphocyte percentage could reduce bias in the absolute cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ T lymphocyte counts obtained via dual-platform (DP) vs standard single-platform (SP) flow cytometry. Methods The correction factor (CF) for the lymphocyte percentages was calculated at 6 laboratories. The absolute CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in 300 blood specimens infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were determined using the DP and SP methods. Results Applying the CFs revealed that 4 sites showed a decrease in the mean bias of absolute CD4+ T lymphocyte counts determined via DP vs standard SP (-109 vs -84 cells/μL, -80 vs -58 cells/μL, -52 vs -45 cells/μL, and -32 vs 1 cells/μL). However, 2 participating laboratories revealed an increase in the difference of the mean bias (-42 vs -49 cells/μL and -20 vs -69 cells/μL). Conclusions Use of the corrected lymphocyte percentage shows potential for decreasing the difference in CD4 counts between DP and the standard SP method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egarit Noulsri
- Research Division, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dinar Abudaya
- Department of Immunology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surada Lerdwana
- Office for Research and Development, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Office for Research and Development, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Gebremicael G, Belay Y, Girma F, Abreha Y, Gebreegziabxier A, Tesfaye S, Messele Z, Assefa Y, Bellete B, Kassa D, Vojnov L. The performance of BD FACSPresto™ for CD4 T-cell count, CD4% and hemoglobin concentration test in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176323. [PMID: 28448581 PMCID: PMC5407647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Ethiopia, CD4+ T-cell counting is still required for all patients at baseline before antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to determine eligibility and follow-up of opportunistic infection prophylaxis. However, access to CD4+ T cell count in rural health facilities remains a major challenge in Ethiopia like other resource-limited settings. Methodology Both capillary and venous blood was drawn from each of 325 study participant recruited in Addis Ababa and surroundings. The CD4+ T-cell count, CD4%, and hemoglobin (Hgb) were tested at one of the four study health facilities using capillary blood and BD FACSPresto™ device. These tests were also done at the national HIV reference laboratory, using venous blood with BD FACSCalibur™, Sysmex XT-1800i™, and BD FACSPresto™. Results BD FACSPresto™ had an absolute mean bias of -13.3 cells/ul (-2.99%) and 28.3 cells/μl (6.4%) using venous and capillary blood, respectively, compared with BD FACSCalibur™. The absolute CD4 assay on the BD FACSPresto™ had a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.87 and 0.92 using capillary blood and venous blood samples, respectively, compared with BD FACSCalibur™. The percentage similarity of the BD FACSPresto™ using capillary and venous blood was 105.2% and 99.3%, respectively. The sensitivity of the FACSPresto™ using threshold of 500 cells/μl for ART eligibility using capillary and venous blood was 87.9 and 94.3%, while the specificity was 91.4 and 83.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the BD FACSPresto™ had an absolute mean bias of -0.2 dl/μl (0.0%) (95% LOA: -1.7, 1.3) and -0.59 dl/μl (0.1%) (95% LOA: -1.49, 0.31) for Hgb using capillary and venous blood compared with the Sysmex XT-1800i™, respectively. Conclusion Our results showed acceptable agreement between the BD FACSPresto™ and BD FACSCalibur™ for CD4+ T-cell counting and CD4%; and between the BD FACSPresto™ and Sysmex XT-1800i™for measuring Hgb concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebremedhin Gebremicael
- HIV and TB diseases research directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yohanes Belay
- HIV and TB diseases research directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum Girma
- HIV and TB diseases research directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane Abreha
- HIV and TB diseases research directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Atsbeha Gebreegziabxier
- HIV and TB diseases research directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Simret Tesfaye
- HIV and TB diseases research directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Messele
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Inc. (CHAI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- HIV and TB diseases research directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bahrie Bellete
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Inc. (CHAI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Kassa
- HIV and TB diseases research directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lara Vojnov
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Shimada N, Yuji K, Ohno N, Koibuchi T, Oyaizu N, Uchimaru K, Tojo A. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with bendamustine in an HIV-infected patient on antiretroviral therapy: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Case Rep 2015; 3:453-60. [PMID: 26185648 PMCID: PMC4498862 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Few reports have described the coincidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and HIV. We administered bendamustine to an HIV-positive refractory CLL patient and obtained a significant objective response. Our results indicate that bendamustine can be used in HIV-infected CLL patients. We also reviewed 12 cases of CLL with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shimada
