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Lu M, Qin XC, Jiang YZ, Guo Q, Jin XJ, Teng ZQ, Sun XR, Yu L, Zhang YF, Wang W, Chen QQ, Liang JR, Wan J, Ren HY, Lv Y, Wang YH, Yi L, Chang HW, Hong DY, Zheng C, Lian XX, Li K, Xu PX, Wen B, Kan B, Xu J, Qin T. Emergence of ehrlichiosis by a new tick-borne Ehrlichia species in China. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 131:32-39. [PMID: 36967037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES From March to June 2021, the reported number of clinically diagnosed endemic typhus in Anhui and Hubei provinces of China nearly increased four-fold compared with the monthly average numbers in last 5 years. An etiological and epidemiological investigation was initiated. METHODS The clinical specimens from the reported patients and the potential vector ticks were collected for molecular and serological detection, as well as cell culturing assay to identify the potential pathogen. RESULTS Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of rrs and groEL showed that the pathogen from these patients was Ehrlichia sp., isolated from Haemaphysalis longicornis attached to these patients. The phylogenetic analysis based on 39 Ehrlichia genomes suggested that it should be taxonomically classified as a novel species, tentatively named "Candidatus Ehrlichia erythraense". A total of 19 of 106 cases were confirmed as Candidatus Ehrlichia erythraense infections by polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, and/or serological tests. The most frequent symptoms were fever (100%), rashes (100%), asthenia (100%), anorexia (100%), and myalgia (79%). CONCLUSION The occurrence of the disease presenting with fever and rashes in Anhui and Hubei provinces was caused by a novel species of the genus Ehrlichia; physicians need to be aware of this newly-discovered pathogen to ensure appropriate testing, treatment, and regional surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Cheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Sun
- Nanchang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Jinzhai County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhai, China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Qing Chen
- Department of microbiology laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Rong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Yingshan County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yingshan, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Lv
- Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lu'an, China
| | - Yan-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yi
- Huanggang Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huanggang, China
| | - Hong-Wei Chang
- Lu'an Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lu'an, China
| | - Da-Yin Hong
- Jinzhai County People's Hospital, Jinzhai, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Yingshan County People's Hospital, Yingshan, China
| | - Xing-Xing Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Xing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bohai Wen
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Tian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Mateos-Hernández L, Pipová N, Allain E, Henry C, Rouxel C, Lagrée AC, Haddad N, Boulouis HJ, Valdés JJ, Alberdi P, de la Fuente J, Cabezas-Cruz A, Šimo L. Enlisting the Ixodes scapularis Embryonic ISE6 Cell Line to Investigate the Neuronal Basis of Tick-Pathogen Interactions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10010070. [PMID: 33466622 PMCID: PMC7828734 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small signaling molecules expressed in the tick central nervous system, i.e., the synganglion. The neuronal-like Ixodes scapularis embryonic cell line, ISE6, is an effective tool frequently used for examining tick–pathogen interactions. We detected 37 neuropeptide transcripts in the I. scapularis ISE6 cell line using in silico methods, and six of these neuropeptide genes were used for experimental validation. Among these six neuropeptide genes, the tachykinin-related peptide (TRP) of ISE6 cells varied in transcript expression depending on the infection strain of the tick-borne pathogen, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The immunocytochemistry of TRP revealed cytoplasmic expression in a prominent ISE6 cell subpopulation. The presence of TRP was also confirmed in A. phagocytophilum-infected ISE6 cells. The in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry of TRP of I. scapularis synganglion revealed expression in distinct neuronal cells. In addition, TRP immunoreaction was detected in axons exiting the synganglion via peripheral nerves as well as in hemal nerve-associated lateral segmental organs. The characterization of a complete Ixodes neuropeptidome in ISE6 cells may serve as an effective in vitro tool to study how tick-borne pathogens interact with synganglion components that are vital to tick physiology. Therefore, our current study is a potential stepping stone for in vivo experiments to further examine the neuronal basis of tick–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.M.-H.); (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.-C.L.); (N.H.); (H.-J.B.)
| | - Natália Pipová
- Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafarik University in Košice, 04180 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Eléonore Allain
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.M.-H.); (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.-C.L.); (N.H.); (H.-J.B.)
| | - Céline Henry
- AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, PAPPSO, INRAE, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France;
| | - Clotilde Rouxel
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.M.-H.); (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.-C.L.); (N.H.); (H.-J.B.)
| | - Anne-Claire Lagrée
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.M.-H.); (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.-C.L.); (N.H.); (H.-J.B.)
| | - Nadia Haddad
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.M.-H.); (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.-C.L.); (N.H.); (H.-J.B.)
| | - Henri-Jean Boulouis
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.M.-H.); (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.-C.L.); (N.H.); (H.-J.B.)
| | - James J. Valdés
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic;
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (P.A.); (J.d.l.F.)
