1
|
Luchini C, Wang H. Familial Versus Nonfamilial Origin of Acinar Cystic Transformation of the Pancreas: An Important Question to Address. Pancreas 2024; 53:e298-e299. [PMID: 38335039 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
|
2
|
Wang X, Istvanffy R, Ye L, Teller S, Laschinger M, Diakopoulos KN, Görgülü K, Li Q, Ren L, Jäger C, Steiger K, Muckenhuber A, Vilne B, Çifcibaşı K, Reyes CM, Yurteri Ü, Kießler M, Gürçınar IH, Sugden M, Yıldızhan SE, Sezerman OU, Çilingir S, Süyen G, Reichert M, Schmid RM, Bärthel S, Oellinger R, Krüger A, Rad R, Saur D, Algül H, Friess H, Lesina M, Ceyhan GO, Demir IE. Phenotype screens of murine pancreatic cancer identify a Tgf-α-Ccl2-paxillin axis driving human-like neural invasion. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166333. [PMID: 37607005 PMCID: PMC10617783 DOI: 10.1172/jci166333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid cancers like pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a type of pancreatic cancer, frequently exploit nerves for rapid dissemination. This neural invasion (NI) is an independent prognostic factor in PDAC, but insufficiently modeled in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of PDAC. Here, we systematically screened for human-like NI in Europe's largest repository of GEMM of PDAC, comprising 295 different genotypes. This phenotype screen uncovered 2 GEMMs of PDAC with human-like NI, which are both characterized by pancreas-specific overexpression of transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) and conditional depletion of p53. Mechanistically, cancer-cell-derived TGF-α upregulated CCL2 secretion from sensory neurons, which induced hyperphosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein paxillin via CCR4 on cancer cells. This activated the cancer migration machinery and filopodia formation toward neurons. Disrupting CCR4 or paxillin activity limited NI and dampened tumor size and tumor innervation. In human PDAC, phospho-paxillin and TGF-α-expression constituted strong prognostic factors. Therefore, we believe that the TGF-α-CCL2-CCR4-p-paxillin axis is a clinically actionable target for constraining NI and tumor progression in PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rouzanna Istvanffy
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
| | - Linhan Ye
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Pain Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China
| | - Steffen Teller
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Laschinger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Kalliope N. Diakopoulos
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Kıvanç Görgülü
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Qiaolin Li
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Jäger
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology and Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Muckenhuber
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology and Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Baiba Vilne
- Bioinformatics laboratory, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kaan Çifcibaşı
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carmen Mota Reyes
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
| | - Ümmügülsüm Yurteri
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kießler
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Halil Gürçınar
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maya Sugden
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Sümeyye Çilingir
- Department of Physiology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Güldal Süyen
- Department of Physiology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Maximilian Reichert
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M. Schmid
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bärthel
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) and Experimental Cancer Therapy
| | - Rupert Oellinger
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics
| | - Achim Krüger
- Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics
| | - Dieter Saur
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM) and Experimental Cancer Therapy
| | - Hana Algül
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Lesina
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II & Comprehensive Cancer Center Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Güralp Onur Ceyhan
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Ekin Demir
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- CRC 1321 Modelling and Targeting Pancreatic Cancer, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neural Influences in Cancer (NIC) International Research Consortium
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of General Surgery, HPB-Unit, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Else Kröner Clinician Scientist Professor for Translational Pancreatic Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luchini C, Mattiolo P, Basturk O, Mafficini A, Ozcan K, Lawlor RT, Hong SM, Brosens LA, Marchegiani G, Pea A, Manfrin E, Sciacca G, Zampieri F, Polati R, De Robertis R, Milella M, D'Onofrio M, Malleo G, Salvia R, Adsay V, Scarpa A. Acinar Cystic Transformation of the Pancreas: Histomorphology and Molecular Analysis to Unravel its Heterogeneous Nature. Am J Surg Pathol 2023; 47:379-386. [PMID: 36649476 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acinar cystic transformation (ACT) of the pancreas, previously called acinar cell cystadenoma, is a poorly understood and rare entity among pancreatic cystic lesions. This study aims to clarify its real nature. This research cohort included 25 patients with pancreatic ACT, representing the largest series in the literature. We describe their clinicopathological features and molecular profile using next-generation sequencing. ACT arose more often in women (F/M≃2:1), in the body-tail region, with a mean size of ~4 cm. At the latest follow-up, all patients were alive and disease free. Histologically, a typical acinar epithelium lined all cysts, intermingled with ductal-like epithelium in 11/25 (44%) cases. All the cases lacked any evidence of