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Cross-reactivity between annexin A2 and Beta-2-glycoprotein I in animal models of antiphospholipid syndrome. Immunol Res 2018; 65:355-362. [PMID: 27449504 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) affects coagulation and the brain by autoimmune mechanisms. The major antigen in APS is beta-2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) is known to complex with annexin A2 (ANXA2), and antibodies to ANXA2 have been described in APS. We measured these antibodies in mice with experimental APS (eAPS) induced by immunization with β2-GPI. Sera of these mice reacted significantly with recombinant ANXA2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the eAPS mice had significantly high levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the brain by immunoblot assays compared to adjuvant immunized controls. Immunoprecipitation performed by mixing eAPS brain tissue with protein-G beads resulted in identification of two autoantigens unique to the eAPS group, one of which was ANXA2. In order to study more directly and methodically the specific role of anti-ANXA2 antibodies in APS, we immunized mice with β2-GPI which contained no ANXA2 or with ANXA2 and measured antibodies to these proteins. Levels of antibodies to ANXA2 measured by ELISA were 0.72 ± 0.007 arbitrary units (a.u), 0.24 ± 0.03 and 0.02 ± 0.01 a.u for sera from ANXA2, β2-GPI and control mice, respectively (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.037 for the comparison of the ANXA2 and β2-GPI groups to the controls). Purified IgG from β2-GPI sera did not show cross-binding with ANXA2. Antibodies to β2-GPI and phospholipids were found in the β2-GPI immunized group only. The present study suggests an immune response to the β2-GPI-ANXA2 complex in eAPS and provides a novel ANXA2 immunization model which will serve to study the role of ANXA2 antibodies in of APS.
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Weiss R, Bitton A, Ben Shimon M, Elhaik Goldman S, Nahary L, Cooper I, Benhar I, Pick CG, Chapman J. Annexin A2, autoimmunity, anxiety and depression. J Autoimmun 2016; 73:92-9. [PMID: 27372915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is associated with neurological manifestations and one of the novel autoantigens associated with this disease is Annexin A2 (ANXA2). In this work we have examined the effect of high levels of autoantibodies to ANXA2 on the brain in a mouse model. METHODS Recombinant ANXA2 emulsified in adjuvant was used to immunize mice while mice immunized with adjuvant only served as controls. At peak antibody levels the animal underwent behavioral and cognitive tests and their brains were examined for ANXA2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) and expression of ANXA2 and the closely linked protein p11. RESULTS Very high levels of anti-ANXA2 antibodies (Abs) were associated with reduced anxiety in the open field 13.14% ± 0.89% of the time in the center compared to 8.64% ± 0.91% observed in the control mice (p < 0.001 by t-test). A forced swim test found significantly less depression manifested by immobility in the ANXA2 group. The changes in behavior were accompanied by a significant reduction in serum corticosteroid levels of ANXA2 group compared to controls. Moreover, higher levels of total IgG and p11 expression were found in ANXA2 group brains. Lower levels of circulating anti-ANXA2 Abs were not associated with behavioral changes. CONCLUSIONS We have established an animal model with high levels of anti-ANXA2 Abs which induced IgG accumulation in the brain and specific anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects. This model promises to further our understanding of autoimmune disease such as APS and to provide better understanding of the role of the ANXA2-p11 complex in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weiss
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Bitton
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - M Ben Shimon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Elhaik Goldman
- BBB-Group, The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel
| | - L Nahary
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - I Cooper
- BBB-Group, The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, 52621, Israel; The Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya, Israel
| | - I Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - C G Pick
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Anatomy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Chapman
