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Nadeem T, Khan MA, Ijaz B, Ahmed N, Rahman ZU, Latif MS, Ali Q, Rana MA. Glycosylation of Recombinant Anticancer Therapeutics in Different Expression Systems with Emerging Technologies. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2787-2798. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Mimura Y, Katoh T, Saldova R, O'Flaherty R, Izumi T, Mimura-Kimura Y, Utsunomiya T, Mizukami Y, Yamamoto K, Matsumoto T, Rudd PM. Glycosylation engineering of therapeutic IgG antibodies: challenges for the safety, functionality and efficacy. Protein Cell 2018; 9:47-62. [PMID: 28597152 PMCID: PMC5777974 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of the Fc region of IgG has a profound impact on the safety and clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. While the biantennary complex-type oligosaccharide attached to Asn297 of the Fc is essential for antibody effector functions, fucose and outer-arm sugars attached to the core heptasaccharide that generate structural heterogeneity (glycoforms) exhibit unique biological activities. Hence, efficient and quantitative glycan analysis techniques have been increasingly important for the development and quality control of therapeutic antibodies, and glycan profiles of the Fc are recognized as critical quality attributes. In the past decade our understanding of the influence of glycosylation on the structure/function of IgG-Fc has grown rapidly through X-ray crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance studies, which provides possibilities for the design of novel antibody therapeutics. Furthermore, the chemoenzymatic glycoengineering approach using endoglycosidase-based glycosynthases may facilitate the development of homogeneous IgG glycoforms with desirable functionality as next-generation therapeutic antibodies. Thus, the Fc glycans are fertile ground for the improvement of the safety, functionality, and efficacy of therapeutic IgG antibodies in the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, 685 Higashi-Kiwa, Ube, 755-0241, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Bioresponse, Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Roisin O'Flaherty
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tomonori Izumi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, 685 Higashi-Kiwa, Ube, 755-0241, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Utsunomiya
- Department of Clinical Research, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, 685 Higashi-Kiwa, Ube, 755-0241, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mizukami
- Center for Gene Research, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Research, NHO Yamaguchi-Ube Medical Center, 685 Higashi-Kiwa, Ube, 755-0241, Japan
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Dublin 4, Ireland
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3
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Biermann MHC, Griffante G, Podolska MJ, Boeltz S, Stürmer J, Muñoz LE, Bilyy R, Herrmann M. Sweet but dangerous - the role of immunoglobulin G glycosylation in autoimmunity and inflammation. Lupus 2017; 25:934-42. [PMID: 27252272 DOI: 10.1177/0961203316640368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is well-known to modulate the functional capabilities of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-mediated cellular and humoral responses. Indeed, highly sialylated and desialylated IgG is endowed with anti- and pro-inflammatory activities, respectively, whereas fully deglycosylated IgG is a rather lame duck, with no effector function besides toxin neutralization. Recently, several studies revealed the impact of different glycosylation patterns on the Fc part and Fab fragment of IgG in several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we provide a synoptic update summarizing the most important aspects of antibody glycosylation, and the current progress in this field. We also discuss the therapeutic options generated by the modification of the glycosylation of IgG in a potential treatment for chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H C Biermann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Griffante
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M J Podolska
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Boeltz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Stürmer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - L E Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Bilyy
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - M Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Li C, Zhu S, Tong X, Ou C, Wang LX. A facile synthesis of a complex type N-glycan thiazoline as an effective inhibitor against the antibody-deactivating endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases. J Carbohydr Chem 2017; 36:336-346. [PMID: 30930529 DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2017.1403616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases are a class of endoglycosidases that deglycosylate N-glycans from glycoproteins. We describe here a facile synthesis of a complex type N-glycan thiazoline as a new mechanism-based inhibitor for this class of enzymes. The synthesis started with the readily available sialoglycopeptide (SGP) and its conversion into the glycan thiazoline through several enzymatic and chemical reactions. The synthetic glycan thiazoline showed potent inhibitory activity against several endoglycosidases including the two antibody-deactivating enzymes, Endo-S and Endo-S2, from human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, which would be useful as tools for structural and functional studies of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Shilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Chong Ou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, 8051 Regents Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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5