malignancy. Three ACT showed peculiar features: 1 showed an extensive and diffuse microcystic pattern, and the other 2 harbored foci of low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) in the ductal-like epithelium. Next-generation sequencing revealed the presence of 2 pathogenic/likely pathogenic mutations in 2 different cases, 1 with ductal-like epithelium and 1 with PanIN, and affecting KRAS (c.34G>C, p.G12R) and SMO (c.1685G>A, p.R562Q) genes, respectively. The other case with PanIN was not available for sequencing. Overall, our findings support that ACT is a benign entity, potentially arising from heterogeneous conditions/background, including: (1) acinar microcysts, (2) malformations, (3) obstructive/inflammatory setting, (4) genetic predisposition, (5) possible neoplastic origin. Although all indications are that ACT is benign, the potential occurrence of driver mutations suggests discussing a potential role of long-term surveillance for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
- ARC-Net Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Mattiolo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
| | - Olca Basturk
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY
| | - Andrea Mafficini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
- ARC-Net Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kerem Ozcan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
- ARC-Net Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Lodewijk A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, and Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Antonio Pea
- Department of Surgery, The Pancreas Institute
| | - Erminia Manfrin
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
| | - Giuseppe Sciacca
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
| | | | - Rita Polati
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
| | | | - Michele Milella
- Department of Medicine, Section of Oncology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko D'Onofrio
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Radiology
| | | | | | - Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Koç University Hospital and Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology
- ARC-Net Research Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gupta S, Prajapati A, Gulati M, Gautam SK, Kumar S, Dalal V, Talmon GA, Rachagani S, Jain M. Irreversible and sustained upregulation of endothelin axis during oncogene-associated pancreatic inflammation and cancer. Neoplasia 2020; 22:98-110. [PMID: 31923844 PMCID: PMC6951489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and its two receptors, endothelin receptor A (ETAR) and endothelin receptor B (ETBR) exhibit deregulated overexprerssion in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and pancreatitis. We examined the expression pattern of endothelin (ET) axis components in the murine models of chronic and acute inflammation in the presence or absence of oncogenic K-ras. While the expression of endothelin converting enzyme-1 (ECE-1), ET-1, ETAR and ETBR in the normal pancreas is restricted predominantly to the islet cells, progressive increase of ET receptors in ductal cells and stromal compartment is observed in the KC model (Pdx-1 Cre; K-rasG12D) of PDAC. In the murine pancreas harboring K-rasG12D mutation (KC mice), following acute inflammation induced by cerulein, increased ETAR and ETBR expression is observed in the amylase and CK19 double positive cells that represent cells undergoing pancreatic acinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM). As compared to the wild type (WT) mice, cerulein treatment in KC mice resulted in significantly higher levels of ECE-1, ET-1, ETAR and ETBR, transcripts in the pancreas. Similarly, in response to cigarette smoke-induced chronic inflammation, the expression of ET axis components is significantly upregulated in the pancreas of KC mice as compared to the WT mice. In addition to the expression in the precursor pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PanIN lesions) in cigarette smoke-exposure model and metaplastic ducts in cerulein-treatment model, ETAR and ETBR expression is also observed in infiltrating F4/80 positive macrophages and α-SMA positive fibroblasts and high co-localization was seen in the presence of oncogenic K-ras. In conclusion, both chronic and acute pancreatic inflammation in the presence of oncogenic K-ras contribute to sustained upregulation of ET axis components in the ductal and stromal cells suggesting a potential role of ET axis in the initiation and progression of PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suprit Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Avi Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mansi Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Vipin Dalal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Talmon
- Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Experimental models of pancreatic cancer desmoplasia. J Transl Med 2018; 98:27-40. [PMID: 29155423 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoplasia is a fibro-inflammatory process and a well-established feature of pancreatic cancer. A key contributor to pancreatic cancer desmoplasia is the pancreatic stellate cell. Various in vitro and in vivo methods have emerged for the isolation, characterization, and use of pancreatic stellate cells in models of cancer-associated fibrosis. In addition to cell culture models, genetically engineered animal models have been established that spontaneously develop pancreatic cancer with desmoplasia. These animal models are currently being used for the study of pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and for evaluating therapeutics against pancreatic cancer. Here, we review various in vitro and in vivo models that are being used or have the potential to be used to study desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nielsen MFB, Mortensen MB, Detlefsen S. Key players in pancreatic cancer-stroma interaction: Cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial and inflammatory cells. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2678-2700. [PMID: 26973408 PMCID: PMC4777992 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i9.