- Promotion Plan for the Platform of Human Resource Development for Cancer, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Yuji
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohno
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Koibuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Oyaizu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
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Peeling RW, Sollis KA, Glover S, Crowe SM, Landay AL, Cheng B, Barnett D, Denny TN, Spira TJ, Stevens WS, Crowley S, Essajee S, Vitoria M, Ford N. CD4 enumeration technologies: a systematic review of test performance for determining eligibility for antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115019. [PMID: 25790185 PMCID: PMC4366094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of CD4+ T-lymphocytes (CD4) is a crucial parameter in the management of HIV patients, particularly in determining eligibility to initiate antiretroviral treatment (ART). A number of technologies exist for CD4 enumeration, with considerable variation in cost, complexity, and operational requirements. We conducted a systematic review of the performance of technologies for CD4 enumeration. Methods and Findings Studies were identified by searching electronic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE using a pre-defined search strategy. Data on test accuracy and precision included bias and limits of agreement with a reference standard, and misclassification probabilities around CD4 thresholds of 200 and 350 cells/μl over a clinically relevant range. The secondary outcome measure was test imprecision, expressed as % coefficient of variation. Thirty-two studies evaluating 15 CD4 technologies were included, of which less than half presented data on bias and misclassification compared to the same reference technology. At CD4 counts <350 cells/μl, bias ranged from -35.2 to +13.1 cells/μl while at counts >350 cells/μl, bias ranged from -70.7 to +47 cells/μl, compared to the BD FACSCount as a reference technology. Misclassification around the threshold of 350 cells/μl ranged from 1-29% for upward classification, resulting in under-treatment, and 7-68% for downward classification resulting in overtreatment. Less than half of these studies reported within laboratory precision or reproducibility of the CD4 values obtained. Conclusions A wide range of bias and percent misclassification around treatment thresholds were reported on the CD4 enumeration technologies included in this review, with few studies reporting assay precision. The lack of standardised methodology on test evaluation, including the use of different reference standards, is a barrier to assessing relative assay performance and could hinder the introduction of new point-of-care assays in countries where they are most needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna W. Peeling
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, England
- * E-mail:
| | - Kimberly A. Sollis
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, England
| | - Sarah Glover
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, England
| | - Suzanne M. Crowe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States of America
| | - Ben Cheng
- Pangaea Global AIDS Foundation, Oakland, CA, 94607, United States of America
| | - David Barnett
- UK NEQAS for Leucocyte Immunophenotyping, Sheffield, S10 2QD, England
| | - Thomas N. Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Center for HIV/AIDS, Immunology and Virology Quality Assessment Center, Durham, NC, 27710, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Spira
- Division of AIDS, STD, &TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, United States of America
| | | | - Siobhan Crowley
- Director Health Programs, ELMA Philanthropies, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Shaffiq Essajee
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Boston, MA, 02127, United States of America
| | | | - Nathan Ford
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Yao Y, Luo Y, He Y, Zheng Y, Zhang Q, Zhou H, Zeng S, Chen Z, He B, He M. The effect of a year of highly active antiretroviral therapy on immune reconstruction and cytokines in HIV/AIDS patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:691-7. [PMID: 23151174 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of a year of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on immune reconstruction and cytokine production in HIV/AIDS patients, 35 AIDS patients were recruited for HAART treatment and 35 healthy volunteers were assigned as controls. The dynamic changes in HIV load, blood T cell subset counts, as well as interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) levels in AIDS patients were evaluated before HAART and at 6 and 12 months after therapy. Our results revealed that HIV virus load in HIV/AIDS patients was reduced below the detectable limit after patients received 6 months of HAART. CD3(+)CD4(+), CD4(+)CD45RA(+)62L(+), and CD4(+)CD45RO(+) T cells were found to be significantly decreased in HIV/AIDS patients compared to the healthy controls, but increased after HAART. CD3(+)CD8(+) and CD8(+)CD38(+) cells were found to be increased in HIV/AIDS patients but decreased after HAART. Plasma IL-12 and IFN-γ levels were lower but IP-10 level was higher in AIDS patients compared to controls. HAART significantly improved IL-12 and IFN- γ levels but reduced IP-10 level in AIDS patients (p<0.01). CD4(+)CD45RA(+)62L(+) and CD4(+)CD45RO(+) T cells were positively correlated with plasma IL-12/IFN-γ levels (p<0.05), but negatively correlated with plasma IP-10 level. However, CD3(+)CD8(+) cells were negatively correlated with plasma IL-12 and IFN-γ levels, but positively correlated with IP-10 level (p<0.05). HAART benefits HIV/AIDS patients by not only inhibiting virus replication but also by contributing to immune reconstruction, such as restoring subsets of T cells and adjusting cytokine production in HIV/AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhai Yao
