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van Roosmalen W, Le Dévédec SE, Golani O, Smid M, Pulyakhina I, Timmermans AM, Look MP, Zi D, Pont C, de Graauw M, Naffar-Abu-Amara S, Kirsanova C, Rustici G, Hoen PAC', Martens JWM, Foekens JA, Geiger B, van de Water B. Tumor cell migration screen identifies SRPK1 as breast cancer metastasis determinant. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1648-64. [PMID: 25774502 DOI: 10.1172/jci74440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell migration is a key process for cancer cell dissemination and metastasis that is controlled by signal-mediated cytoskeletal and cell matrix adhesion remodeling. Using a phagokinetic track assay with migratory H1299 cells, we performed an siRNA screen of almost 1,500 genes encoding kinases/phosphatases and adhesome- and migration-related proteins to identify genes that affect tumor cell migration speed and persistence. Thirty candidate genes that altered cell migration were validated in live tumor cell migration assays. Eight were associated with metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients, with integrin β3-binding protein (ITGB3BP), MAP3K8, NIMA-related kinase (NEK2), and SHC-transforming protein 1 (SHC1) being the most predictive. Examination of genes that modulate migration indicated that SRPK1, encoding the splicing factor kinase SRSF protein kinase 1, is relevant to breast cancer outcomes, as it was highly expressed in basal breast cancer. Furthermore, high SRPK1 expression correlated with poor breast cancer disease outcome and preferential metastasis to the lungs and brain. In 2 independent murine models of breast tumor metastasis, stable shRNA-based SRPK1 knockdown suppressed metastasis to distant organs, including lung, liver, and spleen, and inhibited focal adhesion reorganization. Our study provides comprehensive information on the molecular determinants of tumor cell migration and suggests that SRPK1 has potential as a drug target for limiting breast cancer metastasis.
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Lee YY, Kim HS, Lim IK. Downregulation of PEA-15 reverses G1 arrest, and nuclear and chromatin changes of senescence phenotype via pErk1/2 translocation to nuclei. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1102-9. [PMID: 25725291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that senescent cells respond to TPA with translocation of senescence associated-pErk1/2 (SA-pErk1/2) into nuclei along with reversal of senescence morphology. Here, we describe that the reversal of senescence phenotype was manifested by knockdown of cytoplasmic PEA-15 expression, a sequestrator of cytoplasmic pErk1/2. Transfection of short-interfering RNA to PEA-15 (siPEA-15) significantly induced nuclear translocation of SA-pErk1/2, and siPEA-15 with TPA co-treatment further increased the translocation. Moreover, the reversal of senescence phenotype, such as expressions of SA-β-galactosidase, p53, p21(WAF1), PML body, 53BP1 and H3K9me2, was modified by either knockdown of PEA-15 or TPA treatment, indicating that nuclear translocation of SA-pErk1/2 might inhibit senescence progression. Indeed, knockdown of PEA-15 or TPA treatment significantly induced progression of G1 arrested cells to S-phase in human diploid fibroblast (HDF) senescent cells, examined by immunocytochemistry, FACS and immunoblot analyses. In conclusion, downregulation of PEA-15 expression reverses senescence phenotypes via nuclear translocation of SA-pErk1/2, which suggests in vivo maintenance of senescence phenotype by sequestration of pErk1/2 in cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yeong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, World cup-ro 164, Suwon 443-380, Republic of Korea.