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Le NPL, Bowden TA, Struwe WB, Crispin M. Immune recruitment or suppression by glycan engineering of endogenous and therapeutic antibodies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1860:1655-68. [PMID: 27105835 PMCID: PMC4922387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human serum IgG contains multiple glycoforms which exhibit a range of binding properties to effector molecules such as cellular Fc receptors. Emerging knowledge of how the Fc glycans contribute to the antibody structure and effector functions has opened new avenues for the exploitation of defined antibody glycoforms in the treatment of diseases. Here, we review the structure and activity of antibody glycoforms and highlight developments in antibody glycoengineering by both the manipulation of the cellular glycosylation machinery and by chemoenzymatic synthesis. We discuss wide ranging applications of antibody glycoengineering in the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity and inflammation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Phuong Lan Le
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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6
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Shadnezhad A, Naegeli A, Sjögren J, Adamczyk B, Leo F, Allhorn M, Karlsson NG, Jensen A, Collin M. EndoSd: an IgG glycan hydrolyzing enzyme in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:721-36. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.16.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to identify and characterize EndoS-like enzymes in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae (SDSD). Materials & methods: PCR, DNA sequencing, recombinant protein expression, lectin blot, ultra high performance liquid chromatography analysis and a chitinase assay were used to identify ndoS-like genes and characterize EndoSd. Results: EndoSd were found in four SDSD strains. EndoSd hydrolyzes the chitobiose core of the glycan on IgG. The amino acid sequence of EndoSd is 70% identical to EndoS in S. pyogenes, but it has a unique C-terminal sequence. EndoSd secretion is influenced by the carbohydrate composition of the growth medium. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that IgG glycan hydrolyzing activity is present in SDSD, and that the activity can be attributed to the here identified enzyme EndoSd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Shadnezhad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Biomedical Center B14, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Naegeli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Biomedical Center B14, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Sjögren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Biomedical Center B14, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
- Genovis AB, Scheelevägen 2, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden
| | - Barbara Adamczyk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Leo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Biomedical Center B14, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Allhorn
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Biomedical Center B14, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mattias Collin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Biomedical Center B14, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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7
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Resemann A, Jabs W, Wiechmann A, Wagner E, Colas O, Evers W, Belau E, Vorwerg L, Evans C, Beck A, Suckau D. Full validation of therapeutic antibody sequences by middle-up mass measurements and middle-down protein sequencing. MAbs 2016; 8:318-30. [PMID: 26760197 PMCID: PMC4966597 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1128607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory bodies request full sequence data assessment both for innovator and biosimilar monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Full sequence coverage is typically used to verify the integrity of the analytical data obtained following the combination of multiple LC-MS/MS datasets from orthogonal protease digests (so called “bottom-up” approaches). Top-down or middle-down mass spectrometric approaches have the potential to minimize artifacts, reduce overall analysis time and provide orthogonality to this traditional approach. In this work we report a new combined approach involving middle-up LC-QTOF and middle-down LC-MALDI in-source decay (ISD) mass spectrometry. This was applied to cetuximab, panitumumab and natalizumab, selected as representative US Food and Drug Administration- and European Medicines Agency-approved mAbs. The goal was to unambiguously confirm their reference sequences and examine the general applicability of this approach. Furthermore, a new measure for assessing the integrity and validity of results from middle-down approaches is introduced – the “Sequence Validation Percentage.” Full sequence data assessment of the 3 antibodies was achieved enabling all 3 sequences to be fully validated by a combination of middle-up molecular weight determination and middle-down protein sequencing. Three errors in the reference amino acid sequence of natalizumab, causing a cumulative mass shift of only −2 Da in the natalizumab Fd domain, were corrected as a result of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Resemann
- a Bruker Daltonics GmbH , Fahrenheitstr. 4, Bremen , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jabs
- a Bruker Daltonics GmbH , Fahrenheitstr. 4, Bremen , Germany
| | - Anja Wiechmann
- a Bruker Daltonics GmbH , Fahrenheitstr. 4, Bremen , Germany
| | - Elsa Wagner
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre , St Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Olivier Colas
