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Chen Z, Downing S, Tzanakakis ES. Four Decades After the Discovery of Regenerating Islet-Derived (Reg) Proteins: Current Understanding and Challenges. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:235. [PMID: 31696115 PMCID: PMC6817481 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived (Reg) proteins have emerged as multifunctional agents with pro-proliferative, anti-apoptotic, differentiation-inducing and bactericidal properties. Over the last 40 years since first discovered, Reg proteins have been implicated in a gamut of maladies including diabetes, various types of cancer of the digestive tract, and Alzheimer disease. Surprisingly though, a consensus is still absent on the regulation of their expression, and molecular underpinning of their function. Here, we provide a critical appraisal of recent findings in the field of Reg protein biology. Specifically, the structural characteristics are reviewed particularly in connection with established or purported functions of different members of the Reg family. Moreover, Reg expression patterns in different tissues both under normal and pathophysiological conditions are summarized. Putative receptors and cascades reported to relay Reg signaling inciting cellular responses are presented aiming at a better appreciation of the biological activities of the distinct Reg moieties. Challenges are also discussed that have hampered thus far the rapid progress in this field such as the use of non-standard nomenclature for Reg molecules among various research groups, the existence of multiple Reg members with significant degree of homology and possibly compensatory modes of action, and the need for common assays with robust readouts of Reg activity. Coordinated research is warranted going forward, given that several research groups have independently linked Reg proteins to diseased states and raised the possibility that these biomolecules can serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Shawna Downing
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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Comparative Analysis of Expression Profiles of Reg Signaling Pathways-Related Genes Between AHF and HCC. Biochem Genet 2019; 57:382-402. [PMID: 30600408 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9900-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived protein (Reg) could participate in the occurrence of diabetes mellitus, inflammation, tumors, and other diseased or damaged tissues. However, the correlation of Reg with acute hepatic failure (AHF) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poorly defined. To reveal the expression profiles of Reg family and their possible regulatory roles in AHF and HCC, rat models of HCC and AHF were separately established, and Rat Genome 230 2.0 was used to detect expression profiles of Reg-mediated signaling pathways-associated genes from liver tissues in AHF and HCC. The results showed that a total of 79 genes were significantly changed. Among these genes, 67 genes were the AHF-specific genes, 45 genes were the HCC-specific genes, and 33 genes were the common genes. Then, K-means clustering classified these genes into 4 clusters based on the gene expression similarity, and DAVID analysis showed that the above altered genes were mainly associated with stress response, inflammatory response, and cell cycle regulation. Thereafter, IPA software was used to analyze potential effects of these genes, and the predicted results suggested that the Reg-mediated JAK/STAT, NF-κB, MAPK (ERK1/2, P38 and JNK), PLC, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways may account for the activated inflammation and cell proliferation, and the attenuated apoptosis and cell death during the occurrence of AHF and HCC.
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Yao S, Luo Y, Zhang Z, Hu G, Zhu Z, Li F. Preclinical PET imaging of HIP/PAP using 1'- 18F-fluoroethyl- β-D-lactose. Oncotarget 2017; 8:75162-75173. [PMID: 29088854 PMCID: PMC5650409 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims at preclinical evaluation of a recently reported lactose analogue, 1'-18F-fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose (18F-FEL), in binding to hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas and pancreatitis-associated protein (HIP/PAP) in vitro and in vivo. Methods In this study, a multifunctional module was employed for the automated synthesis of 18F-FEL. Additional radiochemical purity, biodistribution, in vitro and in vivo competition, metabolic stability and micro-PET studies were performed using T3M4 and SK-BR-3 xenografts. Expression of HIP/PAP in T3M4 and SK-BR-3 tumor sections and cell lines were tested with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blot analysis. Results The synthesis of 18F-FEL was completed in 30 min, with a radiochemical yield of 20 ± 5% and specific activity of 14.2 ± 7.1 GBq/μmol. 18F-FEL exhibited high HIP/PAP-binding affinity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 22.0 ± 4.0 nM. 18F-FEL demonstrated high stability and specific tumor accumulation, which was reduced by approximately 80% in a PET competition assay by co-injection of β-D-lactose. High expression of HIP/PAP was detected in T3M4 tumors and cell line, but negative result was found for SK-BR-3 cell line. Conclusion 18F-FEL has a high binding property to HIP/PAP, high stability and excellent pharmacokinetics in vivo and therefore warrants further evaluation in a proof-of-concept study in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yaping Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Guilan Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy in Nuclear Medicine, Beijing, 100730, China