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Pereira MSL, Zenki K, Cavalheiro MM, Thomé CC, Filippi-Chiela EC, Lenz G, de Souza DOG, de Oliveira DL. Cellular senescence induced by prolonged subculture adversely affects glutamate uptake in C6 lineage. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:973-84. [PMID: 24706093 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several researchers have recently used C6 cells to evaluate functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters. However, it has been demonstrated that this lineage suffers several morphological and biochemical alterations according to the number of passages in culture. Currently, there are no reports showing whether functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters comply with these sub culturing-dependent modifications. The present study aimed to compare the functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters expressed in early (EPC6) and late (LPC6) passage C6 cells through a detailed pharmacological and biochemical characterization. Between 60-180 min of L-[(3)H]glu incubation, LPC6 presented an intracellular [(3)H] 55% lower than EPC6. Both cultures showed a time-dependent increase of intracellular [(3)H] reaching maximal levels at 120 min. Cultures incubated with D-[(3)H]asp showed a time-dependent increase of [(3)H] until 180 min. Moreover, LPC6 have a D-[(3)H]asp-derived intracellular [(3)H] 30-45% lower than EPC6 until 120 min. Only EAAT3 was immunodetected in cultures and its total content was equal between them. PMA-stimulated EAAT3 trafficking to membrane increased 50% of L-[(3)H]glu-derived intracellular [(3)H] in EPC6 and had no effect in LPC6. LPC6 displayed characteristics that resemble senescence, such as high β-Gal staining, cell enlargement and increase of large and regular nuclei. Our results demonstrated that LPC6 exhibited glutamate uptake impairment, which may have occurred due to its inability to mobilize EAAT3 to cell membrane. This profile might be related to senescent process observed in this culture. Our results suggest that LPC6 cells are an inappropriate glial cellular model to investigate the functional properties of high-affinity glutamate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mery Stéfani Leivas Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde (ICBS), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 prédio anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil,
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Li G, Luna C, Qiu J, Epstein DL, Gonzalez P. Alterations in microRNA expression in stress-induced cellular senescence. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:731-41. [PMID: 19782699 PMCID: PMC2795064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated miRNA expression changes associated with stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) in primary cultures of human diploid fibroblast (HDF) and human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. Twenty-five miRNAs were identified by miRNA microarray analysis and their changes in expression were validated by TaqMan real-time RT-PCR in three independent cell lines of HTM and HDF. SIPS in both HTM and HDF cell types was associated with significant down-regulation of four members of the miR-15 family and five miRNAs of the miR-106b family located in the oncogenic clusters miR-17-92, miR-106a-363, and miR-106b-25. SIPS was also associated with up-regulation of two miRNAs (182 and 183) from the miR-183-96-182 cluster. Transfection with miR-106a agomir inhibited the up-regulation of p21(CDKN1A) associated with SIPS while transfection with miR-106a antagomir led to increased p21(CDKN1A) expression in senescent cells. In addition, we identified retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARG) as a target of miR-182 and showed that this protein was down-regulated during SIPS in HDF and HTM cells. These results suggest that changes in miRNA expression might contribute to phenotypic alterations of senescent cells by modulating the expression of key regulatory proteins such as p21(CDKN1A) as well as by targeting genes that are down-regulated in senescent cells such as RARG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Coralia Luna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - David L. Epstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Tresini M, Lorenzini A, Torres C, Cristofalo VJ. Modulation of replicative senescence of diploid human cells by nuclear ERK signaling. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4136-51. [PMID: 17145763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604955200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal somatic cells have a limited replicative lifespan, and serial subcultivation ultimately results in senescence. Senescent cells are irreversibly growth-arrested and show impaired responses to mitogens. Activation of the ERK signaling pathway, an absolute requirement for cell proliferation, results in nuclear relocalization of active ERKs, an event impaired in senescent fibroblasts. This impairment coincides with increased activity of the nuclear ERK phosphatase MKP2. Here we show that replicative lifespan can be altered by changes in nuclear ERK activity. Ectopic expression of MKP2 results in premature senescence. In contrast, knock-down of MKP2 expression, through transduction of MKP2 sequence-specific short hairpin RNA, or expression of the phosphatase resistant ERK2(D319N) mutant, abrogates the effects of increased endogenous MKP2 levels and senescence is postponed. Nuclear targeting of ERK2(D319N) significantly augments its effects and the transduced cultures show higher than 60% increase in replicative lifespan compared with cultures transduced with wt ERK2. Long-lived cultures senesce with altered molecular characteristics and retain the ability to express c-fos, and Rb is maintained in its inactive form. Our results support that MKP2-mediated inactivation of nuclear ERK2 represents a key event in the establishment of replicative senescence. Although it is evident that senescence can be imposed through multiple mechanisms, restoration of nuclear ERK activity can bypass a critical senescence checkpoint and, thus, extend replicative lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tresini
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA.
