1
|
Richtmann S, Marwitz S, Muley T, Koistinen H, Christopoulos P, Thomas M, Kazdal D, Allgäuer M, Winter H, Goldmann T, Meister M, Klingmüller U, Schneider MA. The pregnancy-associated protein glycodelin as a potential sex-specific target for resistance to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Transl Res 2024; 272:177-189. [PMID: 38490536 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer has been shown to be targetable by novel immunotherapies which reactivate the immune system and enable tumor cell killing. However, treatment failure and resistance to these therapies is common. Consideration of sex as a factor influencing therapy resistance is still rare. We hypothesize that the success of the treatment is impaired by the presence of the immunosuppressive pregnancy-associated glycoprotein glycodelin that is expressed in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We demonstrate that the glycan pattern of NSCLC-derived glycodelin detected by a lectin-based enrichment assay highly resembles amniotic fluid-derived glycodelin A, which is known to have immunosuppressive properties. NSCLC-derived glycodelin interacts with immune cells in vitro and regulates the expression of genes associated with inflammatory and tumor microenvironment pathways. In tumor microarray samples of patients, high glycodelin staining in tumor areas results in an impaired overall survival of female patients. Moreover, glycodelin colocalizes to tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells and pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages. High serum concentrations of glycodelin prior to immunotherapy are associated with a poor progression-free survival (p < 0.001) of female patients receiving PD-(L)1 inhibitors. In summary, our findings suggest that glycodelin not only is a promising immunological biomarker for early identification of female patients that do not benefit from the costly immunotherapy, but also represents a promising immunotherapeutic target in NSCLC to improve therapeutic options in lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Richtmann
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Marwitz
- Histology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Thomas Muley
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannu Koistinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Thomas
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kazdal
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Allgäuer
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Surgery, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Histology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Michael Meister
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc A Schneider
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Identification of an Immunogenic Medulloblastoma-Specific Fusion Involving EPC2 and GULP1. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225838. [PMID: 34830991 PMCID: PMC8616194 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Immunotherapy is yet to demonstrate dramatic results in medulloblastoma, one reason being the low rate of mutations creating new antigens in this entity. In tumors with low mutational burden, gene fusions may represent a source of tumor-specific neoantigens. Here, we reviewed the landscape of fusions in medulloblastoma and analyzed their predicted immunogenicity. Furthermore, we described a new in-frame fusion protein identified by RNA-Seq. The fusion involved two genes on chromosome 2 coding for the enhancer of polycomb homolog 2 (EPC2) and GULP PTB domain containing engulfment adaptor 1 (GULP1) respectively. By qRT-PCR analysis, the fusion was detected in 3 out of 11 medulloblastoma samples, whereby 2 samples were from the same patients obtained at 2 different time points (initial diagnosis and relapse), but not in other pediatric brain tumor entities. Cloning of the full-length sequence indicated that the fusion protein contains the N-terminal enhancer of polycomb-like domain A (EPcA) of EPC2 and the coiled-coil domain of GULP1. In silico analyses predicted binding of the neoantigen-derived peptide to HLA-A*0201. A total of 50% of the fusions described in the literature were also predicted to produce an immunogenic peptide. The EPC2-GULP1 fusion peptide was able to induce a de novo T cell response characterized by interferon gamma release of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in vitro. While the functional relevance of this fusion in medulloblastoma biology remains to be clarified, our data support an immunotherapeutic approach for pediatric medulloblastoma patients carrying the EPC2-GULP1 fusion and other immunogenic fusions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Vitanza NA, Johnson AJ, Wilson AL, Brown C, Yokoyama JK, Künkele A, Chang CA, Rawlings-Rhea S, Huang W, Seidel K, Albert CM, Pinto N, Gust J, Finn LS, Ojemann JG, Wright J, Orentas RJ, Baldwin M, Gardner RA, Jensen MC, Park JR. Locoregional infusion of HER2-specific CAR T cells in children and young adults with recurrent or refractory CNS tumors: an interim analysis. Nat Med 2021; 27:1544-1552. [PMID: 34253928 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Locoregional delivery of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has resulted in objective responses in adults with glioblastoma, but the feasibility and tolerability of this approach is yet to be evaluated for pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Here we show that engineering of a medium-length CAR spacer enhances the therapeutic efficacy of human erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2)-specific CAR T cells in an orthotopic xenograft medulloblastoma model. We translated these findings into BrainChild-01 ( NCT03500991 ), an ongoing phase 1 clinical trial at Seattle Children's evaluating repetitive locoregional dosing of these HER2-specific CAR T cells to children and young adults with recurrent/refractory CNS tumors, including diffuse midline glioma. Primary objectives are assessing feasibility, safety and tolerability; secondary objectives include assessing CAR T cell distribution and disease response. In the outpatient setting, patients receive infusions via CNS catheter into either the tumor cavity or the ventricular system. The initial three patients experienced no dose-limiting toxicity and exhibited clinical, as well as correlative laboratory, evidence of local CNS immune activation, including high concentrations of CXCL10 and CCL2 in the cerebrospinal fluid. This interim report supports the feasibility of generating HER2-specific CAR T cells for repeated dosing regimens and suggests that their repeated intra-CNS delivery might be well tolerated and activate a localized immune response in pediatric and young adult patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Vitanza