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre , St Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Waltraud Evers
- a Bruker Daltonics GmbH , Fahrenheitstr. 4, Bremen , Germany
| | - Eckhard Belau
- a Bruker Daltonics GmbH , Fahrenheitstr. 4, Bremen , Germany
| | - Lars Vorwerg
- a Bruker Daltonics GmbH , Fahrenheitstr. 4, Bremen , Germany
| | | | - Alain Beck
- b Centre d'Immunologie Pierre , St Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Detlev Suckau
- a Bruker Daltonics GmbH , Fahrenheitstr. 4, Bremen , Germany
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8
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Harris NL, Pleass R, Behnke JM. Understanding the role of antibodies in murine infections with Heligmosomoides (polygyrus) bakeri: 35 years ago, now and 35 years ahead. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:115-24. [PMID: 23889357 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rodent intestinal nematode H.p.bakeri has played an important role in the exploration of the host-parasite relationship of chronic nematode infections for over six decades, since the parasite was first isolated in the 1950s by Ehrenford. It soon became a popular laboratory model providing a tractable experimental system that is easy to maintain in the laboratory and far more cost-effective than other laboratory nematode-rodent model systems. Immunity to this parasite is complex, dependent on antibodies, but confounded by the parasite's potent immunosuppressive secretions that facilitate chronic survival in murine hosts. In this review, we remind readers of the state of knowledge in the 1970s, when the first volume of Parasite Immunology was published, focusing on the role of antibodies in protective immunity. We show how our understanding of the host-parasite relationship then developed over the following 35 years to date, we propose testable hypotheses for future researchers to tackle, and we speculate on how the new technologies will be applied to enable an increasingly refined understanding of the role of antibodies in host-protective immunity, and its evasion, to be achieved in the longer term.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Harris
- Global Health Institute and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, École Polytechnique Fédèrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
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9
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Meuris L, Santens F, Elson G, Festjens N, Boone M, Dos Santos A, Devos S, Rousseau F, Plets E, Houthuys E, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Cons L, Chatel L, Devreese B, Callewaert N. GlycoDelete engineering of mammalian cells simplifies N-glycosylation of recombinant proteins. Nat Biotechnol 2014; 32:485-9. [PMID: 24752077 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the N-glycans on therapeutic proteins causes difficulties for protein purification and process reproducibility and can lead to variable therapeutic efficacy. This heterogeneity arises from the multistep process of mammalian complex-type N-glycan synthesis. Here we report a glycoengineering strategy--which we call GlycoDelete--that shortens the Golgi N-glycosylation pathway in mammalian cells. This shortening results in the expression of proteins with small, sialylated trisaccharide N-glycans and reduced complexity compared to native mammalian cell glycoproteins. GlycoDelete engineering does not interfere with the functioning of N-glycans in protein folding, and the physiology of cells modified by GlycoDelete is similar to that of wild-type cells. A therapeutic human IgG expressed in GlycoDelete cells had properties, such as reduced initial clearance, that might be beneficial when the therapeutic goal is antigen neutralization. This strategy for reducing N-glycan heterogeneity on mammalian proteins could lead to more consistent performance of therapeutic proteins and modulation of biopharmaceutical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Meuris
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. [3]
| | - Francis Santens
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. [3]
| | - Greg Elson
- 1] NovImmune SA, Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland. [2]
| | - Nele Festjens
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Morgane Boone
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Simon Devos
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Evelyn Plets
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erica Houthuys
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Laura Cons
- NovImmune SA, Plan-Les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Bart Devreese
- Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- 1] Unit for Medical Biotechnology, Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium. [2] Laboratory for Protein Biochemistry and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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El Shikh ME, Kmieciak M, Manjili MH, Szakal AK, Pitzalis C, Tew JG. Multi-therapeutic potential of autoantibodies induced by immune complexes trapped on follicular dendritic cells. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2434-44. [PMID: 23836278 PMCID: PMC3981854 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of autoantibodies (autoAbs) targeting disease drivers / mediators is emerging as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy. Auto-immune complex (IC)-retaining follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) critically regulate pathogenic autoAb production in autoreactive germinal centers (GCs); however, their ability to induce potentially therapeutic autoAbs has not been explored. We hypothesized that deliberate display of clinically targeted antigens (Ags) in the form of ICs on FDC membranes induces target-specific autoreactive GCs and autoAbs that may be exploited therapeutically. To test our hypothesis, three therapeutically relevant Ags: TNF-α, HER2/neu and IgE, were investigated. Our results indicated that TNF-α-, HER2/neu- and IgE-specific autoAbs associated with strong GC reactions were induced by TNF-α-, HER2/neu- and IgE-IC retention on FDCs. Moreover, the induced anti-TNF-α autoAbs neutralized mouse and human TNF-α with half maximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC₅₀) of 7.1 and 1.6 nM respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that FDC-induced Ab production could be non-specifically inhibited by the IgG-specific Endo-S that accessed the light zones of GCs and interfered with FDC-IC retention. In conclusion, the ability of FDCs to productively present autoAgs raises the potential for a novel immunotherapeutic platform targeting mediators of autoimmune disorders, allergic diseases, and Ab responsive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohey Eldin El Shikh
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology; William Harvey Research Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK
| | - Maciej Kmieciak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; VCU School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA
- Massey Cancer Centre; VCU School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; VCU School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA
- Massey Cancer Centre; VCU School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA
| | - Andras K Szakal
- Anatomy and Neurobiology; VCU School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology; William Harvey Research Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London, UK
| | - John G Tew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; VCU School of Medicine; Richmond, VA USA
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11
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Olivares N, Marquina B, Mata-Espinoza D, Zatarain-Barron ZL, Pinzón CE, Estrada I, Parada C, Collin M, Rook G, Hernandez-Pando R. The protective effect of immunoglobulin in murine tuberculosis is dependent on IgG glycosylation. Pathog Dis 2013; 69:176-83. [PMID: 23873753 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have demonstrated having a protective effect in animal models of tuberculosis (TB). These experiments have considered the specificity of antigen recognition and the different isotypes and subclasses as significant contributors of this effect. However, the carbohydrate chain heterogeneity on the Fc region of IgG (Fc-IgG) can play an important role in modulating the immune response. Patients with TB usually have high titers of specific IgG; however, the carbohydrate associated with Fc-IgG usually lacks galactose. To assess the effect of this abnormal IgG in murine pulmonary TB, we evaluated the specificity of recognition to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in vitro and protective effects in vivo comparing human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and IVIg treated with an endoglycosidase to remove the glycan residues (EndoS-treated IVIg). Our results showed similar antigen recognition. The study of distribution and kinetics of IVIg in serum and bronchial lavage after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration in mice showed that IVIg circulates for 21 days. Finally, the protective effect of intact and EndoS-treated IVIg administered by i.p was studied in a murine model of progressive TB. IVIg treatment caused reduction in pulmonary bacilli loads, larger granulomas, and less pneumonia, while animals treated with EndoS-treated IVIg were not protected compared with control animals. Thus, IVIg has a protective activity in experimental pulmonary TB, and this effect requires intact Fc oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesty Olivares
- National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, DelegaciónTlalpan, Mexico; Institute of Biomedical Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, México, D.F, México
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12
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Ludwig RJ, Kalies K, Köhl J, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Emerging treatments for pemphigoid diseases. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:501-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. ISRN DERMATOLOGY 2013; 2013:812029. [PMID: 23956869 PMCID: PMC3727188 DOI: 10.1155/2013/812029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a chronic mucocutaneous autoimmune skin blistering disease. The pathogenic relevance of autoantibodies targeting type VII collagen (COL7) has been well-documented. Therefore, EBA is a prototypical autoimmune disease with a well-characterized pathogenic relevance of autoantibody binding to the target antigen. EBA is a rare disease with an incidence of 0.2 new cases per million and per year. The current treatment of EBA relies on general immunosuppressive therapy, which does not lead to remission in all cases. Therefore, there is a high, so far unmet medical need for the development of novel therapeutic options. During the last 10 years, several novel in vitro and in vivo models of EBA have been established. These models demonstrated a critical role of the genetic background, T cells, and cytokines for mediating the loss of tolerance towards COL7. Neutrophils, complement activation, Fc gamma receptor engagement, cytokines, several molecules involved in cell signaling, release of reactive oxygen species, and matrix metalloproteinases are crucial for autoantibody-induced tissue injury in EBA. Based on this growing understanding of the diseases' pathogenesis, several potential novel therapeutic targets have emerged. In this review, the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and current treatment options for EBA are discussed in detail.