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most aggressive type of common cancers, and in 2014, nearly 40000 patients died from the disease in the United States. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which accounts for the majority of PC cases, is characterized by an intense stromal desmoplastic reaction surrounding the cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main effector cells in the desmoplastic reaction, and pancreatic stellate cells are the most important source of CAFs. However, other important components of the PC stroma are inflammatory cells and endothelial cells. The aim of this review is to describe the complex interplay between PC cells and the cellular and non-cellular components of the tumour stroma. Published data have indicated that the desmoplastic stroma protects PC cells against chemotherapy and radiation therapy and that it might promote the proliferation and migration of PC cells. However, in animal studies, experimental depletion of the desmoplastic stroma and CAFs has led to more aggressive cancers. Hence, the precise role of the tumour stroma in PC remains to be elucidated. However, it is likely that a context-dependent therapeutic modification, rather than pure depletion, of the PC stroma holds potential for the development of new treatment strategies for PC patients.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong B, Wang W, Esposito I, Friess H, Michalski CW, Kleeff J. Increased expression of Nodal correlates with reduced patient survival in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2015; 15:156-61. [PMID: 25708930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal (nodal growth differentiation factor) and its inhibitor Lefty (left right determination factor), which are ligands of the TGF (transforming growth factor) β superfamily, are responsible for the determination of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. Nodal/Lefty signaling has been suggested to play a role in the development of metastatic melanoma and breast cancer. However, it remains unclear whether this pathway is also involved in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS Pancreatic cancer patient specimens with clinical data (n = 54) were used to investigate the clinical significance of Nodal-Lefty signaling. A set of in vitro assays were carried out in a human pancreatic cancer cell line (Colo-357) to assess the functional relevance of Nodal-Lefty signaling. RESULTS Nodal was absent in the human normal pancreas, while Lefty was present in islet cells. Though Nodal and Lefty expression were found in cancer cells at various expression levels, the cancer-associated tubular complexes were particularly positive for Lefty. Survival analysis revealed that high expression of Nodal correlated with reduced patient survival (median survival 17.8 vs 33.0 months, p = 0.013). Cultured pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed Nodal and Lefty at different levels. In vitro functional assays revealed that treatment with human recombinant Nodal inhibited cell growth and increased invasion of Colo-357 pancreatic cancer cells whereas no effect was found upon treatment with recombinant Lefty. CONCLUSION Nodal-Lefty signaling might be involved in the pathogenesis of PDAC as Nodal expression marks a subtype of PDAC with unfavorable prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kong
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Makawita S, Dimitromanolakis A, Soosaipillai A, Soleas I, Chan A, Gallinger S, Haun RS, Blasutig IM, Diamandis EP. Validation of four candidate pancreatic cancer serological biomarkers that improve the performance of CA19.9. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:404. [PMID: 24007603 PMCID: PMC3847832 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of new serum biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity is an important priority in pancreatic cancer research. Through an extensive proteomics analysis of pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic juice, we previously generated a list of candidate pancreatic cancer biomarkers. The present study details further validation of four of our previously identified candidates: regenerating islet-derived 1 beta (REG1B), syncollin (SYCN), anterior gradient homolog 2 protein (AGR2), and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2). Methods The candidate biomarkers were validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in two sample sets of serum/plasma comprising a total of 432 samples (Sample Set A: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, n = 100), healthy (n = 92); Sample Set B: PDAC (n = 82), benign (n = 41), disease-free (n = 47), other cancers (n = 70)). Biomarker performance in distinguishing PDAC from each control group was assessed individually in the two sample sets. Subsequently, multiparametric modeling was applied to assess the ability of all possible two and three marker panels in distinguishing PDAC from disease-free controls. The models were generated using sample set B, and then validated in Sample Set A. Results Individually, all markers were significantly elevated in PDAC compared to healthy controls in at least one sample set (p ≤ 0.01). SYCN, REG1B and AGR2 were also significantly elevated in PDAC compared to benign controls (p ≤ 0.01), and AGR2 was significantly elevated in PDAC compared to other cancers (p < 0.01). CA19.9 was also assessed. Individually, CA19.9 showed the greatest area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis when compared to the tested candidates; however when analyzed in combination, three panels (CA19.9 + REG1B (AUC of 0.88), CA19.9 + SYCN + REG1B (AUC of 0.87) and CA19.9 + AGR2 + REG1B (AUC of 0.87)) showed an AUC that was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that of CA19.9 alone (AUC of 0.82). In a comparison of early-stage (Stage I-II) PDAC to disease free controls, the combination of SYCN + REG1B + CA19.9 showed the greatest AUC in both sample sets, (AUC of 0.87 and 0.92 in Sets A and B, respectively). Conclusions Additional serum biomarkers, particularly SYCN and REG1B, when combined with CA19.9, show promise as improved diagnostic indicators of pancreatic cancer, which therefore warrants further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Makawita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