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhuang Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaying Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Zeng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo He
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei He
- Department of Infectious Disease, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Altered oxidative stress indexes related to disease progression marker in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients with antiretroviral therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gil L, Tarinas A, Hernández D, Riverón BV, Pérez D, Tápanes R, Capo V, Pérez J. WITHDRAWN: Altered oxidative stress indexes related to disease progression marker in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients with antiretroviral therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2010:S0753-3322(10)00145-9. [PMID: 20951539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomag.2010.09.001. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Gil
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Hospital Division, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí" (IPK), PO Box 601, Marianao 13, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba
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From research tool to routine test: CD38 monitoring in HIV patients. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2009; 76:375-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
The ability to rapidly identify immune cell subsets such as CD4 cells, which became possible around the same time as the onset of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, was one of the greatest advances in clinical and diagnostic immunology. The evolution of this global pandemic and the subsequent development of treatment strategies to prolong the life of infected individuals mean that it is now more crucial than ever that we develop affordable, reliable and accurate methods for the enumeration of CD4 cells. Here, we provide an overview of the historical developments in CD4 enumeration technologies that are related to HIV infection, and summarize the current technological challenges that must be overcome to meet the needs of those living with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barnett
- UK NEQAS for Leukocyte Immunophenotyping, Rutledge Mews, 3 Southbourne Road, Sheffield, S10 2QN UK.
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Holmes D, Knudsen G, Mackey-Cushman S, Su L. FoxP3 enhances HIV-1 gene expression by modulating NFkappaB occupancy at the long terminal repeat in human T cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:15973-80. [PMID: 17416586 PMCID: PMC4418638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
FoxP3 determines the development of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and represses interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression in Treg cells. However, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects and replicates efficiently in FoxP3+ Treg cells. We report that, while inhibiting IL-2 gene expression, FoxP3 enhances gene expression from HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). This FoxP3 activity requires both the N- and C-terminal domains and is inactivated by human IPEX (immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome) mutations. FoxP3 enhances HIV-1 LTR via its specific NFkappaB binding sequences in an NFkappaB-dependent fashion in T cells but not in HEK293 cells. FoxP3 decreases level of histone acetylation at the interleukin-2 locus but not at the HIV-1 LTR. Although NFkappaB nuclear translocation is not altered, FoxP3 enhances NFkappaB-p65 binding to HIV-1 LTR. These data suggest that FoxP3 modulates gene expression in a promoter sequence-dependent fashion by modulating chromatin structure and NFkappaB activity. HIV-1 LTR has evolved to both highjack the T-cell activation pathway for expression and to resist FoxP3-mediated suppression of T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Holmes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
| | - Geoffry Knudsen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
| | - Stephanie Mackey-Cushman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
| | - Lishan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