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Adam J Johnson
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashley L Wilson
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA.,Therapeutic Cell Production Core, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason K Yokoyama
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cindy A Chang
- Office of Animal Care, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Rawlings-Rhea
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wenjun Huang
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Catherine M Albert
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Navin Pinto
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Juliane Gust
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura S Finn
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason Wright
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Baldwin
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gardner
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie R Park
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Galluzzi L, Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Trial Watch: Experimental Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:699-716. [PMID: 22934262 PMCID: PMC3429574 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are prototypic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) best known for their ability to activate the innate immune system in response to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA. Accumulating evidence indicates that the function of TLRs is not restricted to the elicitation of innate immune responses against invading pathogens. TLRs have indeed been shown to participate in tissue repair and injury-induced regeneration as well as in adaptive immune responses against cancer. In particular, TLR4 signaling appears to be required for the efficient processing and cross-presentation of cell-associated tumor antigens by dendritic cells, which de facto underlie optimal therapeutic responses to some anticancer drugs. Thus, TLRs constitute prominent therapeutic targets for the activation/intensification of anticancer immune responses. In line with this notion, long-used preparations such as the Coley toxin (a mixture of killed Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens bacteria) and the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis originally developed as a vaccine against tuberculosis), both of which have been associated with consistent anticancer responses, potently activate TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Today, besides BCG, only one TLR agonist is FDA-approved for therapeutic use in cancer patients: imiquimod. In this Trial Watch, we will briefly present the role of TLRs in innate and cognate immunity and discuss the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of experimental TLR agonists as immunostimulatory agents for oncological indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ngalamika O, Tso FY, Lidenge S, Munsaka S, Shea D, Wood C, West J. Outcome markers of ART-treated HIV+ patients with early stage Kaposi's sarcoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235865. [PMID: 32634155 PMCID: PMC7340279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated/epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma (EpKS) is an AIDS-defining angio-proliferative malignancy. It can be treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) alone or with ART plus cytotoxic chemotherapy. ART-treated EpKS can either respond or worsen upon treatment. This study aimed at identifying immunological markers of ART-treatment response. We compared responders (those with clinical EpKS tumor regression) versus poor responders (those with progressive or non-responsive EpKS). We measured plasma cytokine and chemokine levels using cytometric bead assays. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses were also quantified to test associations with treatment outcome. Interleukin (IL)-5 levels were significantly elevated in responders versus poor-responders at baseline (0.76pg/ml vs. 0.37pg/ml; p<0.01) and follow-up (0.56pg/ml vs. 0.37pg/ml; p<0.01); IL-6 was lower in responders than poor-responders at follow-up (600fg/ml vs. 4272fg/ml; p<0.05). IP-10/CxCL-10 was significantly lower at follow-up in responders versus poor-responders (187pg/ml vs. 528pg/ml; p<0.01). KSHV nAb were not significantly differential between responders and poor-responders. In conclusion, high plasma IL-5 at baseline could be a marker for ART-treated KS tumor regression, whereas increased pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and the chemokine IP-10, associate with KS tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology & Venereology Section, University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- * E-mail:
| | - For Yue Tso
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Salum Lidenge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sody Munsaka
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Danielle Shea
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Charles Wood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - John West
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ultrasound-Induced Blood-Brain-Barrier Opening Enhances Anticancer Efficacy in the Treatment of Glioblastoma: Current Status and Future Prospects. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2345203. [PMID: 31781213 PMCID: PMC6875288 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2345203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) diffusely infiltrates normal brain tissue. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses difficulties for targeted delivery of currently available antitumor drugs. Novel brain drug delivery strategies are far from satisfactory for glioma treatment. Recently, focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles presents a transient, reversible, and noninvasive approach for local induction of BBB opening. This strategy demonstrated its potential to increase local concentrations of both diagnostic and therapeutic agents in glioma therapy. Current status and related physic mechanisms of this drug delivery technique are discussed in this review. Delivery efficiency enhancement in many preclinical glioma models was obtained by FUS-BBB opening combined with various nanoparticles. And, the clinical translational status of FUS-BBB will be discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Chuntova P, Downey KM, Hegde B, Almeida ND, Okada H. Genetically Engineered T-Cells for Malignant Glioma: Overcoming the Barriers to Effective Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3062. [PMID: 30740109 PMCID: PMC6357938 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas carry a dismal prognosis. Conventional treatment using chemo- and radiotherapy has limited efficacy with adverse events. Therapy with genetically engineered T-cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, may represent a promising approach to improve patient outcomes owing to their potential ability to attack highly infiltrative tumors in a tumor-specific manner and possible persistence of the adaptive immune response. However, the unique anatomical features of the brain and susceptibility of this organ to irreversible tissue damage have made immunotherapy especially challenging in the setting of glioma. With safety concerns in mind, multiple teams have initiated clinical trials using CAR T-cells in glioma patients. The valuable lessons learnt from those trials highlight critical areas for further improvement: tackling the issues of the antigen presentation and T-cell homing in the brain, immunosuppression in the glioma microenvironment, antigen heterogeneity and off-tumor toxicity, and the adaptation of existing clinical therapies to reflect the intricacies of immune response in the brain. This review summarizes the up-to-date clinical outcomes of CAR T-cell clinical trials in glioma patients and examines the most pressing hurdles limiting the efficacy of these therapies. Furthermore, this review uses these hurdles as a framework upon which to evaluate cutting-edge pre-clinical strategies aiming to overcome those barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Chuntova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kira M Downey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bindu Hegde
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Neil D Almeida
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kalinski P, Talmadge JE. Tumor Immuno-Environment in Cancer Progression and Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:1-18. [PMID: 29275461 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The approvals of Provenge (Sipuleucel-T), Ipilimumab (Yervoy/anti-CTLA-4) and blockers of the PD-1 - PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway, such as nivolumab (Opdivo), pembrolizumab (Keytruda), or atezolizumab (Tecentriq), have established immunotherapy as a key component of comprehensive cancer care. Further, murine mechanistic studies and studies in immunocompromised patients have documented the critical role of immunity in effectiveness of radio- and chemotherapy. However, in addition to the ability of the immune system to control cancer progression, it can also promote tumor growth, via regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived dendritic cells (MDSCs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAM), which can enhance survival of cancer cells directly or via the regulation of the tumor stroma.An increasing body of evidence supports a central role for the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the interactions between tumor stroma, infiltrating immune cells and cancer cells during the induction and effector phase of anti-cancer immunity, and the overall effectiveness of immunotherapy and other forms of cancer treatment. In this chapter, we discuss the roles of key TME components during tumor progression, metastatic process and cancer therapy-induced tumor regression, as well as opportunities for their modulation to enhance the overall therapeutic benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - James E Talmadge
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dutoit V, Migliorini D, Dietrich PY, Walker PR. Immunotherapy of Malignant Tumors in the Brain: How Different from Other Sites? Front Oncol 2016; 6:256. [PMID: 28003994 PMCID: PMC5141244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is now advancing at remarkable pace for tumors located in various tissues, including the brain. Strategies launched decades ago, such as tumor antigen-specific therapeutic vaccines and adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are being complemented by molecular engineering approaches allowing the development of tumor-specific TCR transgenic and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. In addition, the spectacular results obtained in the last years with immune checkpoint inhibitors are transfiguring immunotherapy, these agents being used both as single molecules, but also in combination with other immunotherapeutic modalities. Implementation of these various strategies is ongoing for more and more malignancies, including tumors located in the brain, raising the question of the immunological particularities of this site. This may necessitate cautious selection of tumor antigens, minimizing the immunosuppressive environment and promoting efficient T cell trafficking to the tumor. Once these aspects are taken into account, we might efficiently design immunotherapy for patients suffering from tumors located in the brain, with beneficial clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Dutoit
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Denis Migliorini
- Oncology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Oncology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer immunotherapy has made much progress in recent years. Clinical trials evaluating a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches are underway in patients with malignant gliomas. Thanks to recent advancements in cell engineering technologies, infusion of ex vivo prepared immune cells have emerged as promising strategies of cancer immunotherapy. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors review recent and current studies using cellular immunotherapies for malignant gliomas. Specifically, they cover the following areas: a) cellular vaccine approaches using tumor cell-based or dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines, and b) adoptive cell transfer (ACT) approaches, including lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, γδ T cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells and T-cell receptor (TCR) transduced T cells. EXPERT OPINION While some of the recent studies have shown promising results, the ultimate success of cellular immunotherapy in brain tumor patients would require improvements in the following areas: 1) feasibility in producing cellular therapeutics; 2) identification and characterization of targetable antigens given the paucity and heterogeneity of tumor specific antigens; 3) the development of strategies to promote effector T-cell trafficking; 4) overcoming local and systemic immune suppression, and 5) proper interpretation of imaging data for brain tumor patients receiving immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lin