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Lux A, Yu X, Scanlan CN, Nimmerjahn F. Impact of immune complex size and glycosylation on IgG binding to human FcγRs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4315-23. [PMID: 23509345 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IgG molecules are widely used as therapeutic agents either in the form of intact Abs or as Fc fusion proteins. Although efficient binding of the IgG Fc fragment to cellular FcγRs may be essential to achieve a high cytolytic activity, it may be advantageous for other applications to limit or abolish this interaction. Genetic or biochemical approaches have been used to generate these non-FcγR-binding IgG variants. By using soluble versions of FcγRs and monomeric versions of these altered IgG molecules, it was demonstrated that these IgG variants no longer bind to FcγRs. Importantly, however, these assays do not reflect the physiologic interaction of IgG with low-affinity cellular FcγRs occurring in the form of multimeric immune complexes. In this study, we investigated how the size of an immune complex can affect the interaction of normal and various versions of potentially non-FcγR-binding IgG variants with cellular FcγRs. We show that neither the D265A mutation nor EndoS treatment resulting in IgG molecules with only one N-acetylglucosamine and a fucose residue was fully able to abolish the interaction of all IgG subclasses with cellular FcγRs, suggesting that IgG subclass-specific strategies are essential to fully interfere with human FcγR binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lux
- Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Olsson MG, Allhorn M, Bülow L, Hansson SR, Ley D, Olsson ML, Schmidtchen A, Akerström B. Pathological conditions involving extracellular hemoglobin: molecular mechanisms, clinical significance, and novel therapeutic opportunities for α(1)-microglobulin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:813-46. [PMID: 22324321 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the major oxygen (O(2))-carrying system of the blood but has many potentially dangerous side effects due to oxidation and reduction reactions of the heme-bound iron and O(2). Extracellular Hb, resulting from hemolysis or exogenous infusion, is shown to be an important pathogenic factor in a growing number of diseases. This review briefly outlines the oxidative/reductive toxic reactions of Hb and its metabolites. It also describes physiological protection mechanisms that have evolved against extracellular Hb, with a focus on the most recently discovered: the heme- and radical-binding protein α(1)-microglobulin (A1M). This protein is found in all vertebrates, including man, and operates by rapidly clearing cytosols and extravascular fluids of heme groups and free radicals released from Hb. Five groups of pathological conditions with high concentrations of extracellular Hb are described: hemolytic anemias and transfusion reactions, the pregnancy complication pre-eclampsia, cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage of premature infants, chronic inflammatory leg ulcers, and infusion of Hb-based O(2) carriers as blood substitutes. Finally, possible treatments of these conditions are discussed, giving a special attention to the described protective effects of A1M.
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Lood C, Allhorn M, Lood R, Gullstrand B, Olin AI, Rönnblom L, Truedsson L, Collin M, Bengtsson AA. IgG glycan hydrolysis by endoglycosidase S diminishes the proinflammatory properties of immune complexes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A possible new treatment? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2698-706. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Antiphagocytic function of an IgG glycosyl hydrolase from Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and its use as a vaccine component. Infect Immun 2012; 80:2914-9. [PMID: 22615244 DOI: 10.1128/iai.06083-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
EndoSe from Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is an enzyme hydrolyzing glycosyl groups on IgG, analogous to EndoS from Streptococcus pyogenes. We here show that the activity of EndoSe leads to an antiphagocytic function and may thus be a contributory factor to immune evasion of S. equi. Despite the damaging effect that EndoSe has on IgG, antibodies against EndoSe can neutralize its function. Antibodies against EndoSe restored the opsonic activity of specific opsonizing antibodies. Mice infected with either S. equi subsp. equi or subsp. zooepidemicus or S. pyogenes could be protected by vaccination with EndoSe. It is speculated that EndoSe could be a suitable vaccine candidate against streptococcal infections.