[New insights into the origin of pancreatic cancer. Role of atypical flat lesions in pancreatic carcinogenesis]. DER PATHOLOGE 2013; 33 Suppl 2:189-93. [PMID: 23011021 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-012-1673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of precursor lesions is fundamental to develop screening programs for early diagnosis and treatment, aiming at reducing cancer-related mortality. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease that becomes clinical apparent only in advanced stages. In order to enable screening procedures for early detection of PDAC, an exact characterization of precursor lesions is of utmost importance. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanIN) are the most frequent and best characterized precursors of PDAC and are lesions with a ductal phenotype thus indicating a ductal cell origin of PDAC. However, evidence from genetically engineered mouse models suggests that tubular complexes (TC) originating through a process of acinar-ductal metaplasia (ADM) form atypical flat lesions (AFL) that may represent an alternative pathway of pancreatic carcinogenesis. Based on a thorough morphological and genetic analysis of murine TC, AFL and PanIN and their human counterparts, a new dual model of pancreatic carcinogenesis is proposed taking into account the role of AFL as possible new precursors of PDAC.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is critical for developed countries, where its rate of diagnosis has been increasing steadily annually. In the past decade, the advances of pancreatic cancer research have not contributed to the decline in mortality rates from pancreatic cancer-the overall 5-year survival rate remains about 5% low. This number only underscores an obvious urgency for us to better understand the biological features of pancreatic carcinogenesis, to develop early detection methods, and to improve novel therapeutic treatments. To achieve these goals, animal modeling that faithfully recapitulates the whole process of human pancreatic cancer is central to making the advancements. In this review, we summarize the currently available animal models for pancreatic cancer and the advances in pancreatic cancer animal modeling. We compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of three major categories of these models: (1) carcinogen-induced; (2) xenograft and allograft; and (3) genetically engineered mouse models. We focus more on the genetically engineered mouse models, a category which has been rapidly expanded recently for their capacities to mimic human pancreatic cancer and metastasis, and highlight the combinations of these models with various newly developed strategies and cell-lineage labeling systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanglong Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave, ICRC 10-04, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gloria H. Su
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave, ICRC 10-04, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND The operative and conservative results of therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma remain appallingly poor. This underlines the demand for further research for effective anticancer drugs. The various animal models remain the essential method for the determination of efficacy of substances during preclinical phase. OBJECTIVE Unfortunately, most of these tested substances showed a good efficacy in pancreatic carcinoma in the animal model but were not confirmed during the clinical phase. METHODS The available literature in PubMed, Medline, Ovid and secondary literature was searched regarding the available animal models for drug testing against pancreatic cancer. The models were analyzed regarding their pros and cons in anticancer drug testing. CONCLUSION The different modifications of the orthotopic model (especially in mice) seem at present to be the best model for anticancer testing in pancreatic carcinoma. The value of genetically engineered animal model (GEM) and syngeneic models is on debate. A good selection of the model concerning the questions supposed to be clarified may improve the comparability of the results of animal experiments compared to clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kapischke
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Department of Surgery, Neue Bergstrasse 06, D-13585 Berlin, Germany +49 (0)30 130 132155 ; +49 (0)30130 132154 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Makawita S, Smith C, Batruch I, Zheng Y, Rückert F, Grützmann R, Pilarsky C, Gallinger S, Diamandis EP. Integrated proteomic profiling of cell line conditioned media and pancreatic juice for the identification of pancreatic cancer biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.008599. [PMID: 21653254 PMCID: PMC3205865 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.008599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, for which serological biomarkers are urgently needed. Most discovery-phase studies focus on the use of one biological source for analysis. The present study details the combined mining of pancreatic cancer-related cell line conditioned media and pancreatic juice for identification of putative diagnostic leads. Using strong cation exchange chromatography, followed by LC-MS/MS on an LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer, we extensively characterized the proteomes of conditioned media from six pancreatic cancer cell lines (BxPc3, MIA-PaCa2, PANC1, CAPAN1, CFPAC1, and SU.86.86), the normal human pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line HPDE, and two pools of six pancreatic juice samples from ductal adenocarcinoma patients. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. Between 1261 and 2171 proteins were identified with two or more peptides in each of the cell lines, and an average of 521 proteins were identified in the pancreatic juice pools. In total, 3479 nonredundant proteins were identified with high confidence, of which ∼ 40% were extracellular or cell membrane-bound based on Genome Ontology classifications. Three strategies were employed for identification of candidate biomarkers: (1) examination of differential protein expression between the cancer and normal cell lines using label-free protein quantification, (2) integrative analysis, focusing on the overlap of proteins among the multiple biological fluids, and (3) tissue specificity analysis through mining of publically available databases. Preliminary verification of anterior gradient homolog 2, syncollin, olfactomedin-4, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and collagen alpha-1(VI) chain in plasma samples from pancreatic cancer patients and healthy controls using ELISA, showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) of these proteins in plasma from pancreatic cancer patients. The combination of these five proteins showed an improved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to CA19.9 alone. Further validation of these proteins is warranted, as is the investigation of the remaining group of candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Makawita
- From the ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- §Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chris Smith
- §Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- ¶Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yingye Zheng
- ‖The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Felix Rückert
- **Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Grützmann
- **Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- **Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Germany
| | - Steven Gallinger
- ‡‡Zane Cohen Familial Gastrointestinal Cancer Registry and Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P. Diamandis
- From the ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- §Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- ¶Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) are microscopic lesions of the pancreas. Traditionally viewed as a benign metaplasia of small ducts, evidence suggests that PanINs are neoplastic and that some PanINs progress to invasive ductal adenocarcinoma. The primary diagnostic challenge is distinguishing PanINs from other lesions, including invasive ductal adenocarcinoma, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, and cancerization of benign ducts. PanINs are the most common of the pancreatic cancer precursor lesions, yet they remain poorly understood and are so small that they are almost clinically undetectable. Further study is required to define the role of PanINs in the carcinogenesis and early detection of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED To determine if the level of transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) in the pancreatic fluid (PF) can diagnose intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) versus other cystic lesions of the pancreas in patients. METHODS Pancreatic fluid was prospectively obtained from patients during routine endoscopy and/or operation at Indiana University Hospital. Pancreatic fluid TGF-α levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm tissue was also analyzed by TGF-α immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sixty-nine fluid samples from 58 patients with the following pathologically confirmed pancreatic disorders were analyzed: IPMN (26 patients), serous cystadenoma (6), mucinous cystic neoplasm (9), pseudocysts (5), non-IPMNY associated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (6), and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (6). There was no significant difference between the mean PF-TGF-α levels in each category or between different dysplastic grades of IPMN. However, of all the diagnoses examined, only IPMN demonstrated PF-TGF-α levels greater than 95 pg/mL. In low-grade IPMN specimens, TGF-α immunohistochemistry correlated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay levels. CONCLUSIONS The mean PF-TGF-α levels are not significantly different in IPMN lesions compared with those in other cystic pancreatic lesions, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, or sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. However, PF-TGF-α levels more than 95 pg/mL may be useful in diagnosing IPMN. This assertion requires prospective validation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Progressive metaplastic and dysplastic changes in mouse pancreas induced by cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression. Neoplasia 2008; 10:782-96. [PMID: 18670639 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression is an established factor linking chronic inflammation with metaplastic and neoplastic change in various tissues. We generated transgenic mice (BK5.COX-2) in which elevation of COX-2 and its effectors trigger a metaplasia-dysplasia sequence in exocrine pancreas. Histologic evaluation revealed a chronic pancreatitis-like state characterized by acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and a well-vascularized fibroinflammatory stroma that develops by 3 months. By 6 to 8 months, strongly dysplastic features suggestive of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma emerge in the metaplastic ducts. Increased proliferation, cellular atypia, and loss of normal cell/tissue organization are typical features in transgenic pancreata. Alterations in biomarkers associated with human inflammatory and neoplastic pancreatic disease were detected using immunohistochemistry. The abnormal pancreatic phenotype can be completely prevented by maintaining mice on a diet containing celecoxib, a well-characterized COX-2 inhibitor. Despite the high degree of atypia, only limited evidence of invasion to adjacent tissues was observed, with no evidence of distant metastases. However, cell lines derived from spontaneous lesions are aggressively tumorigenic when injected into syngeneic or nude mice. The progressive nature of the metaplastic/dysplastic changes observed in this model make it a valuable tool for examining the transition from chronic inflammation to neoplasia.