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Robert and Martha Harden Chair in Mental and Neurological Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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IgG accumulates in inhibitory hippocampal neurons of experimental antiphospholipid syndrome. J Autoimmun 2014; 55:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Antibody-specific behavioral effects: Intracerebroventricular injection of antiphospholipid antibodies induces hyperactive behavior while anti-ribosomal-P antibodies induces depression and smell deficits in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 272:10-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Increased anti-phospholipid antibodies in autism spectrum disorders. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:935608. [PMID: 24174712 PMCID: PMC3794552 DOI: 10.1155/2013/935608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairments in communication, social interactions, and repetitive behaviors. While the etiology of ASD is complex and likely involves the interplay of genetic and environmental factors, growing evidence suggests that immune dysfunction and the presence of autoimmune responses including autoantibodies may play a role in ASD. Anti-phospholipid antibodies are believed to occur from both genetic and environmental factors and have been linked to a number of neuropsychiatric symptoms such as cognitive impairments, anxiety, and repetitive behaviors. In the current study, we investigated whether there were elevated levels of anti-phospholipid antibodies in a cross-sectional analysis of plasma of young children with ASD compared to age-matched typically developing (TD) controls and children with developmental delays (DD) other than ASD. We found that levels of anti-cardiolipin, β2-glycoprotein 1, and anti-phosphoserine antibodies were elevated in children with ASD compared with age-matched TD and DD controls. Further, the increase in antibody levels was associated with more impaired behaviors reported by parents. This study provides the first evidence for elevated production of anti-phospholipid antibodies in young children with ASD and provides a unique avenue for future research into determining possible pathogenic mechanisms that may underlie some cases of ASD.
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Du VX, Kelchtermans H, de Groot PG, de Laat B. From antibody to clinical phenotype, the black box of the antiphospholipid syndrome: Pathogenic mechanisms of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Thromb Res 2013; 132:319-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16/6-idiotype expressing antibodies induce brain inflammation and cognitive impairment in mice: the mosaic of central nervous system involvement in lupus. BMC Med 2013; 11:90. [PMID: 23556432 PMCID: PMC3616817 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 16/6-idiotype (16/6-Id) of the human anti-DNA antibody was found to induce experimental lupus in naïve mice, manifested by production of autoantibodies, leukopenia and elevated inflammatory markers, as well as kidney and brain involvement. We assessed behavior and brain pathology of naive mice injected intra-cerebra-ventricularly (ICV) with the 16/6-Id antibody. METHODS C3H female mice were injected ICV to the right hemisphere with the human 16/6-Id antibody or commercial human IgG antibodies (control). The mice were tested for depression by the forced swimming test (FST), locomotor and explorative activity by the staircase test, and cognitive functions were examined by the novel object recognition and Y-maze tests. Brain slices were stained for inflammatory processes. RESULTS 16/6-Id injected mice were cognitively impaired as shown by significant differences in the preference for a new object in the novel object recognition test compared to controls (P = 0.012). Similarly, the preference for spatial novelty in the Y-maze test was significantly higher in the control group compared to the 16/6-Id-injected mice (42% vs. 9%, respectively, P = 0.065). Depression-like behavior and locomotor activity were not significantly different between the16/6-Id-injected and the control mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed an increase in astrocytes and microglial activation in the hippocampus and amygdala, in the 16/6-Id injected group compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS Passive transfer of 16/6-Id antibodies directly into mice brain resulted in cognitive impairments and histological evidence for brain inflammation. These findings shed additional light on the diverse mosaic pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric lupus.See related Commentary article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/11/91.
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Frauenknecht K, Bargiotas P, Bauer H, von Landenberg P, Schwaninger M, Sommer C. Neuroprotective effect of Fn14 deficiency is associated with induction of the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) pathway in experimental stroke and enhanced by a pathogenic human antiphospholipid antibody. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 227:1-9. [PMID: 20557950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using a transgenic mouse model of ischemic stroke we checked for a possible interaction of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) which often cause thromboses as well as central nervous system (CNS) involvement under non-thrombotic conditions and the TWEAK/Fn14 pathway known to be adversely involved in inflammatory and ischemic brain disease. After 7 days, infarct volumes were reduced in Fn14 deficient mice and were further decreased by aPL treatment. This was associated with strongest increase of the endogenous neuroprotective G-CSF/G-CSF receptor system. This unexpected beneficial action of aPL is an example for a non-thrombogenic action and the double-edged nature of aPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Frauenknecht
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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