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Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 mediates up-regulation of angiotensin II-induced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in cultured human senescent fibroblasts. Chin Med J (Engl) 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200607010-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Kern A, Roempp B, Prager K, Walter J, Behl C. Down-regulation of Endogenous Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing due to Cellular Aging. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:2405-13. [PMID: 16303768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505625200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a well acknowledged central pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer disease. However, influences of age-associated cellular alterations on the biochemistry of APP processing have not been studied in molecular detail so far. Here, we report that processing of endogenous APP is down-regulated during the aging of normal human fibroblasts (IMR-90). The generation of intracellular APP cleavage products C99, C83, and AICD gradually declines with increasing life span and is accompanied by a reduced secretion of soluble APP (sAPP) and sAPPalpha. Further, the maturation of APP was reduced in senescent cells, which has been shown to be directly mediated by age-associated increased cellular cholesterol levels. Of the APP processing secretases, protein levels of constituents of the gamma-secretase complex, presenilin-1 (PS1) and nicastrin, were progressively reduced during aging, resulting in a progressive decrease in gamma-secretase enzymatic activity. ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10) and BACE (beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme) protein levels exhibited no age-associated regulation, but interestingly, BACE enzymatic activity was increased in aged cells. PS1 and BACE are located in detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), well structured membrane microdomains exhibiting high levels of cholesterol, and caveolin-1. Although total levels of both structural components of DRMs were up-regulated in aged cells, their particular DRM association was decreased. This age-dependent membrane modification was associated with an altered distribution of PS1 and BACE between DRM and non-DRM fractions, very likely affecting their APP processing potential. In conclusion, we have found a significant modulation of endogenous APP processing and maturation in human fibroblasts caused by age-associated alterations in cellular biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kern
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Bose C, Bhuvaneswaran C, Udupa KB. Altered mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction in human skin fibroblasts during in vitro aging: differential expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004; 59:126-35. [PMID: 14999025 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/59.2.b126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the correlation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in fibroblasts after serial passage in vitro. We used early-passage ( approximately 20 mean population division, MPD) and late-passage ( approximately 60 MPD) human skin fibroblasts to study the LDLr expression and MAPK at basal and after interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) stimulation. We found a reduced LDLr expression in late-passage fibroblasts in comparison with early-passage fibroblasts, and late-passage fibroblasts showed a delayed induction of MAPK after IL-1beta stimulation, confirmed by the delay in translocation of MAPK from cytoplasmic to nuclear fraction. Using two specific inhibitors of MAPK, we could show a reduced LDLr expression in early-passage fibroblasts, indicating a direct relationship between MAPK signaling and LDLr expression. We conclude that one of the reasons for reduced LDLr gene expression in late passage fibroblast is related to MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhanda Bose
- Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Medical Research, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, USA
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Cho KA, Ryu SJ, Park JS, Jang IS, Ahn JS, Kim KT, Park SC. Senescent phenotype can be reversed by reduction of caveolin status. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:27789-95. [PMID: 12730243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208105200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyporesponsiveness to growth factors is one of the fundamental characteristics of senescent cells. We previously reported that the up-regulation of caveolin attenuates the growth factor response and the subsequent downstream signal cascades in senescent human diploid fibroblasts. Therefore, in the present experiment, we investigated the modulation of caveolin status in senescent cells to determine the effect of caveolin on mitogenic signaling efficiency and cell cycling. We reduced the level of caveolin-1 in senescent human diploid fibroblasts using its antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNA, and this resulted in the restoration of normal growth factor responses such as the increased phosphorylation of Erk, the nuclear translocation of p-Erk, and the subsequent activation of p-Elk upon epidermal growth factor stimulation. Moreover, DNA synthesis and the re-entry of senescent cells into cell cycle were resumed upon epidermal growth factor stimulation concomitantly with decreases in p53 and p21. Taken together, we conclude that the loss of mitogenic signaling in senescent cells is strongly related to their elevated levels of caveolin-1 and that the functional recovery of senescent cells at least in the terms of growth factor responsiveness and cell cycle entry might be achieved simply by lowering the caveolin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung A Cho
- The Aging and Apoptosis Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Yeo EJ, Park SC. Age-dependent agonist-specific dysregulation of membrane-mediated signal transduction: emergence of the gate theory of aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2002; 123:1563-78. [PMID: 12470894 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a general mechanism for the limited responsiveness of senescent cells has yet to be established, reduced responsiveness may in part be ascribed to deficits in the apparatus required for cell surface receptor-mediated signal transduction. Age-related changes of receptor-mediated signal transduction occur at many levels, and are known to include quantitative and qualitative changes in growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, and many other downstream signaling molecules. Here, we emphasize the prime role of the cellular surface in the perception and transmission of external stimuli in response to the aging process. As major means of cellular signal transduction, the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) system and the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) system of senescent cells were investigated. We observed that the RTK system was severely damaged, while the GPCR system was only partially inactivated by aging. These results suggest that the agonist-dependent dysregulation of and imbalance of signal transduction pathways might be responsible for the functional deterioration of senescent cells, and indicate a possibility of the functional recovery of senescent cells through agonist-specific signal system activation. Moreover, those data evoke the emerging concept that the senescent phenotype may be modulated by the membrance-associated signal system, implying the gate theory of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Ju Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon Medical School, Inchon 417-840, South Korea.
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