Collapse
|
16
|
Esposito I, Seiler C, Bergmann F, Kleeff J, Friess H, Schirmacher P. Hypothetical progression model of pancreatic cancer with origin in the centroacinar-acinar compartment. Pancreas 2007; 35:212-7. [PMID: 17895840 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31805d0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based mainly on animal models, 2 lesions have been suggested as possible precursors of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC): pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and tubular complexes (TCs). The aim of the study was to find support for either of the 2 models through the analysis of a large panel of human pancreatic tissues. METHODS Ninety-two PDAC, 45 chronic pancreatitis, and 27 serous cystadenoma cases were investigated using conventional morphology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Most of the cases (78% of PDAC, 93% of chronic pancreatitis, and 67% of serous cystadenoma) exhibited putative precursor lesions, predominantly TC and low-grade PanIN lesions, often present in the same tissue area. High-grade lesions were exclusively observed in PDAC specimens. In 50% to 70% of the cases with TC and associated PanIN, a transitional zone of acinar-ductular transformation with mucinous differentiation of the ductular epithelium was identified. Expression of acinar and centroacinar markers was detected in TC, in the ductular structures of the transitional zones, as well as within the epithelium of mature PanINs. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show that the coexistence of 2 different putative PDAC precursor lesions might not be a contradiction. A progression model that originates in the centroacinar-acinar compartment and ends with the development of PanIN lesions is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liao JD, Adsay NV, Khannani F, Grignon D, Thakur A, Sarkar FH. Histological complexities of pancreatic lesions from transgenic mouse models are consistent with biological and morphological heterogeneity of human pancreatic cancer. Histol Histopathol 2007; 22:661-76. [PMID: 17357096 PMCID: PMC3882316 DOI: 10.14670/hh-22.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death, it has received much less attention compared to other malignancies. There are several transgenic animal models available for studies of pancreatic carcinogenesis, but most of them do not recapitulate, histologically, human pancreatic cancer. Here we review some detailed molecular complexity of human pancreatic cancer and their reflection in histomorphological complexities of pancreatic lesions developed in various transgenic mouse models with a special concern for studying the effects of chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents. These studies usually require a large number of animals that are at the same age and gender and should be either homozygote or heterozygote but not a mixture of both. Only single-transgene models can meet these special requirements, but many currently available models require a mouse to simultaneously bear several transgene alleles. Thus it is imperative to identify new gene promoters or enhancers that are specific for the ductal cells of the pancreas and are highly active in vivo so as to establish new single-transgene models that yield pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas for chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Liao
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liao DJ, Wang Y, Wu J, Adsay NV, Grignon D, Khanani F, Sarkar FH. Characterization of pancreatic lesions from MT-tgf alpha, Ela-myc and MT-tgf alpha/Ela-myc single and double transgenic mice. J Carcinog 2006; 5:19. [PMID: 16822304 PMCID: PMC1559682 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to identify good animal models for investigating therapeutic and preventive strategies for pancreatic cancer, we analyzed pancreatic lesions from several transgenic models and made a series of novel findings. Female MT-tgfα mice of the MT100 line developed pancreatic proliferation, acinar-ductal metaplasia, multilocular cystic neoplasms, ductal adenocarcinomas and prominent fibrosis, while the lesions in males were less severe. MT-tgfα-ES transgenic lines of both sexes developed slowly progressing lesions that were similar to what was seen in MT100 males. In both MT100 and MT-tgfα-ES lines, TGFα transgene was expressed mainly in proliferating ductal cells. Ela-myc transgenic mice with a mixed C57BL/6, SJL and FVB genetic background developed pancreatic tumors at 2–7 months of age, and half of the tumors were ductal adenocarcinomas, similar to what was reported originally by Sandgren et al [1]. However, in 20% of the mice, the tumors metastasized to the liver. MT100/Ela-myc and MT-tgfα-ES/Ela-myc double transgenic mice developed not only acinar carcinomas and mixed carcinomas as previously reported but also various ductal-originated lesions, including multilocular cystic neoplasms and ductal adenocarcinomas. The double transgenic tumors were more malignant and metastasized to the liver at a higher frequency (33%) compared with the Ela-myc tumors. Sequencing of the coding region of p16ink4, k-ras and Rb cDNA in small numbers of pancreatic tumors did not identify mutations. The short latency for tumor development, the variety of tumor morphology and the liver metastases seen in Ela-myc and MT-tgfα/Ela-myc mice make these animals good models for investigating new therapeutic and preventive strategies for pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dezhong Joshua Liao
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, And Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, And Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jiusheng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, And Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Nazmi Volkan Adsay
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, And Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - David Grignon
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, And Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fayyaz Khanani
