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Cioffi F, Adam RHI, Bansal R, Broersen K. A Review of Oxidative Stress Products and Related Genes in Early Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:977-1001. [PMID: 34420962 PMCID: PMC8543250 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reactive oxygen species can modify lipids, DNA, RNA, and proteins in the brain. The products of their peroxidation and oxidation are readily detectable at incipient stages of disease. Based on these oxidation products, various biomarker-based strategies have been developed to identify oxidative stress levels in AD. Known oxidative stress-related biomarkers include lipid peroxidation products F2-isoprostanes, as well as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal which both conjugate to specific amino acids to modify proteins, and DNA or RNA oxidation products 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG), respectively. The inducible enzyme heme oxygenase type 1 (HO-1) is found to be upregulated in response to oxidative stress-related events in the AD brain. While these global biomarkers for oxidative stress are associated with early-stage AD, they generally poorly differentiate from other neurodegenerative disorders that also coincide with oxidative stress. Redox proteomics approaches provided specificity of oxidative stress-associated biomarkers to AD pathology by the identification of oxidatively damaged pathology-specific proteins. In this review, we discuss the potential combined diagnostic value of these reported biomarkers in the context of AD and discuss eight oxidative stress-related mRNA biomarkers in AD that we newly identified using a transcriptomics approach. We review these genes in the context of their reported involvement in oxidative stress regulation and specificity for AD. Further research is warranted to establish the protein levels and their functionalities as well as the molecular mechanisms by which these potential biomarkers are involved in regulation of oxidative stress levels and their potential for determination of oxidative stress and disease status of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cioffi
- Department of Nanobiophysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rayan Hassan Ibrahim Adam
- Department of Nanobiophysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Medical Cell Biophysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kerensa Broersen
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Runtsch MC, Ferrara G, Angiari S. Metabolic determinants of leukocyte pathogenicity in neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 158:36-58. [PMID: 32880969 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the recruitment of circulating blood-borne innate and adaptive immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). These leukocytes sustain the detrimental response in the CNS by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators that induce activation of local glial cells, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neural cell death. However, infiltrating peripheral immune cells could also dampen CNS inflammation and support tissue repair. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism demonstrate the importance of metabolic reprogramming for the activation and functionality of such innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In particular, an increasing body of evidence suggests that the activity of metabolites and metabolic enzymes could influence the pathogenic potential of immune cells during neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of intracellular metabolic cues in regulating leukocyte-mediated CNS damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke, highlighting the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting metabolic pathways for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marah C Runtsch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Tao WY, Yu LJ, Jiang S, Cao X, Chen J, Bao XY, Li F, Xu Y, Zhu XL. Neuroprotective effects of ZL006 in Aβ 1-42-treated neuronal cells. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:2296-2305. [PMID: 32594052 PMCID: PMC7749460 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.285006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). ZL006 is shown to reduce over-produced nitric oxide and oxidative stress in ischemic stroke by interrupting the interaction of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and postsynaptic density protein 95. However, few studies are reported on the role of ZL006 in AD. To investigate whether ZL006 exerted neuroprotective effects in AD, we used Aβ1–42 to treat primary cortical neurons and N2a neuroblastoma cells as an in vitro model of AD. Cortical neurons were incubated with ZL006 or dimethyl sulfoxide for 2 hours and treated with Aβ1–42 or NH3•H2O for another 24 hours. The results of cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and calcein-acetoxymethylester/propidium iodide staining showed that ZL006 pretreatment rescued the neuronal death induced by Aβ1–42. Fluorescence and western blot assay were used to detect oxidative stress and apoptosis-related proteins in each group of cells. Results showed that ZL006 pretreatment decreased neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by Aβ1–42. The results of CCK8 assay showed that inhibition of Akt or NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cortical neurons abolished the protective effects of ZL006. Moreover, similar results were also observed in N2a neuroblastoma cells. ZL006 inhibited N2a cell death and oxidative stress induced by Aβ1–42, while inhibition of Akt or Nrf2 abolished the protective effect of ZL006. These results demonstrated that ZL006 reduced Aβ1–42-induced neuronal damage and oxidative stress, and the mechanisms might be associated with the activation of Akt/Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Tao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin-Jie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Su Jiang
- Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Bao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University; The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Lee H, Choi YK. Regenerative Effects of Heme Oxygenase Metabolites on Neuroinflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010078. [PMID: 30585210 PMCID: PMC6337166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catabolizes heme to produce HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and bilirubin (BR), which have gained recognition as biological signal transduction effectors. The neurovascular unit refers to a highly evolved network among endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and neural stem cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Proper communication and functional circuitry in these diverse cell types is essential for effective CNS homeostasis. Neuroinflammation is associated with the vascular pathogenesis of many CNS disorders. CNS injury elicits responses from activated glia (e.g., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia) and from damaged perivascular cells (e.g., pericytes and endothelial cells). Most brain lesions cause extensive proliferation and growth of existing glial cells around the site of injury, leading to reactions causing glial scarring, which may act as a major barrier to neuronal regrowth in the CNS. In addition, damaged perivascular cells lead to the breakdown of the blood-neural barrier, and an increase in immune activation, activated glia, and neuroinflammation. The present review discusses the regenerative role of HO metabolites, such as CO and BR, in various vascular diseases of the CNS such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimer's disease, and the role of several other signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiju Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Oxidant/Antioxidant Imbalance in Alzheimer's Disease: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Prospects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6435861. [PMID: 29636850 PMCID: PMC5831771 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6435861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and a great socioeconomic burden in the aging society. Compelling evidence demonstrates that molecular change characteristics for AD, such as oxidative stress and amyloid β (Aβ) oligomerization, precede by decades the onset of clinical dementia and that the disease represents a biological and clinical continuum of stages, from asymptomatic to severely impaired. Nevertheless, the sequence of the early molecular alterations and the interplay between them are incompletely understood. This review presents current knowledge about the oxidative stress-induced impairments and compromised oxidative stress defense mechanisms in AD brain and the cross-talk between various pathophysiological insults, with the focus on excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and Aβ overproduction at the early stages of the disease. Prospects for AD therapies targeting oxidant/antioxidant imbalance are being discussed, as well as for the development of novel oxidative stress-related, blood-based biomarkers for early, noninvasive AD diagnostics.