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), Ciu-dad Real Medical School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (P.A.); (J.d.l.F.)
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.M.-H.); (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.-C.L.); (N.H.); (H.-J.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.-C.); (L.Š.); Tel.: +33-6-31-23-51-91 (A.C.-C.); +33-1-49-77-46-52 (L.Š.)
| | - Ladislav Šimo
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.M.-H.); (E.A.); (C.R.); (A.-C.L.); (N.H.); (H.-J.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.-C.); (L.Š.); Tel.: +33-6-31-23-51-91 (A.C.-C.); +33-1-49-77-46-52 (L.Š.)
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Lin M, Xiong Q, Chung M, Daugherty SC, Nagaraj S, Sengamalay N, Ott S, Godinez A, Tallon LJ, Sadzewicz L, Fraser C, Dunning Hotopp JC, Rikihisa Y. Comparative Analysis of Genome of Ehrlichia sp. HF, a Model Bacterium to Study Fatal Human Ehrlichiosis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:11. [PMID: 33407096 PMCID: PMC7789307 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Ehrlichia consists of tick-borne obligatory intracellular bacteria that can cause deadly diseases of medical and agricultural importance. Ehrlichia sp. HF, isolated from Ixodes ovatus ticks in Japan [also referred to as I. ovatus Ehrlichia (IOE) agent], causes acute fatal infection in laboratory mice that resembles acute fatal human monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. As there is no small laboratory animal model to study fatal human ehrlichiosis, Ehrlichia sp. HF provides a needed disease model. However, the inability to culture Ehrlichia sp. HF and the lack of genomic information have been a barrier to advance this animal model. In addition, Ehrlichia sp. HF has several designations in the literature as it lacks a taxonomically recognized name. RESULTS We stably cultured Ehrlichia sp. HF in canine histiocytic leukemia DH82 cells from the HF strain-infected mice, and determined its complete genome sequence. Ehrlichia sp. HF has a single double-stranded circular chromosome of 1,148,904 bp, which encodes 866 proteins with a similar metabolic potential as E. chaffeensis. Ehrlichia sp. HF encodes homologs of all virulence factors identified in E. chaffeensis, including 23 paralogs of P28/OMP-1 family outer membrane proteins, type IV secretion system apparatus and effector proteins, two-component systems, ankyrin-repeat proteins, and tandem repeat proteins. Ehrlichia sp. HF is a novel species in the genus Ehrlichia, as demonstrated through whole genome comparisons with six representative Ehrlichia species, subspecies, and strains, using average nucleotide identity, digital DNA-DNA hybridization, and core genome alignment sequence identity. CONCLUSIONS The genome of Ehrlichia sp. HF encodes all known virulence factors found in E. chaffeensis, substantiating it as a model Ehrlichia species to study fatal human ehrlichiosis. Comparisons between Ehrlichia sp. HF and E. chaffeensis will enable identification of in vivo virulence factors that are related to host specificity, disease severity, and host inflammatory responses. We propose to name Ehrlichia sp. HF as Ehrlichia japonica sp. nov. (type strain HF), to denote the geographic region where this bacterium was initially isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqun Lin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Qingming Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew Chung
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sean C Daugherty
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sushma Nagaraj
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Naomi Sengamalay
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sandra Ott
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Al Godinez
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Luke J Tallon
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lisa Sadzewicz
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Claire Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Julie C Dunning Hotopp
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 801 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yasuko Rikihisa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Thiriot JD, Martinez-Martinez YB, Endsley JJ, Torres AG. Hacking the host: exploitation of macrophage polarization by intracellular bacterial pathogens. Pathog Dis 2020; 78:5739920. [PMID: 32068828 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an integral role in host defenses against intracellular bacterial pathogens. A remarkable plasticity allows for adaptation to the needs of the host to orchestrate versatile innate immune responses to a variety of microbial threats. Several bacterial pathogens have adapted to macrophage plasticity and modulate the classical (M1) or alternative (M2) activation bias towards a polarization state that increases fitness for intracellular survival. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the host macrophage and intracellular bacterial interface; highlighting the roles of M1/M2 polarization in host defense and the mechanisms employed by several important intracellular pathogens to modulate macrophage polarization to favor persistence or proliferation. Understanding macrophage polarization in the context of disease caused by different bacterial pathogens is important for the identification of targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Thiriot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA
| | - Yazmin B Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, Texas 77555 USA
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Rimikhanov NI, Epova EY, Belyakova AV, Lebedeva AA, Mutnykh ES, Biryukova YK, Zylkova MV, Shibaeva AV, Trubnikova EV, Karataeva DA, Akbaev RM, Tyno YY, Laypanov BK. Establishing a Cultivable Cell Line of the Tick Dermacentor marginatus. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279541908012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ehrlichia Isolate from a Minnesota Tick: Characterization and Genetic Transformation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00866-19. [PMID: 31076433 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00866-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia muris subsp. eauclairensis is recognized as the etiological agent of human ehrlichiosis in Minnesota and Wisconsin. We describe the culture isolation of this organism from a field-collected tick and detail its relationship to other species of Ehrlichia The isolate could be grown in a variety of cultured cell lines and was effectively transmitted between Ixodes scapularis ticks and rodents, with PCR and microscopy demonstrating a broad pattern of dissemination in arthropod and mammalian tissues. Conversely, Amblyomma americanum ticks were not susceptible to infection by the Ehrlichia Histologic sections further revealed that the wild-type isolate was highly virulent for mice and hamsters, causing severe systemic disease that was frequently lethal. A Himar1 transposase system was used to create mCherry- and mKate-expressing EmCRT mutants, which retained the ability to infect rodents and ticks.IMPORTANCE Ehrlichioses are zoonotic diseases caused by intracellular bacteria that are transmitted by ixodid ticks. Here we report the culture isolation of bacteria which are closely related to, or the same as the Ehrlichia muris subsp. eauclairensis, a recently recognized human pathogen. EmCRT, obtained from a tick removed from deer at Camp Ripley, MN, is the second isolate of this subspecies described and is distinctive in that it was cultured directly from a field-collected tick. The isolate's cellular tropism, pathogenic changes caused in rodent tissues, and tick transmission to and from rodents are detailed in this study. We also describe the genetic mutants created from the EmCRT isolate, which are valuable tools for the further study of this intracellular pathogen.
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7
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Smith JNP, Zhang Y, Li JJ, McCabe A, Jo HJ, Maloney J, MacNamara KC. Type I IFNs drive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell collapse via impaired proliferation and increased RIPK1-dependent cell death during shock-like ehrlichial infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007234. [PMID: 30080899 PMCID: PMC6095620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNα/β) regulate diverse aspects of host defense, but their impact on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/HSPCs) during infection remains unclear. Hematologic impairment can occur in severe infections, thus we sought to investigate the impact of type I IFNs on hematopoiesis in a tick-borne infection with a virulent ehrlichial pathogen that causes shock-like disease. During infection, IFNα/β induced severe bone marrow (BM) loss, blunted infection-induced emergency myelopoiesis, and reduced phenotypic HSPCs and HSCs. In the absence of type I IFN signaling, BM and splenic hematopoiesis were increased, and HSCs derived from Ifnar1-deficient mice were functionally superior in competitive BM transplants. Type I IFNs impaired hematopoiesis during infection by both limiting HSC/HSPC proliferation and increasing HSPC death. Using mixed BM chimeras we determined that type I IFNs restricted proliferation indirectly, whereas HSPC death occurred via direct IFNαR -mediated signaling. IFNαR-dependent signals resulted in reduced caspase 8 expression and activity, and reduced cleavage of RIPK1 and RIPK3, relative to Ifnar1-deficient mice. RIPK1 antagonism with Necrostatin-1s rescued HSPC and HSC numbers during infection. Early antibiotic treatment is required for mouse survival, however antibiotic-treated survivors had severely reduced HSPCs and HSCs. Combination therapy with antibiotics and Necrostatin-1s improved HSPC and HSC numbers in surviving mice, compared to antibiotic treatment alone. We reveal two mechanisms whereby type I IFNs drive hematopoietic collapse during severe infection: direct sensitization of HSPCs to undergo cell death and enhanced HSC quiescence. Our studies reveal a strategy to ameliorate the type I IFN-dependent loss of HSCs and HSPCs during infection, which may be relevant to other infections wherein type I IFNs cause hematopoietic dysfunction. The Ehrlichiae are important emerging, tick-borne pathogens that cause immune suppression and cytopenias, though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In a model of shock-like illness caused by Ixodes ovatus ehrlichia, type I interferons (IFNs) induce hematopoietic dysfunction by reducing hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and driving cell death of hematopoietic progenitors (HSPCs). Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrate that HSPC loss occurs via intrinsic type I IFN signaling, whereas HSC proliferation is regulated via an extrinsic mechanism. In contrast to sterile inflammation, infection-induced type I IFNs induced RIPK1-dependent loss of hematopoietic progenitors. HSPCs were rescued during infection by inhibiting RIPK1 with Necrostatin-1s. While antibiotic treatment protected against otherwise lethal infection, mice recovering from infection exhibited significantly reduced HSCs and HSPCs. Co-treatment with both antibiotics and Necrostatin-1s significantly increased HSPC frequencies and the number of HSCs compared to antibiotics alone. Blood production is essential for life and necessary for host defense, thus our work reveals a therapeutic strategy to rescue and improve hematopoiesis in patients recovering from serious infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne N. P. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Jing Jing Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Amanda McCabe
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Hui Jin Jo
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Jackson Maloney
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Katherine C. MacNamara
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fischer K, Tkach VV, Curtis KC, Fischer PU. Ultrastructure and localization of Neorickettsia in adult digenean trematodes provides novel insights into helminth-endobacteria interaction. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:177. [PMID: 28407790 PMCID: PMC5390476 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neorickettsia are a group of intracellular α proteobacteria transmitted by digeneans (Platyhelminthes, Trematoda). These endobacteria can also infect vertebrate hosts of the helminths and cause serious diseases in animals and humans. Neorickettsia have been isolated from infected animals and maintained in cell cultures, and their morphology in mammalian cells has been described. However, limited information is available on the morphology and localization of Neorickettsia in the trematode host. Methods We used a Neorickettsia-infected strain of the model trematode Plagiorchis elegans to infect Syrian Golden hamsters to produce adult worms. Ultrastructure of Neorickettsia was assessed by transmission electron microscopy of high pressure freezing/freeze substitution fixed specimens. A Neorickettsia surface protein from P. elegans (PeNsp-3) was cloned and antibodies against the recombinant protein were used to localize Neorickettsia by immunohistochemistry. Results Ultrastructural analysis revealed moderate numbers of pleomorphic endobacteria with a median size of 600 × 400 nm and characteristic double membranes in various tissue types. Endobacteria showed tubular membrane invaginations and secretion of polymorphic vesicles. Endobacteria were unevenly localized as single cells, or less frequently as small morula-like clusters in the ovary, Mehlis’ gland, vitelline follicles, uterus, intrauterine eggs, testis, cirrus-sac, tegument, intestine and the oral and ventral sucker. Examination of hamster small intestine infected with P. elegans showed many endobacteria at the host-parasite interface such as the oral and ventral sucker, the tegument and the excretory pore. Conclusions We conclude that adult P. elegans trematodes carry Neorickettsia endobacteria in varying numbers in many tissue types that support vertical transmission, trematode to trematode transmission via seminal fluid, and possibly horizontal transmission from trematodes to vertebrate hosts. These means appear to be novel mechanisms of pathogen transmission by endoparasitic worms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2123-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9019, USA
| | - Kurt C Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Peter U Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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9