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, And Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, And Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 E. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stanger BZ, Stiles B, Lauwers GY, Bardeesy N, Mendoza M, Wang Y, Greenwood A, Cheng KH, McLaughlin M, Brown D, Depinho RA, Wu H, Melton DA, Dor Y. Pten constrains centroacinar cell expansion and malignant transformation in the pancreas. Cancer Cell 2005; 8:185-95. [PMID: 16169464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) pathway in pancreas development, we generated a pancreas-specific knockout of Pten, a negative regulator of PI3-K signaling. Knockout mice display progressive replacement of the acinar pancreas with highly proliferative ductal structures that contain abundant mucins and express Pdx1 and Hes1, two markers of pancreatic progenitor cells. Moreover, a fraction of these mice develop ductal malignancy. We provide evidence that ductal metaplasia results from the expansion of centroacinar cells rather than transdifferentiation of acinar cells. These results indicate that Pten actively maintains the balance between different cell types in the adult pancreas and that misregulation of the PI3-K pathway in centroacinar cells may contribute to the initiation of pancreatic carcinoma in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Z Stanger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bierkamp C, Bonhoure S, Mathieu A, Clerc P, Fourmy D, Pradayrol L, Seva C, Dufresne M. Expression of cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor in the murine pancreas modulates cell adhesion and cell differentiation in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 165:2135-45. [PMID: 15579455 PMCID: PMC1618719 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The presence of gastrin and cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2) receptors in human preneoplastic and neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions suggests a role in cancer development. In addition to the growth-promoting action of gastrin, recently a role of the cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (CCK2-R) modulating cellular morphology in cultured epithelial cells has been shown. Here, we have investigated in transgenic (ElasCCK2) mice whether ectopic expression of human CCK2-R in the exocrine pancreas affected epithelial differentiation. Cellular localization of cell adhesion molecules, differentiation markers, and transcription factors was determined using immunofluorescence techniques. Before tumor formation, expression and subcellular localization of proteins of the adherens junction complex, differentiation markers, and transcription factors were altered in ElasCCK2 exocrine pancreas, indicating an evolution from an acinar to a ductal phenotype. Loss of cell polarity, defective secretion, and loss of intercellular adhesion in acini of ElasCCK2 mice was confirmed by ultrastructural analysis. Finally, expression of the transgene in mice treated with the carcinogen azaserine resulted in enhanced size of preneoplastic lesions as well as an increased degree of acinar-ductal transdifferentiation. Thus, these data represent the first evidence for the CCK2-R modulating intercellular adhesion and cell fate in vivo and show that these alterations may contribute to enhanced sensitivity of ElasCCK2 pancreas to chemical carcinogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Bierkamp
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U531, Hospital Rangueil, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kiehne K, Otte JM, Fölsch UR, Herzig KH. Growth factors in development and diseases of the exocrine pancreas. Pancreatology 2002; 1:15-23. [PMID: 12120262 DOI: 10.1159/000055787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Kiehne
- First Department of Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Schittenhelmstrasse 12, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hoem D, Dalen H, Andrén-Sandberg A, Höstmark J. Nonadhesive organ culture of human exocrine pancreatic cells with their stroma. Pancreas 2002; 25:71-7. [PMID: 12131775 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200207000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies using explanted tissue have shown that it is possible to keep adult human cells in organ culture with a preserved morphology for up to 1 month as spheres in a nonadhesive organ culture. AIMS The current study was to determine whether human exocrine pancreatic cells also can be grown in this manner. METHODOLOGY Small tissue samples from organ donors and tumor-free resection rim from patients with pancreatic carcinoma were obtained (n = 16 adults). From each patient, fragments of approximately 300 microm in diameter were cultured and investigated with light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy at the time of explantation and after 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 days of culture. RESULTS Incubation of cultured fragments with vital dyes revealed a viable epithelium. At the time of explantation all the tissue fragments had a rough appearance with an uneven, torn periphery. During the first week of culture the fragments became rounder, with a smooth surface covering the whole circumference. This spheroid morphology persisted for the rest of the 6-week culture period. The fragments were within 1 week covered by a highly differentiated, polarized epithelium with secretory apparatus, apical secretion granules, and microvilli, as well as specialized cell junctions, with the same appearance as acinoductal pancreatic cells of the original tissue. The core of the fragments consisted of connective tissue with vascular elements, fibroblasts, leukocytes, and a few ductal and acinar elements. Transmission electron microscopy of the spheroids revealed a continuous basal lamina underneath the epithelium. Immunostaining for cytokeratin 5, 6, 7, 8, 17, and 18 was strongly positive in the epithelium. CONCLUSION These results show that normal exocrine pancreatic cells can be grown in vitro in a nonadhesive organ culture with their stroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dag Hoem
