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Islam MN, Miyasato E, Jahan MR, Tarif AMM, Nozaki K, Masumoto KH, Yanai A, Shinoda K. Mapping of STB/HAP1 Immunoreactivity in the Mouse Brainstem and its Relationships with Choline Acetyltransferase, with Special Emphasis on Cranial Nerve Motor and Preganglionic Autonomic Nuclei. Neuroscience 2022; 499:40-63. [PMID: 35870563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is a core component of stigmoid body (STB) and is known as a neuroprotective interactor with causal agents for various neurodegenerative diseases. Brain regions rich in STB/HAP1 immunoreactivity are usually spared from cell death, whereas brain regions with negligible STB/HAP1 immunoreactivity are the major neurodegenerative targets. Recently, we have shown that STB/HAP1 is abundantly expressed in the spinal preganglionic sympathetic/parasympathetic neurons but absent in the motoneurons of spinal cord, indicating that spinal motoneurons are more vulnerable to neurodegenerative diseases. In light of STB/HAP1 neuroprotective effects, it is also essential to clarify the distribution of STB/HAP1 in another major neurodegenerative target, the brainstem. Here, we examined the expression and detailed immunohistochemical distribution of STB/HAP1 and its relationships with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata of adult mice. Abundant STB/HAP1 immunoreactive neurons were disseminated in the periaqueductal gray, Edinger-Westphal nucleus, raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, superior/inferior salivatory nucleus, and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. Double-label immunohistochemistry of HAP1 with ChAT (or with urocortin-1 for Edinger-Westphal nucleus centrally projecting population) confirmed that STB/HAP1 was highly present in parasympathetic preganglionic neurons but utterly absent in cranial nerve motor nuclei throughout the brainstem. These results suggest that due to deficient putative STB/HAP1-protectivity, cranial nerve motor nuclei might be more vulnerable to certain neurodegenerative stresses than STB/HAP1-expressing brainstem nuclei, including preganglionic parasympathetic nuclei. Our current results also lay a basic foundation for future studies that seek to clarify the physiological/pathological roles of STB/HAP1 in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nabiul Islam
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Emi Miyasato
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Mir Rubayet Jahan
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Md Mamun Tarif
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozaki
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Masumoto
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Akie Yanai
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan; Department of Basic Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koh Shinoda
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube 755-8505, Japan.
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Wu F, Zhao Y, Zhang H. Ocular Autonomic Nervous System: An Update from Anatomy to Physiological Functions. Vision (Basel) 2022; 6:vision6010006. [PMID: 35076641 PMCID: PMC8788436 DOI: 10.3390/vision6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) confers neural control of the entire body, mainly through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. Several studies have observed that the physiological functions of the eye (pupil size, lens accommodation, ocular circulation, and intraocular pressure regulation) are precisely regulated by the ANS. Almost all parts of the eye have autonomic innervation for the regulation of local homeostasis through synergy and antagonism. With the advent of new research methods, novel anatomical characteristics and numerous physiological processes have been elucidated. Herein, we summarize the anatomical and physiological functions of the ANS in the eye within the context of its intrinsic connections. This review provides novel insights into ocular studies.
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Objectively-based vergence and accommodative dynamics in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): A mini review. Vision Res 2021; 191:107967. [PMID: 34808548 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.107967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vergence and accommodation have been critical areas of investigation in those with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). In this mini-review, the major laboratory studies in the area using objective assessment of vergence and accommodative dynamics in this population are discussed. These include the basic findings, their diagnostic and therapeutic implications, potential study limitations, and suggested future research directions. All studies provided important new information, and insights, into the area. There were two key outcomes of the reviewed studies common to both the vergence and accommodative systems in those with mTBI. First, most dynamic parameter's responsivity at baseline was abnormal: it was slowed, delayed, and/or inaccurate as compared to the normative control data. Second, most of the abnormal dynamic parameter's responsivity could be remediated, at least in part, following a short period of oculomotor-based vision therapy, thus demonstrating considerable residual neuroplasticity in the damaged, human brain.
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Serotonin receptor 2c-expressing cells in the ventral CA1 control attention via innervation of the Edinger–Westphal nucleus. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1239-1250. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yamaguchi K. Development of the human oculomotor nuclear complex: Centrally-projecting Edinger–Westphal nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2017; 646:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wehrwein EA, Orer HS, Barman SM. Overview of the Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1239-78. [PMID: 27347892 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Comprised of the sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, and enteric nervous system, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) provides the neural control of all parts of the body except for skeletal muscles. The ANS has the major responsibility to ensure that the physiological integrity of cells, tissues, and organs throughout the entire body is maintained (homeostasis) in the face of perturbations exerted by both the external and internal environments. Many commonly prescribed drugs, over-the-counter drugs, toxins, and toxicants function by altering transmission within the ANS. Autonomic dysfunction is a signature of many neurological diseases or disorders. Despite the physiological relevance of the ANS, most neuroscience textbooks offer very limited coverage of this portion of the nervous system. This review article provides both historical and current information about the anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS. The ultimate aim is for this article to be a valuable resource for those interested in learning the basics of these two components of the ANS and to appreciate its importance in both health and disease. Other resources should be consulted for a thorough understanding of the third division of the ANS, the enteric nervous system. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1239-1278, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Wehrwein
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Hakan S Orer
- Department of Pharmacology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Susan M Barman
- Department of Pharmacology &Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Immunohistochemical demonstration of urocortin 1 in Edinger–Westphal nucleus of the human neonate: Colocalization with tyrosine hydroxylase under acute perinatal hypoxia. Neurosci Lett 2013; 554:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vulnerability of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons of the human neonate to prolonged perinatal hypoxia: an immunohistochemical study of tyrosine hydroxylase expression in autopsy material. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013; 72:337-50. [PMID: 23481708 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31828b48b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies indicate that hypoxia to the fetus, a common occurrence in many birth complications in humans, results in long-term disturbances of the central dopaminergic (DA) systems that persist in adulthood. Because dysregulation of DA systems is involved in the pathophysiology of many neurological and psychiatric disorders, we investigated the effects of perinatal hypoxia on the mesencephalic DA neurons of the human neonate using immunohistochemistry. We studied the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, in substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area of 18 neonates in relation to the age and severity/duration of hypoxic injury estimated by neuropathological criteria. In severe/abrupt perinatal hypoxia, intense TH staining was observed in substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and, surprisingly, in the nonpreganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus. In severe/prolonged hypoxia, there was a striking reduction or even absence of TH immunoreactivity in all the mesencephalic nuclei. These observations suggest that at early states of perinatal hypoxia, there is a massive increase in dopamine synthesis and release that is followed by feedback blockage of dopamine synthesis through inhibition of TH by the end product dopamine. Early dysregulation of DA neurotransmission could predispose infant survivors of severe perinatal hypoxia to dopamine-related neurological and/or cognitive deficits later in life.