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Killian MS, Monteiro J, Matud J, Hultin LE, Hausner MA, Yang OO, Gregersen PK, Detels R, Giorgi JV, Jamieson BD. Persistent alterations in the T-cell repertoires of HIV-1-infected and at-risk uninfected men. AIDS 2004; 18:161-70. [PMID: 15075532 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200401230-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the association between immunogenic exposure and T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity to more clearly assess the impact of HIV-1 infection on the T-cell repertoire. METHODS : To estimate the extent of T-cell clonality attributable to HIV-1 infection, we evaluated T-cell repertoires in low-risk and at-risk seronegative men and HIV-1 seropositive men by assessment of T-cell receptor beta-chain (TCR beta) complimentary determining region 3 (CDR3) lengths. RESULTS The frequency of T-cell clonality in both HIV-1 infected and at-risk uninfected men was elevated in comparison to low-risk uninfected men. Among low-risk and at-risk seronegative, and HIV-1 seropositive men, clonal expansions were present in 3, 8, and 10% of CD4+ CDR3 lengths, and 18, 22, and 28% of CD8+ CDR3 lengths respectively. In addition, the longitudinal conservation of clonal expansions was observed in at-risk seronegative men. Based on comparisons to at-risk seronegative men, we estimate that at-risk seropositive men with chronic HIV-1 infection exhibit a 27% increase in the number of expanded CD8+ CDR3 lengths. CONCLUSION These findings provide an approximation of the magnitude of the T-cell response in individuals undergoing chronic HIV-1 infection and demonstrate a significant association between the history of immunogenic challenge and the magnitude of clonality within the T-cell repertoire. In addition, these findings underscore the necessity of selecting controls with similar antigenic exposure histories when investigating T-cell dynamics in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scott Killian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Hoffman RA, Maino VC, Recktenwald DJ, Webster HK. BD Biosciences contributions in CD4 counting and immune status for HIV/AIDS. CYTOMETRY 2002; 50:129-32. [PMID: 12116356 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BD Biosciences is a leader in the use of flow cytometry for determining immune system status and for counting CD4 cells in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The company has gained this position through many years of basic research and product development in immunology and cell biology, dye chemistry, immunoassays, instrumentation, and software. Some of the highlights of these developments and their historical perspective are described in this review.
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Chougnet C, Freitag C, Schito M, Thomas EK, Sher A, Shearer GM. In vivo CD40-CD154 (CD40 ligand) interaction induces integrated HIV expression by APC in an HIV-1-transgenic mouse model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3210-7. [PMID: 11207274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of their relative resistance to viral cytopathic effects, APC can provide an alternative reservoir for latently integrated HIV. We used an HIV-transgenic mouse model in which APC serve as the major source of inducible HIV expression to study mechanisms by which integrated virus can be activated in these cells. When admixed with transgenic APC, activated T lymphocytes provided a major contact-dependent stimulus for viral protein expression in vitro. Using blocking anti-CD154 mAb as well as CD154-deficient T cells, the HIV response induced by activated T lymphocytes was demonstrated to require CD40-CD154 interaction. The role of this pathway in the induction of HIV expression from APC in vivo was further studied in an experimental model involving infection of the HIV-transgenic mice with PLASMODIUM: chabaudi parasites. Enhanced viral production by dendritic cells and macrophages in infected mice was associated with up-regulated CD40 expression. More importantly, in vivo treatment with blocking anti-CD154 mAb markedly reduced viral expression in P. chabaudi-infected animals. Together, these findings indicate that immune activation of integrated HIV can be driven by the costimulatory interaction of activated T cells with APC. Because chronic T cell activation driven by coinfections as well as HIV-1 itself is a characteristic of HIV disease, this pathway may be important in sustaining viral expression from APC reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chougnet
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Reimann KA, O'Gorman MR, Spritzler J, Wilkening CL, Sabath DE, Helm K, Campbell DE. Multisite comparison of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte counting by single- versus multiple-platform methodologies: evaluation of Beckman Coulter flow-count fluorospheres and the tetraONE system. The NIAID DAIDS New Technologies Evaluation Group. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:344-51. [PMID: 10799444 PMCID: PMC95877 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.3.344-351.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
New analytic methods that permit absolute CD4 and CD8 T-cell determinations to be performed entirely on the flow cytometer have the potential for improving assay precision and accuracy. In a multisite trial, we compared two different single-platform assay methods with a predicate two-color assay in which the absolute lymphocyte count was derived by conventional hematology. A two-color method employing lymphocyte light scatter gating and Beckman Coulter Flow-Count fluorospheres for absolute counting produced within-laboratory precision equivalent to that of the two-color predicate method, as measured by coefficient of variation of replicate measurements. The fully automated Beckman Coulter tetraONE System four-color assay employing CD45 lymphocyte gating, automated analysis, and absolute counting by fluorospheres resulted in a small but significant improvement in the within-laboratory precision of CD4 and CD8 cell counts and percentages suggesting that the CD45 lymphocyte gating and automated analysis might have contributed to the improved performance. Both the two-color method employing Flow-Count fluorospheres and the four-color tetraONE System provided significant and substantial improvements in between-laboratory precision of absolute counts. In some laboratories, absolute counts obtained by the single-platform methods showed small but consistent differences relative to the predicate method. Comparison of each laboratory's absolute counts with the five-laboratory median value suggested that these differences resulted from a bias in the absolute lymphocyte count obtained from the hematology instrument in some laboratories. These results demonstrate the potential for single-platform assay methods to improve within-laboratory and between-laboratory precision of CD4 and CD8 T-cell determinations compared with conventional assay methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Reimann
