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Pirger Z, Urbán P, Gálik B, Kiss B, Tapodi A, Schmidt J, Tóth GK, Koene JM, Kemenes G, Reglődi D, Kiss T, Fodor I. Same same, but different: exploring the enigmatic role of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in invertebrate physiology. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00359-024-01706-5. [PMID: 38940930 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Evidence has been accumulating that elements of the vertebrate pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) system are missing in non-chordate genomes, which is at odds with the partial sequence-, immunohistochemical-, and physiological data in the literature. Multilevel experiments were performed on the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) to explore the role of PACAP in invertebrates. Screening of neuronal transcriptome and genome data did not reveal homologs to the elements of vertebrate PACAP system. Despite this, immunohistochemical investigations with an anti-human PAC1 receptor antibody yielded a positive signal in the neuronal elements in the heart. Although Western blotting of proteins extracted from the nervous system found a relevant band for PACAP-38, immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analyses revealed no corresponding peptide fragments. Similarly to the effects reported in vertebrates, PACAP-38 significantly increased cAMP synthesis in the heart and had a positive ionotropic effect on heart preparations. Moreover, it significantly modulated the effects of serotonin and acetylcholine. Homologs to members of Cluster B receptors, which have shared common evolutionary origin with the vertebrate PACAP receptors, PTHRs, and GCGRs, were identified and shown not to be expressed in the heart, which does not support a potential role in the mediation of PACAP-induced effects. Our findings support the notion that the PACAP system emerged after the protostome-deuterostome divergence. Using antibodies against vertebrate proteins is again highlighted to have little/no value in invertebrate studies. The physiological effects of vertebrate PACAP peptides in protostomes, no matter how similar they are to those in vertebrates, should be considered non-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Pirger
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Péter Urbán
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Bence Gálik
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facilities, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Bence Kiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Antal Tapodi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - János Schmidt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joris M Koene
- Ecology & Evolution, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - György Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kiss
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - István Fodor
- Ecophysiological and Environmental Toxicological Research Group, HUN-REN Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Tihany, 8237, Hungary.
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Abufadda MH, Erdélyi A, Pollák E, Nugraha PS, Hebling J, Fülöp JA, Molnár L. Terahertz pulses induce segment renewal via cell proliferation and differentiation overriding the endogenous regeneration program of the earthworm Eisenia andrei. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1947-1961. [PMID: 33996209 PMCID: PMC8086446 DOI: 10.1364/boe.416158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) irradiation of excised Eisenia andrei earthworms is shown to cause overriding of the genetically determined, endogenously mediated segment renewing capacity of the model animal. Single-cycle THz pulses of 5 µJ energy, 0.30 THz mean frequency, 293 kV/cm peak electric field, and 1 kHz repetition rate stimulated the cell proliferation (indicated by the high number of mitotic cells) and both histogenesis and organogenesis, producing a significantly higher number of regenerated segments. The most conspicuous alteration in THz-treated animals was the more intense development of the new central nervous system and blood vessels. These results clearly demonstrate that THz pulses are capable to efficiently trigger biological processes and suggest potential applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud H. Abufadda
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- MTA-PTE High-Field Terahertz Research Group, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Anita Erdélyi
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Edit Pollák
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Priyo S. Nugraha
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- MTA-PTE High-Field Terahertz Research Group, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - János Hebling
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- MTA-PTE High-Field Terahertz Research Group, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - József A. Fülöp
- Institute of Physics, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Nonprofit Ltd., Szeged, 6728, Hungary
| | - László Molnár
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
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Abstract
Dysregulation of neuropeptides may play an important role in aging-induced impairments. In the long list of neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) represents a highly effective cytoprotective peptide that provides an endogenous control against a variety of tissue-damaging stimuli. PACAP has neuro- and general cytoprotective effects due to anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant actions. As PACAP is also a part of the endogenous protective machinery, it can be hypothesized that the decreased protective effects in lack of endogenous PACAP would accelerate age-related degeneration and PACAP knockout mice would display age-related degenerative signs earlier. Recent results support this hypothesis showing that PACAP deficiency mimics aspects of age-related pathophysiological changes including increased neuronal vulnerability and systemic degeneration accompanied by increased apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Decrease in PACAP expression has been shown in different species from invertebrates to humans. PACAP-deficient mice display numerous pathological alterations mimicking early aging, such as retinal changes, corneal keratinization and blurring, and systemic amyloidosis. In the present review, we summarize these findings and propose that PACAP deficiency could be a good model of premature aging.