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Paolillo V, De Palatis L, Alauddin MM. Optimization of precursor synthesis, formulation and stability of 1'-[18F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([18F]FEL) for preclinical studies in detection of pancreatic cancer. Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:364-70. [PMID: 24508409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 1'-[(18)F]Fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([(18)F]FEL) is a new PET imaging agent for early detection of pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. We previously reported the syntheses of [(18)F]FEL using a bromo- and a tosyl- precursor, followed by an improved method using a nosyl-precursor. However, some steps in the synthesis of the precursor appeared to be problematic producing low yields. Here, we report on an optimized method for synthesis of the precursor and production of [(18)F]FEL; we also describe [(18)F]FEL's formulation and stability. METHODS Acetylation of D-lactose 1 was performed following a literature procedure to obtain 1',2',3',6',2,3,4,6-D-lactose octa-acetate 2a/2b. Bromination of 2a/2b was performed using HBr/acetic acid to produce 1'-bromo-2',3',6',2,3,4,6-hepta-O-acetyl-α-D-lactose 3. Coupling of 3 with ethylene glycol was performed in the presence of Ag-tosylate and an excess of ethylene glycol to produce 4a. Compound 4a was reacted with p-nitrophenylsulfonyl chloride to produce the nosyl derivative 5. Radiofluorination of 5 was performed using K[(18)F]fluoride/kryptofix to obtain 6, which was purified by HPLC and hydrolyzed with Na-methoxide to produce 7. RESULTS Compound 2 (2a/2b) was obtained in 83% yield as a mixture of two anomeric products. Compound 3 was obtained from the 2a/2b mixture in 80% yield as one product. Coupling of 3 with ethylene glycol produced 4a in 90% yield. Compound 5 was obtained in 64% yield, and radiofluorination of 5 produced 6 in 62.5% ± 7.5% yields (n=8). Hydrolysis of 6 with Na-methoxide produced 7 in 42.0% ± 7.0% yield (n=8) from the end of bombardment. CONCLUSIONS A simple 4-step synthesis of the precursor, compound 5, has been achieved with improved yields. A new formulation of [(18)F]FEL has been developed that allows the product to remain stable at ambient temperature for use in animal studies. This improved synthesis of the precursor and stable formulation of [(18)F]FEL should be useful for routine production of the radiotracer and its preclinical and, possibly, clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Paolillo
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Louis De Palatis
- Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mian M Alauddin
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Turkman N, Gelovani JG, Alauddin MM. An improved synthesis of 1'-[18F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([18F]-FEL) for positron emission tomography imaging of pancreatic cancer. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:351-5. [PMID: 24285438 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Earlier, we reported syntheses of ethyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1,4')-2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-β-D-glucopyranoside (Et-[(18)F]FDL) and 1'-[(18)F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([(18)F]-FEL) for positron emission tomography (PET) of pancreatic carcinoma. Et-[(18)F]FDL requires a precursor, which involves 11 steps to synthesize and produces overall low yields. Synthesis of precursors for [(18)F]-FEL requires four steps, but those precursors produced low radiochemical yields. Here, we report new precursors and an improved synthesis of [(18)F]-FEL. METHOD Two precursors, 1'-(methanesulfonyl)ethyl-2',3',6',2,3,4,6-hepta-O-acetyl-β-D-lactose 2a and 1'-(p-nitrophenyl-sulfonyl)ethyl-2',3',6',2,3,4,6-hepta-O-acetyl-β-D-lactose 2b, were synthesized from lactose in four steps. Radiofluorination reactions were performed using K(18)F/kryptofix and the crude product [(18)F]-3 was purified by HPLC. Basic hydrolysis of [(18)F]-3 produced 1'-[(18)F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose [(18)F]-4, which was neutralized, diluted with saline, filtered on a 0.22-µm filter, and analyzed by radio-TLC. RESULTS The average radiochemical yields of [(18)F]-4 (d. c.) from 2a and 2b were 21% (n = 6) and 65% (n = 6), respectively, with >99% radiochemical purity and specific activity of 55.5 GBq/µmol. Synthesis time was 90-95 min from the end of bombardment. CONCLUSION An improved synthesis of [(18)F]FEL has been achieved in high yields, with high purity and specific activity. Precursor 2b with this method should be applicable for high yield automated production in a commercial synthesis module for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashaat Turkman
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Wayne state University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Turkman N, Pal A, Tong WP, Gelovani JG, Alauddin MM. Radiosynthesis of 1′-[18F]fluoroethyl-β-D-lactose ([18F]-FEL) for early detection of pancreatic carcinomas with PET. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cusimano A, Foderà D, Lampiasi N, Azzolina A, Notarbartolo M, Giannitrapani L, D'Alessandro N, Montalto G, Cervello M. Prostaglandin E2 receptors and COX enzymes in human hepatocellular carcinoma: role in the regulation of cell growth. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155:300-8. [PMID: 19250221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of prostaglandin E(2) receptors (EP(1-4)), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), and COX-2 in nontumor and tumor human liver tissues, and also to evaluate the antitumor activity of selective EP(1) receptor antagonist used alone or in combination with COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhibitors. Semiquantitative PCR analyses revealed that EP(1-4), COX-1, and COX-2 mRNA expression was detected in nearly all the tissue samples assayed, although with a high variability between nontumor and tumor tissues. In vitro EP(1) receptor antagonist inhibited anchorage-independent cell growth and reduced the viability of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment with the combination of EP(1) receptor antagonist and COX inhibitors produced a significantly greater cell growth inhibition than the single agent alone. These findings suggest that the EP(1) receptor may represent an important target for HCC treatment, and in addition they could provide preclinical support for a combined chemotherapeutic approach with EP(1) antagonists and COX inhibitors in the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cusimano
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Alberto Monroy, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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