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Kaiser A, Alexandrova O, Grothe B. Urocortin-expressing olivocochlear neurons exhibit tonotopic and developmental changes in the auditory brainstem and in the innervation of the cochlea. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2758-78. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of abnormal eye movements depends upon knowledge of the purpose, properties, and neural substrate of distinct functional classes of eye movement. Here, we summarize current concepts of the anatomy of eye movement control. Our approach is bottom-up, starting with the extraocular muscles and their innervation by the cranial nerves. Second, we summarize the neural circuits in the pons underlying horizontal gaze control, and the midbrain connections that coordinate vertical and torsional movements. Third, the role of the cerebellum in governing and optimizing eye movements is presented. Fourth, each area of cerebral cortex contributing to eye movements is discussed. Last, descending projections from cerebral cortex, including basal ganglionic circuits that govern different components of gaze, and the superior colliculus, are summarized. At each stage of this review, the anatomical scheme is used to predict the effects of lesions on the control of eye movements, providing clinical-anatomical correlation.
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Morawski M, Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Jäger C, Waniek A, Schilling S, Schwab C, McGeer PL, Arendt T, Demuth HU, Roßner S. Distinct glutaminyl cyclase expression in Edinger-Westphal nucleus, locus coeruleus and nucleus basalis Meynert contributes to pGlu-Abeta pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120:195-207. [PMID: 20383514 PMCID: PMC2892616 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glutaminyl cyclase (QC) was discovered recently as the enzyme catalyzing the pyroglutamate (pGlu or pE) modification of N-terminally truncated Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Aβ peptides in vivo. This modification confers resistance to proteolysis, rapid aggregation and neurotoxicity and can be prevented by QC inhibitors in vitro and in vivo, as shown in transgenic animal models. However, in mouse brain QC is only expressed by a relatively low proportion of neurons in most neocortical and hippocampal subregions. Here, we demonstrate that QC is highly abundant in subcortical brain nuclei severely affected in AD. In particular, QC is expressed by virtually all urocortin-1-positive, but not by cholinergic neurons of the Edinger–Westphal nucleus, by noradrenergic locus coeruleus and by cholinergic nucleus basalis magnocellularis neurons in mouse brain. In human brain, QC is expressed by both, urocortin-1 and cholinergic Edinger–Westphal neurons and by locus coeruleus and nucleus basalis Meynert neurons. In brains from AD patients, these neuronal populations displayed intraneuronal pE-Aβ immunoreactivity and morphological signs of degeneration as well as extracellular pE-Aβ deposits. Adjacent AD brain structures lacking QC expression and brains from control subjects were devoid of such aggregates. This is the first demonstration of QC expression and pE-Aβ formation in subcortical brain regions affected in AD. Our results may explain the high vulnerability of defined subcortical neuronal populations and their central target areas in AD as a consequence of QC expression and pE-Aβ formation.
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Schreyer S, Büttner-Ennever JA, Tang X, Mustari MJ, Horn AKE. Orexin-A inputs onto visuomotor cell groups in the monkey brainstem. Neuroscience 2009; 164:629-40. [PMID: 19703526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A, synthesized by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus helps to maintain wakefulness through excitatory projections to nuclei involved in arousal. Obvious changes in eye movements, eyelid position and pupil reactions seen in the transition to sleep led to the investigation of orexin-A projections to visuomotor cell groups to determine whether direct pathways exist that may modify visuomotor behaviors during the sleep-wake cycle. Histological markers were used to define these specific visuomotor cell groups in monkey brainstem sections and combined with orexin-A immunostaining. The dense supply by orexin-A boutons around adjacent neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus served as a control standard for a strong orexin-A input. The quantitative analysis assessing various functional cell groups of the oculomotor system revealed that almost no input from orexin-A terminals reached motoneurons supplying the singly-innervated muscle fibers of the extraocular muscles in the oculomotor nucleus, the omnipause neurons in the nucleus raphe interpositus and the premotor neurons in the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus. In contrast, the motoneurons supplying the multiply-innervated muscle fibers of the extraocular muscles, the motoneurons of the levator palpebrae muscle in the central caudal nucleus, and especially the preganglionic neurons supplying the ciliary ganglion received a strong orexin input. We interpret these results as evidence that orexin-A does modulate pupil size, lid position, and possibly convergence and eye alignment via the motoneurons of multiply-innervated muscle fibres. However orexin-A does not directly modulate premotor pathways for saccades or the singly-innervated muscle fibre motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schreyer
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336 Munich, Germany
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