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Ghosh S. Environmental pollutants, pathogens and immune system in earthworms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:6196-6208. [PMID: 29327186 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms also known as farmer's friends are natural tillers of soil. They belong to Phylum Annelida and class Oligochaeta. Acid soils with organic matter and surface humus maintain the largest fauna of worms and earthworms. Due to their habitat in soil, they are constantly exposed to microbes and pollution generated by anthropogenic sources. Studies have revealed that damage of the immune system of earthworms can lead to alterations of both morphological and cellular characteristics of worms, activation of signalling pathways and can strongly influence their survival. Therefore, the understanding of the robust immune system in earthworms has become very important from the point of view of understanding its role in combating pathogens and pollutants and its role in indicating the soil pollution. In this article, we have outlined the (i) components of the immune system and (ii) their function of immunological responses on exposure to pollutants and pathogens. This study finds importance from the point of view of ecotoxicology and monitoring of earthworm health and exploring the scope of earthworm immune system components as biomarkers of pollutants and environmental toxicity. The future scope of this review remains in understanding the earthworm immunobiology and indicating strong biomarkers for pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamasree Ghosh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Molnar L, Pollak E, Skopek Z, Gutt E, Kruk J, Morgan AJ, Plytycz B. Immune system participates in brain regeneration and restoration of reproduction in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:269-79. [PMID: 25863277 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Earthworm decerebration causes temporary inhibition of reproduction which is mediated by certain brain-derived neurohormones; thus, cocoon production is an apposite supravital marker of neurosecretory center functional recovery during brain regeneration. The core aim of the present study was to investigate aspects of the interactions of nervous and immune systems during brain regeneration in adult Dendrobaena veneta (Annelida; Oligochaeta). Surgical brain extirpation was combined, either with (i) maintenance of immune-competent coelomic cells (coelomocytes) achieved by surgery on prilocaine-anesthetized worms or (ii) prior extrusion of fluid-suspended coelomocytes by electrostimulation. Both brain renewal and cocoon output recovery were significantly faster in earthworms with relatively undisturbed coelomocyte counts compared with individuals where coelomocyte counts had been experimentally depleted. These observations provide empirical evidence that coelomocytes and/or coelomocyte-derived factors (e.g. riboflavin) participate in brain regeneration and, by implication, that there is close functional synergy between earthworm neural and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Molnar
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Pecs University, Hungary
| | - Edit Pollak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Pecs University, Hungary
| | - Zuzanna Skopek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Gutt
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University
| | - A John Morgan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, Wales, UK
| | - Barbara Plytycz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Anderson LL, Scanes CG. Nanobiology and physiology of growth hormone secretion. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:126-42. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled by hypothalamic releasing hormones from the median eminence together with hormones and neuropeptides produced by peripheral organs. Secretion of GH involves movement of secretory vesicles along microtubules, transient ‘docking’ with the porosome in the cell membrane and subsequent release of GH. Release of GH is stimulated by GH releasing hormone (GHRH) and inhibited by somatostatin (SRIF). Ghrelin may be functioning to stimulate GH release from somatotropes acting via the GH secretagogue (GHS) receptor (GHSR). However, recent physiological studies militate against this. In addition, ghrelin does influence GH release acting within the hypothalamus. Release of GH from the somatotropes involves the GH-containing secretory granules moving close to the cell surface followed by transitory fusion of the secretory granules with the porosomes located in multiple secretory pits in the cell membrane. Other peptides/proteins can influence GH secretion, particularly in species of non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd L Anderson
- Department of Animal Science
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Colin G Scanes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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