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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18
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Giorgi JV, Majchrowicz MA, Johnson TD, Hultin P, Matud J, Detels R. Immunologic effects of combined protease inhibitor and reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy in previously treated chronic HIV-1 infection. AIDS 1998; 12:1833-44. [PMID: 9792384 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199814000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of combination protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy in correcting HIV-1-induced lymphocyte subset abnormalities in previously treated adults. DESIGN A 48-week observational study of lymphocyte subsets in 12 participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study who were already taking at least one reverse transcriptase inhibitor and added a protease inhibitor to their treatment regimen. Comparison groups were HIV-seronegative homosexual men, HIV-seronegative heterosexual men, and homosexual HIV-1-infected men who were long-term non-progressors. METHODS Three-color immunofluorescence and monoclonal antibodies were used to assess HIV-1-induced lymphocyte subset alterations related to immune deficiency and immune activation. Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were monitored to assess suppression of viral replication. RESULTS CD4+ cell counts significantly increased and lymphocyte activation measured as CD38 and HLA-DR expression on CD8+ T cells significantly decreased by 48 weeks. CD4+ cell values remained abnormal even in those who were fully suppressed. Some T-cell activation markers decreased to levels observed in long-term non-progressors. The increase in CD4+ T-cell numbers reached a plateau by week 24, but the increase in resting HLA-DR- CD38-T cells was sustained through week 48. Proportions of CD45RA+ CD62L-selectin+ and CD28+ CD4+ T-cell subsets and Fas expression were not abnormal at baseline compared with seronegative homosexual controls. CONCLUSIONS The most significant impact of suppression of viral replication was reversal of T-cell activation. However, normalization of lymphocyte subset perturbations associated with chronic HIV-1 infection was not achieved after 1 year of treatment with current combination antiretroviral regimens. More profound viral suppression, therapy for longer than 1 year, or immunologic augmentation may be needed to fully reverse the abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Giorgi
- Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, 90095-1745, USA
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Fahey JL. Cytokines, plasma immune activation markers, and clinically relevant surrogate markers in human immunodeficiency virus infection. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1998; 5:597-603. [PMID: 9729522 PMCID: PMC95626 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.5.5.597-603.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Fahey
- Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90095-1747, USA.
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20
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Choong ML, Ton SH, Cheong SK. Influence of race, age and sex on the lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of healthy Malaysian adults. Ann Clin Biochem 1995; 32 ( Pt 6):532-9. [PMID: 8579284 DOI: 10.1177/000456329503200603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of healthy Malaysian adults (212 subjects, age 18-71 years) were analysed using a flow cytometer FACScan in an effort to establish a reference range for the lymphocyte subsets. The lymphocyte subsets studied were T cells (CD3), B cells (CD19), natural killer (NK) cells (CD3- CD16+/CD56+), helper/inducer cells (CD4), cytotoxic/suppressor cells (CD8) and the helper/suppressor ratio (CD4/CD8). The distributions of T cells, CD4 cells and CD8 cells were symmetric about their means while B cells, NK cells and CD4/CD8 ratio followed a skewed distribution. Differences in race were observed for T cells, NK cells, CD4 cells and CD4/CD8 ratio where the Indians were significantly different from the Malays and the Chinese (higher T cells, CD4 cells and CD4/CD8 ratio and lower NK cells). The B cells were significantly lower in the Chinese than the Malays and the Indians. Age differences were seen only in the Chinese where increased CD4 cells and CD4/CD8 ratio, and decreased CD8 cells were observed. A sex difference was observed only in the Chinese where the CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher in females than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Choong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Giorgi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine 90024
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