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Dunlop JA, Apanaskevich DA, Lehmann J, Hoffmann R, Fusseis F, Ehlke M, Zachow S, Xiao X. Microtomography of the Baltic amber tick Ixodes succineus reveals affinities with the modern Asian disease vector Ixodes ovatus. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:203. [PMID: 27724841 PMCID: PMC5057450 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fossil ticks are extremely rare and Ixodes succineus Weidner, 1964 from Eocene (ca. 44-49 Ma) Baltic amber is one of the oldest examples of a living hard tick genus (Ixodida: Ixodidae). Previous work suggested it was most closely related to the modern and widespread European sheep tick Ixodes ricinus (Linneaus, 1758). RESULTS Restudy using phase contrast synchrotron x-ray tomography yielded images of exceptional quality. These confirm the fossil's referral to Ixodes Latreille, 1795, but the characters resolved here suggest instead affinities with the Asian subgenus Partipalpiger Hoogstraal et al., 1973 and its single living (and medically significant) species Ixodes ovatus Neumann, 1899. We redescribe the amber fossil here as Ixodes (Partipalpiger) succineus. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Ixodes ricinus is unlikely to be directly derived from Weidner's amber species, but instead reveals that the Partipalpiger lineage was originally more widely distributed across the northern hemisphere. The closeness of Ixodes (P.) succineus to a living vector of a wide range of pathogens offers the potential to correlate its spatial and temporal position (northern Europe, nearly 50 million years ago) with the estimated origination dates of various tick-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Dunlop
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dmitry A. Apanaskevich
- United States National Tick Collection, The James H. Oliver, Jr. Institute for Coastal Plain Science, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460-8056 USA
| | - Jens Lehmann
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, D-28357 Bremen, Germany
| | - René Hoffmann
- Department of Earth Sciences, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, and Geophysics, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Fusseis
- School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW UK
| | - Moritz Ehlke
- Medical Planning Group, Zuse Institute Berlin, Department Visualization and Data Analysis, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Zachow
- Medical Planning Group, Zuse Institute Berlin, Department Visualization and Data Analysis, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 60439 USA
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10
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Oliver JD, Chávez ASO, Felsheim RF, Kurtti TJ, Munderloh UG. An Ixodes scapularis cell line with a predominantly neuron-like phenotype. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 66:427-442. [PMID: 25894426 PMCID: PMC4449809 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Ixodes scapularis embryo-derived cell line ISE6 is the most widely utilized tick-derived cell line due to its susceptibility to a wide variety of tick- and non-tick-vectored pathogens. Little is known about its tissue origin or biological background. Protein expression of ISE6 cells was compared with that of another I. scapularis-derived cell line, IDE12, and dissected tick synganglia. Results demonstrated the presence of a neuronal marker protein, type 3 β-tubulin, in all three samples, as well as other shared and unique neuronal and immune response-associated proteins. Of neuronal proteins shared between the two cell lines, ISE6 expressed several in significantly greater quantities than IDE12. Stimulation of ISE6 cells by in vivo exposure to the hemocoel environment in unfed larval and molting nymphal ticks, but not unfed nymphal ticks, resulted in the development of neuron-like morphologic characteristics in the implanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA,
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11
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Tissue distribution of the Ehrlichia muris-like agent in a tick vector. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122007. [PMID: 25781930 PMCID: PMC4363788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pathogens transmitted by ticks undergo complex life cycles alternating between the arthropod vector and a mammalian host. While the latter has been investigated to a greater extent, examination of the biological interactions between microbes and the ticks that carry them presents an equally important opportunity for disruption of the disease cycle. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to demonstrate infection by the Ehrlichia muris-like organism, a newly recognized human pathogen, of Ixodes scapularis ticks, a primary vector for several important human disease agents. This allowed us to assess whole sectioned ticks for the patterns of tissue invasion, and demonstrate generalized dissemination of ehrlichiae in a variety of cell types and organs within ticks infected naturally via blood feeding. Electron microscopy was used to confirm these results. Here we describe a strong ehrlichial affinity for epithelial cells, neuronal cells of the synganglion, salivary glands, and male accessory glands.