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Goodfellow JJ, Baruah K, Yamamoto K, Bonomelli C, Krishna B, Harvey DJ, Crispin M, Scanlan CN, Davis BG. An Endoglycosidase with Alternative Glycan Specificity Allows Broadened Glycoprotein Remodelling. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:8030-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja301334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Goodfellow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Kavitha Baruah
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, U.K
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Camille Bonomelli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, U.K
| | - Benjamin Krishna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, U.K
| | - David J. Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, U.K
| | - Max Crispin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1
3QU, U.K
| | | | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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Lepur A, Carlsson MC, Novak R, Dumić J, Nilsson UJ, Leffler H. Galectin-3 endocytosis by carbohydrate independent and dependent pathways in different macrophage like cell types. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:804-18. [PMID: 22450157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 (the Mac-2 antigen) is abundantly expressed in both macrophage like cells and certain non-macrophage cells. We have studied endocytosis of galectin-3 as one important step relevant for its function, and compared it between variants of a macrophage like cell line, and non-macrophage cells. METHODS Endocytosis of galectin-3 was observed by fluorescence microscopy and measured by flow cytometry. The endocytosis mechanism was analysed using galectin-3 mutants, galectin-3 inhibitors and endocytic pathways inhibitors in the human leukaemia THP-1 cell line differentiated into naïve (M0), classical (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophage like cells, and the non-macrophage cell lines HFL-1 fibroblasts and SKBR3 breast carcinoma. RESULTS Galectin-3 endocytosis in non-macrophage cells and M2 cells was blocked by lactose and a potent galectin-3 inhibitor TD139, and also by the R186S mutation in the galectin-3 carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). In M1 cells galectin-3 endocytosis could be inhibited only by chlorpromazine and by interference with the non-CRD N-terminal part of galectin-3. In all the cell types galectin-3 entered early endosomes within 5-10 min, to be subsequently targeted mainly to non-degradative vesicles, where it remained even after 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 endocytosis in M1 cells is receptor mediated and carbohydrate independent, while in M2 cells it is CRD mediated, although the non-CRD galectin-3 domain is also involved. General significance The demonstration that galectin-3 endocytosis in M1 macrophages is carbohydrate independent and different from M2 macrophages and non-macrophage cells, suggests novel, immunologically significant interactions between phagocytic cells, galectin-3 and its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lepur
- Section MIG (Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Garbe J, Collin M. Bacterial hydrolysis of host glycoproteins - powerful protein modification and efficient nutrient acquisition. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:121-31. [PMID: 22222876 DOI: 10.1159/000334775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins are ubiquitous in nature and fundamental to most biological processes, including the human immune system. The glycoprotein carbohydrate moieties, or glycans, are very diverse in their structure and composition, and have major effects on the chemical, physical and biological properties of these glycoproteins. The hydrolysis of glycoprotein glycans by bacterial glycosidases can have dramatic effects on glycoprotein function and, thereby, be beneficial for the bacteria in different ways. This review gives an introduction to the expanding field of extracellular glycosidases from bacterial pathogens with activity on host glycoproteins, describes some known and proposed consequences for the host and the bacteria and discusses some evolutionary and regulatory aspects of bacterial glycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Garbe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University Biomedical Center B14, Lund, Sweden. julia.garbe @ med.lu.se
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Mekhaiel DNA, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Cooper PJ, Pleass RJ. Do regulatory antibodies offer an alternative mechanism to explain the hygiene hypothesis? Trends Parasitol 2011; 27:523-9. [PMID: 21943801 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The 'hygiene hypothesis', or lack of microbial and parasite exposure during early life, is postulated as an explanation for the recent increase in autoimmune and allergic diseases in developed countries. The favored mechanism is that microbial and parasite-derived products interact directly with pathogen recognition receptors to subvert proinflammatory signaling via T regulatory cells, thereby inducing anti-inflammatory effects and control of autoimmune disease. Parasites, such as helminths, are considered to have a major role in the induction of immune regulatory mechanisms among children living in developing countries. Invoking Occam's razor, we believe we can select an alternative mechanism to explain the hygiene hypothesis, based on antibody-mediated inhibition of immune responses that may more simply explain the available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N A Mekhaiel