- Department of Surgery, Gade Institute, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Demols A, Van Laethem JL, Quertinmont E, Degraef C, Delhaye M, Geerts A, Deviere J. Endogenous interleukin-10 modulates fibrosis and regeneration in experimental chronic pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282:G1105-12. [PMID: 12016137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00431.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10, a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, limits the severity of acute pancreatitis and downregulates transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta release by inflammatory cells on stimulation. Proinflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, and TGF-beta can activate pancreatic stellate cells and their synthesis of collagen I and III. This study evaluates the role of endogenous IL-10 in the modulation of the regeneration phase following acute pancreatitis and in the development of pancreatic fibrosis. IL-10 knockout (KO) mice and their C57BL/6 controls were submitted to repeated courses (3/wk, during 6 wk, followed by 1 wk of recovery) of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. TGF-beta(1) release was measured on plasma, and its pancreatic expression was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Intrapancreatic IL-10 gene expression was assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR, and intrapancreatic collagen content was assessed by picrosirius staining. Activated stellate cells were detected by immunohistochemistry. S phase intrapancreatic cells were marked using tritiated thymidine labeling. After repeated acute pancreatitis, IL-10 KO mice had more severe histological lesions and fibrosis (intrapancreatic collagen content) than controls. TGF-beta(1) plasma levels, intrapancreatic transcription, and expression by ductal and interstitial cells, as well as the number of activated stellate cells, were significantly higher. IL-10 KO mice disclosed significantly fewer acinar cells in S phase, whereas the opposite was observed for pseudotubular cells. Endogenous IL-10 controls the regeneration phase and limits the severity of fibrosis and glandular atrophy induced by repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Demols
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Erasme and Laboratory of Experimental Gastroenterology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wagner M, Weber CK, Bressau F, Greten FR, Stagge V, Ebert M, Leach SD, Adler G, Schmid RM. Transgenic overexpression of amphiregulin induces a mitogenic response selectively in pancreatic duct cells. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1898-912. [PMID: 12055597 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.33594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family and the corresponding ligands are frequently overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. To compare the biological effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and amphiregulin (AR) on growth and differentiation of the exocrine pancreas, we have generated transgenic mice overexpressing AR under control of the elastase promoter. METHODS Two independently generated transgenic mouse lines overexpress 50-, 43-, 28-, 26-, and 16-kilodalton AR forms in the pancreas. RESULTS Morphologic and immunohistochemical examinations suggest that small intralobular duct and centro-acinar cells proliferate in response to AR in these mice. AR transgenic mice display increased Ras, Erk1/2, cyclin D/CDK4, and cyclin E/CDK2 activity and G1/S progression in pancreatic duct cells. In contrast to TGF-alpha transgenic mice, AR neither induced tubular complex formation nor elicited a strong fibrogenic response. AR induced a slight induction of ErbB2 on duct cells, whereas TGF-alpha resulted in overexpression of the EGF receptor in cells within tubular complexes. Furthermore, AR and TGF-alpha displayed different effects on differentiation of isolated acini in vitro comparable to the situation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AR induces a mitogenic response selectively in small duct cells through activation of Ras, CDK2, and CDK4, respectively. The closely related EGF receptor ligands, AR and TGF-alpha, display different biological effects when overexpressed in the exocrine pancreas in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: sulfonylated amino acid hydroxamates with MMP inhibitory properties act as efficient inhibitors of CA isozymes I, II, and IV, and N-hydroxysulfonamides inhibit both these zinc enzymes. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3677-87. [PMID: 11020282 DOI: 10.1021/jm000027t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 14 different carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes as well as the 23 different matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) isolated up to now in higher vertebrates play important physiological functions in these organisms. Unsubstituted sulfonamides act as high-affinity inhibitors for the first type of these enzymes, whereas hydroxamates strongly inhibit the latter ones. Since the active site geometry around the zinc ion in these two types of metalloenzymes is rather similar, we tested whether sulfonylated amino acid hydroxamates of the type RSO(2)NX-AA-CONHOH (X = H, benzyl, substituted benzyl; AA = amino acid moiety, such as Gly, Ala, Val, Leu) with well-known inhibitory properties against MMPs and Clostridium histolyticum collagenase (ChC, another zinc enzyme related to the MMPs) might also act as CA inhibitors. We also investigated whether N-hydroxysulfonamides of the type RSO(2)NHOH (which are effective CA inhibitors) inhibit MMPs and ChC. Here we report several potent sulfonylated amino acid hydroxamate CA inhibitors (with inhibition constants in the range of 5-40 nM, against the human isozymes hCA I and hCA II, and 10-50 nM, against the bovine isozyme bCA IV), as well as preliminary SAR for this new class of non-sulfonamide CA inhibitors. Some N-hydroxysulfonamides also showed inhibitory properties (in the micromolar range) against MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, and ChC. Thus, the SO(2)NHOH group is a new zinc-binding function for the design of MMP inhibitors. Both CA as well as MMPs are involved, among others, in carcinogenesis and tumor invasion processes. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that the mechanism of antitumor action with some hydroxamate inhibitors might also involve inhibition of some CA isozymes (such as CA IX, CA XII, and CA XIV) present only in tumor cell membranes, in addition to collagenases/gelatinases of the MMP type. Our data also suggest that it should be possible to develop dual enzyme inhibitors that would strongly inhibit both these metalloenzymes, CAs and MMPs, based on the nature of the R, AA, and X moieties in the above formula. Compact X (such as H) and AA (such as Gly) moieties favor CA over MMP inhibition, whereas bulkier X (benzyl, substituted benzyl, etc.) and AA (such as Val, Leu) moieties and substituted-aryl R groups are advantageous for obtaining potent MMP and ChC inhibitors, which show lower affinity for CA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Scozzafava
- Laboratorio di Chimica Inorganica e Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi, Via Gino Capponi 7, I-50121 Florence, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|