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12
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Zweygarth E, Schöl H, Lis K, Cabezas Cruz A, Thiel C, Silaghi C, Ribeiro MFB, Passos LMF. In vitro culture of a novel genotype of Ehrlichia sp. from Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 2:86-92. [PMID: 24589106 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlichiae are obligate intracytoplasmic Gram-negative, tick-borne bacteria belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family. Ehrlichioses are considered emerging diseases in both humans and animals. Several members of the genus Ehrlichia have been isolated and propagated in vitro. This study describes the continuous propagation of a Brazilian Ehrlichia sp. isolate in IDE8 tick cells, canine DH82 cells and bovine aorta cells. Initially, the organisms were isolated from the haemolymph of a Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick into IDE8 cells. Infected IDE8 cells were brought from Brazil to Germany, where the organisms were continuously propagated in IDE8, DH82 and bovine aorta cells. Bovine aorta cells were infected and propagated for 3 months, corresponding to six subcultures, whereas the other two infected cell lines were kept for more than 1 year. During the cultivation period, 36 and 14 subcultures were carried out in IDE8 and DH82 cell cultures, respectively. Reinfection of IDE8 cells with organisms grown in DH82 cells was achieved. Sequence analysis made with a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene showed that this Ehrlicha sp. is closely related to Ehrlichia canis. However, the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree shows that it falls in a separate phylogenetic clade from E. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zweygarth
- Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Paris DH, Phetsouvanh R, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Jones M, Jenjaroen K, Vongsouvath M, Ferguson DPJ, Blacksell SD, Newton PN, Day NPJ, Turner GDH. Orientia tsutsugamushi in human scrub typhus eschars shows tropism for dendritic cells and monocytes rather than endothelium. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1466. [PMID: 22253938 PMCID: PMC3254662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus is a common and underdiagnosed cause of febrile illness in Southeast Asia, caused by infection with Orientia tsutsugamushi. Inoculation of the organism at a cutaneous mite bite site commonly results in formation of a localized pathological skin reaction termed an eschar. The site of development of the obligate intracellular bacteria within the eschar and the mechanisms of dissemination to cause systemic infection are unclear. Previous postmortem and in vitro reports demonstrated infection of endothelial cells, but recent pathophysiological investigations of typhus patients using surrogate markers of endothelial cell and leucocyte activation indicated a more prevalent host leucocyte than endothelial cell response in vivo. We therefore examined eschar skin biopsies from patients with scrub typhus to determine and characterize the phenotypes of host cells in vivo with intracellular infection by O. tsutsugamushi, using histology, immunohistochemistry, double immunofluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy. Immunophenotyping of host leucocytes infected with O. tsutsugamushi showed a tropism for host monocytes and dendritic cells, which were spatially related to different histological zones of the eschar. Infected leucocyte subsets were characterized by expression of HLADR+, with an "inflammatory" monocyte phenotype of CD14/LSP-1/CD68 positive or dendritic cell phenotype of CD1a/DCSIGN/S100/FXIIIa and CD163 positive staining, or occasional CD3 positive T-cells. Endothelial cell infection was rare, and histology did not indicate a widespread inflammatory vasculitis as the cause of the eschar. Infection of dendritic cells and activated inflammatory monocytes offers a potential route for dissemination of O. tsutsugamushi from the initial eschar site. This newly described cellular tropism for O. tsutsugamushi may influence its interaction with local host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Paris
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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14
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Pritt BS, Sloan LM, Johnson DKH, Munderloh UG, Paskewitz SM, McElroy KM, McFadden JD, Binnicker MJ, Neitzel DF, Liu G, Nicholson WL, Nelson CM, Franson JJ, Martin SA, Cunningham SA, Steward CR, Bogumill K, Bjorgaard ME, Davis JP, McQuiston JH, Warshauer DM, Wilhelm MP, Patel R, Trivedi VA, Eremeeva ME. Emergence of a new pathogenic Ehrlichia species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:422-9. [PMID: 21812671 PMCID: PMC3319926 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1010493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ehrlichiosis is a clinically important, emerging zoonosis. Only Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. ewingii have been thought to cause ehrlichiosis in humans in the United States. Patients with suspected ehrlichiosis routinely undergo testing to ensure proper diagnosis and to ascertain the cause. METHODS We used molecular methods, culturing, and serologic testing to diagnose and ascertain the cause of cases of ehrlichiosis. RESULTS On testing, four cases of ehrlichiosis in Minnesota or Wisconsin were found not to be from E. chaffeensis or E. ewingii and instead to be caused by a newly discovered ehrlichia species. All patients had fever, malaise, headache, and lymphopenia; three had thrombocytopenia; and two had elevated liver-enzyme levels. All recovered after receiving doxycycline treatment. At least 17 of 697 Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in Minnesota or Wisconsin were positive for the same ehrlichia species on polymerase-chain-reaction testing. Genetic analyses revealed that this new ehrlichia species is closely related to E. muris. CONCLUSIONS We report a new ehrlichia species in Minnesota and Wisconsin and provide supportive clinical, epidemiologic, culture, DNA-sequence, and vector data. Physicians need to be aware of this newly discovered close relative of E. muris to ensure appropriate testing, treatment, and regional surveillance. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi S Pritt
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Hilton 470-B, 200 1st St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Detection of "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" in two patients with severe febrile illnesses: evidence for a European sequence variant. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:2630-5. [PMID: 20519481 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00588-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new genus of Anaplasmataceae termed "Candidatus Neoehrlichia" was discovered in ticks and rodents. Here, we report on two patients who suffered from febrile bacteremia due to "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" associated with thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. 16S rRNA and groEL gene sequencing provided evidence of three groups of sequence variants.
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