Excision of uracil from double-stranded DNA by uracil-DNA glycosylase is sequence specific

Analysis of 6912 unselected somatic hypermutations in human VDJ rearrangements reveals lack of strand specificity and correlation between phase II substitution rates and distance to the nearest 3' activation-induced cytidine deaminase target

The initial event of somatic hypermutation (SHM) is the deamination of cytidine residues by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Deamination is followed by the replication over uracil and/or different error-prone repair events. We sequenced 659 nonproductive human IgH rearrangements (IGHV3-23*01) from blood B lymphocytes enriched for CD27-positive memory cells. Analyses of 6,912 unique, unselected substitutions showed that in vivo hot and cold spots for the SHM of C and G residues corresponded closely to the target preferences reported for AID in vitro. A detailed analysis of all possible four-nucleotide motifs present on both strands of the V(H) gene showed significant correlations between the substitution frequencies in reverse complementary motifs, suggesting that the SHM machinery targets both strands equally well. An analysis of individual J(H) and D gene segments showed that the substitution frequencies in the individual motifs were comparable to the frequencies found in the V(H) gene. Interestingly, J(H)6-carrying sequences were less likely to undergo SHM (average 15.2 substitutions per V(H) region) than sequences using J(H)4 (18.1 substitutions, p = 0.03). We also found that the substitution rates in G and T residues correlated inversely with the distance to the nearest 3' WRC AID hot spot motif on both the nontranscribed and transcribed strands. This suggests that phase II SHM takes place 5' of the initial AID deamination target and primarily targets T and G residues or, alternatively, the corresponding A and C residues on the opposite strand.

Trypanosoma cruzi contains a single detectable uracil-DNA glycosylase and repairs uracil exclusively via short patch base excision repair

Enzymes involved in genomic maintenance of human parasites are attractive targets for parasite-specific drugs. The parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi contains at least two enzymes involved in the protection against potentially mutagenic uracil, a deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) and a uracil-DNA glycosylase belonging to the highly conserved UNG-family. Uracil-DNA glycosylase activities excise uracil from DNA and initiate a multistep base-excision repair (BER) pathway to restore the correct nucleotide sequence. Here we report the biochemical characterisation of T.cruzi UNG (TcUNG) and its contribution to the total uracil repair activity in T.cruzi. TcUNG is shown to be the major uracil-DNA glycosylase in T.cruzi. The purified recombinant TcUNG exhibits substrate preference for removal of uracil in the order ssU>U:G>U:A, and has no associated thymine-DNA glycosylase activity. T.cruzi apparently repairs U:G DNA substrate exclusively via short-patch BER, but the DNA polymerase involved surprisingly displays a vertebrate POLdelta-like pattern of inhibition. Back-up UDG activities such as SMUG, TDG and MBD4 were not found, underlying the importance of the TcUNG enzyme in protection against uracil in DNA and as a potential target for drug therapy.

Uracil in DNA--occurrence, consequences and repair

Uracil in DNA results from deamination of cytosine, resulting in mutagenic U : G mispairs, and misincorporation of dUMP, which gives a less harmful U : A pair. At least four different human DNA glycosylases may remove uracil and thus generate an abasic site, which is itself cytotoxic and potentially mutagenic. These enzymes are UNG, SMUG1, TDG and MBD4. The base excision repair process is completed either by a short patch- or long patch pathway, which largely use different proteins. UNG2 is a major nuclear uracil-DNA glycosylase central in removal of misincorporated dUMP in replication foci, but recent evidence also indicates an important role in repair of U : G mispairs and possibly U in single-stranded DNA. SMUG1 has broader specificity than UNG2 and may serve as a relatively efficient backup for UNG in repair of U : G mismatches and single-stranded DNA. TDG and MBD4 may have specialized roles in the repair of U and T in mismatches in CpG contexts. Recently, a role for UNG2, together with activation induced deaminase (AID) which generates uracil, has been demonstrated in immunoglobulin diversification. Studies are now underway to examine whether mice deficient in Ung develop lymphoproliferative malignancies and have a different life span.

hUNG2 is the major repair enzyme for removal of uracil from U:A matches, U:G mismatches, and U in single-stranded DNA, with hSMUG1 as a broad specificity backup

hUNG2 and hSMUG1 are the only known glycosylases that may remove uracil from both double- and single-stranded DNA in nuclear chromatin, but their relative contribution to base excision repair remains elusive. The present study demonstrates that both enzymes are strongly stimulated by physiological concentrations of Mg2+, at which the activity of hUNG2 is 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than of hSMUG1. Moreover, Mg2+ increases the preference of hUNG2 toward uracil in ssDNA nearly 40-fold. APE1 has a strong stimulatory effect on hSMUG1 against dsU, apparently because of enhanced dissociation of hSMUG1 from AP sites in dsDNA. hSMUG1 also has a broader substrate specificity than hUNG2, including 5-hydroxymethyluracil and 3,N(4)-ethenocytosine. hUNG2 is excluded from, whereas hSMUG1 accumulates in, nucleoli in living cells. In contrast, only hUNG2 accumulates in replication foci in the S-phase. hUNG2 in nuclear extracts initiates base excision repair of plasmids containing either U:A and U:G in vitro. Moreover, an additional but delayed repair of the U:G plasmid is observed that is not inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against hUNG2 or hSMUG1. We propose a model in which hUNG2 is responsible for both prereplicative removal of deaminated cytosine and postreplicative removal of misincorporated uracil at the replication fork. We also provide evidence that hUNG2 is the major enzyme for removal of deaminated cytosine outside of replication foci, with hSMUG1 acting as a broad specificity backup.

Correlation between sequence-dependent glycosylase repair and the thermal stability of oligonucleotide duplexes containing 1, N6-ethenoadenine

Previous experiments on DNA sequence context reported that base modification, replication, and repair are affected by the nature of neighbor bases. We now report that repair by mammalian alkylpurine-DNA-N-glycosylases (APNG) of 15-mer oligonucleotides with a central 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilonA), flanked by 5' and 3' tandem bases, is also highly sequence dependent. Oligonucleotides with the central sequences -GGepsilonAGG- or -CCepsilonACC- are repaired 3-5-fold more efficiently than those containing -AAepsilonAAA- or -TTepsilonATT- when using human or mouse APNG. Melting curves of the same duplexes showed that oligomers with G.C/C. G neighbors were less denatured than those with A.T/T.A neighbors at 37 degreesC. This sequence-dependent difference in denaturation correlates with the relative thermodynamic stability of oligomers with G.C/C.G or A.T/T.A neighbors. The dependence of repair on thermal stability was confirmed by enzyme reactions performed over 0-45 degreesC. Under these conditions, repair of epsilonA flanked by G.C/C.G was dramatically increased at 37 degreesC with continuous increase up to 45 degreesC, in contrast to that with flanking A.T/T. A pairs, which was in agreement with the degree of denaturation of these duplexes. These results indicate that the thermodynamic stability conferred by base pairs flanking epsilonA plays an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the duplex structure which is necessary for repair.