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
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Sjögren J, Okumura CYM, Collin M, Nizet V, Hollands A. Study of the IgG endoglycosidase EndoS in group A streptococcal phagocyte resistance and virulence. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:120. [PMID: 21619648 PMCID: PMC3125321 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The secreted enzyme EndoS, an endoglycosidase from Streptococcus pyogenes, hydrolyzes the N-linked glycan of the constant region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) heavy chain and renders the antibody unable to interact with Fc receptors and elicit effector functions. In this study we couple targeted allelic replacement mutagenesis and heterologous expression to elucidate the contribution of EndoS to group A Streptococcus (GAS) phagocyte resistance and pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo. Results Knocking out the EndoS gene in GAS M1T1 background revealed no significant differences in bacterial survival in immune cell killing assays or in a systemic mouse model of infection. However, exogenous addition and heterologous expression of EndoS was found to increase GAS resistance to killing by neutrophils and monocytes in vitro. Additionally, heterologous expression of EndoS in M49 GAS increased mouse virulence in vivo. Conclusions We conclude that in a highly virulent M1T1 background, EndoS has no significant impact on GAS phagocyte resistance and pathogenicity. However, local accumulation or high levels of expression of EndoS in certain GAS strains may contribute to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sjögren
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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The role of differential IgG glycosylation in the interaction of antibodies with FcγRs in vivo. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011; 16:7-14. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328342538f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Deficiency of activating Fcγ-receptors reduces hepatic clearance and deposition of IC and increases CIC levels in mercury-induced autoimmunity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13413. [PMID: 20976163 PMCID: PMC2955531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inorganic mercury (Hg) induces a T-cell dependent, systemic autoimmune condition (HgIA) where activating Fcγ-receptors (FcγRs) are important for the induction. In this study we examined the influence of activating FcγRs on circulating levels and organ localization of immune complexes (IC) in HgIA. Methods and Principal Findings Mercury treated BALB/c wt mice showed a significant but modest increase of circulating IC (CIC) from day 12 until day 18 and day 35 for IgG2a- and IgG1- CIC, respectively. Mercury-treated mice lacking the trans-membrane γ-chain of activating FcγRs (FcRγ−/−) had significantly higher CIC levels of both IgG1-CIC and IgG2a-CIC than wt mice during the treatment course. The hepatic uptake of preformed CIC was significantly more efficient in wt mice compared to FcγR−/− mice, but also development of extrahepatic tissue IC deposits was delayed in FcRγ−/− mice. After 35 days of Hg treatment the proportion of immune deposits, as well as the amounts was significantly reduced in vessel FcRγ−/− mice compared to wt mice. Conclusions We conclude that mice lacking functional activating FcγRs respond to Hg with increased levels and altered quality of CIC compared with wt mice. Lack of functional activating FcγRs delayed the elimination of CIC, but also significantly reduced extrahepatic tissue localization of CIC.
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Abstract
Genetic defects affecting the humoral immune response and especially the production of antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype result in a heightened susceptibility to infections. Studies over the last years have demonstrated the crucial role of Fc-receptors for IgG (FcγRs) widely expressed on innate immune effector cells in mediating the protective function of IgG. During the last years, additional ligands interacting with FcγRs as well as additional receptors binding to IgG glycosylation variants have been identified. In this review, we discuss how the interaction of these different ligands with classical and novel Fcγ-receptors influences the immune response and which strategies microorganisms have developed to prevent them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Chair of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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