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The Janus face of the heme oxygenase/biliverdin reductase system in Alzheimer disease: it's time for reconciliation. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:144-59. [PMID: 24095978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognition. These clinical features are due in part to the increase of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that mediate neurotoxic effects. The up-regulation of the heme oxygenase-1/biliverdin reductase-A (HO-1/BVR-A) system is one of the earlier events in the adaptive response to stress. HO-1/BVR-A reduces the intracellular levels of pro-oxidant heme and generates equimolar amounts of the free radical scavengers biliverdin-IX alpha (BV)/bilirubin-IX alpha (BR) as well as the pleiotropic gaseous neuromodulator carbon monoxide (CO) and ferrous iron. Two main and opposite hypotheses for a role of the HO-1/BVR-A system in AD propose that this system mediates neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects, respectively. This apparent controversy was mainly due to the fact that for over about 20years HO-1 was the only player on which all the analyses were focused, excluding the other important and essential component of the entire system, BVR. Following studies from the Butterfield laboratory that reported alterations in BVR activity along with decreased phosphorylation and increased oxidative/nitrosative post-translational modifications in the brain of subjects with AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, a debate was opened on the real pathophysiological and clinical significance of BVR-A. In this paper we provide a review of the main discoveries about the HO/BVR system in AD and MCI, and propose a mechanism that reconciles these two hypotheses noted above of neurotoxic and the neuroprotective aspects of this important stress responsive system.
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Schipper HM. Biomarker potential of heme oxygenase-1 in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Biomark Med 2012; 1:375-85. [PMID: 20477381 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.3.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of an accessible chemical biological marker that differentiates early, sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) from normal aging and other dementing illnesses, and identifies individuals with mild cognitive impairment who are destined to deteriorate to Alzheimer's dementia, would represent a major achievement in the evaluation and management of this common neurodegenerative disorder. Although several candidate biomarkers of sporadic AD have been identified and commercialized, none currently fulfill the criteria for an ideal test. In this article, we review evidence implicating blood heme oxygenase-1 mRNA/protein levels and a recently identified plasma heme oxygenase-1 suppressor factor as potential biomarkers of AD and mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyman M Schipper
- McGill University, Centre for Neurotranslational Research, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B Davis Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote St Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada.
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Schipper HM. The role of biologic markers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2007; 3:325-32. [PMID: 19595953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyman M Schipper
- Centre for Neurotranslational Research and Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Schipper HM. Heme oxygenase expression in human central nervous system disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1995-2011. [PMID: 15544918 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the normal mammalian CNS, heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2) is constitutively, abundantly, and fairly ubiquitously expressed, whereas heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA and protein are confined to small populations of scattered neurons and neuroglia. Unlike ho-2, the ho-1 gene in neural (and many systemic) tissues is exquisitely sensitive to upregulation by a host of pro-oxidant and other noxious stimuli. In Alzheimer disease, HO-1 immunoreactivity is significantly augmented in neurons and astrocytes of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex relative to age-matched, nondemented controls and colocalizes to senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and corpora amylacea. In Parkinson disease, HO-1 decorates Lewy bodies of affected dopaminergic neurons and is highly overexpressed in astrocytes residing within the substantia nigra. The ho-1 gene is also upregulated in glial cells within multiple sclerosis plaques; in the vicinity of human cerebral infarcts, hemorrhages, and contusions; and in various other degenerative and nondegenerative human CNS disorders. The products of the heme oxygenase reaction, free ferrous iron, carbon monoxide, and biliverdin/bilirubin, are all biologically active molecules that may profoundly influence tissue redox homeostasis under a wide range of pathophysiological conditions. Evidence adduced from whole animal and in vitro studies indicates that enhanced HO-1 activity may either ameliorate or exacerbate neural injury, effects likely contingent upon the specific model employed, the duration and intensity of HO-1 induction, and the chemistry of the local redox microenvironment. HO-1 hyperactivity also promotes mitochondrial sequestration of nontransferrin iron in oxidatively challenged astroglia and may thereby contribute to the pathological iron deposition and bioenergetic failure amply documented in aging and degenerating human neural tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyman M Schipper
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote St. Catherine Road, Montreal QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
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