- a Neurological Surgery , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- a Neurological Surgery , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Calinescu AA, Kamran N, Baker G, Mineharu Y, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Overview of current immunotherapeutic strategies for glioma. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1073-104. [PMID: 26598957 PMCID: PMC4681396 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, numerous studies of immunotherapy for malignant glioma (glioblastoma multiforme) have brought new knowledge and new hope for improving the prognosis of this incurable disease. Some clinical trials have reached Phase III, following positive outcomes in Phase I and II, with respect to safety and immunological end points. Results are encouraging especially when considering the promise of sustained efficacy by inducing antitumor immunological memory. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of tumor-induced immune suppression led to the development of drugs targeting immunosuppressive checkpoints, which are used in active clinical trials for glioblastoma multiforme. Insights related to the heterogeneity of the disease bring new challenges for the management of glioma and underscore a likely cause of therapeutic failure. An emerging therapeutic strategy is represented by a combinatorial, personalized approach, including the standard of care: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy with added active immunotherapy and multiagent targeting of immunosuppressive checkpoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Kamran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pedro Ricardo Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria Graciela Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chitosan as an adjuvant-like substrate for dendritic cell culture to enhance antitumor effects. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8867-8875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
13
|
Hotaling NA, Cummings RD, Ratner DM, Babensee JE. Molecular factors in dendritic cell responses to adsorbed glycoconjugates. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5862-74. [PMID: 24746228 PMCID: PMC4127877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and glycoconjugates have been shown to exert pro-inflammatory effects on the dendritic cells (DCs), supporting pathogen-induced innate immunity and antigen processing, as well as immunosuppressive effects in the tolerance to self-proteins. Additionally, the innate inflammatory response to implanted biomaterials has been hypothesized to be mediated by inflammatory cells interacting with adsorbed proteins, many of which are glycosylated. However, the molecular factors relevant for surface displayed glycoconjugate modulation of dendritic cell (DC) phenotype are unknown. Thus, in this study, a model system was developed to establish the role of glycan composition, density, and carrier cationization state on DC response. Thiol modified glycans were covalently bound to a model protein carrier, maleimide functionalized bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the number of glycans per BSA modulated. Additionally, the carrier isoelectric point was scaled from a pI of ∼4.0 to ∼10.0 using ethylenediamine (EDA). The DC response to the neoglycoconjugates adsorbed to wells of a 384-well plate was determined via a high throughput assay. The underlying trends in DC phenotype in relation to conjugate properties were elucidated via multivariate general linear models. It was found that glycoconjugates with more than 20 glycans per carrier had the greatest impact on the pro-inflammatory response from DCs, followed by conjugates having an isoelectric point above 9.5. Surfaces displaying terminal α1-2 linked mannose structures were able to increase the inflammatory DC response to a greater extent than did any other terminal glycan structure. The results herein can be applied to inform the design of the next generation of combination products and biomaterials for use in future vaccines and implanted materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Hotaling
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | | | - Daniel M Ratner
- Dept. of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julia E Babensee
- Wallace H. Coulter Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Migliorini D, Dietrich PY, Walker PR. Maximizing output from current glioma vaccine trials to construct robust next-generation immunotherapies. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:1147-50. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Migliorini
- Centre of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Centre of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Centre of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tanase CP, Enciu AM, Mihai S, Neagu AI, Calenic B, Cruceru ML. Anti-cancer Therapies in High Grade Gliomas. CURR PROTEOMICS 2013; 10:246-260. [PMID: 24228024 PMCID: PMC3821381 DOI: 10.2174/1570164611310030007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High grade gliomas represent one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant types of human cancer, with only 1–2 years median survival rate for patients with grade IV glioma. The treatment of glioblastoma is a considerable therapeutic challenge; combination therapy targeting multiple pathways is becoming a fast growing area of research. This review offers an up-to-date perspective of the literature about current molecular therapy targets in high grade glioma, that include angiogenic signals, tyrosine kinase receptors, nodal signaling proteins and cancer stem cells related approaches. Simultaneous identification of proteomic signatures could provide biomarker panels for diagnostic and personalized treatment of different subsets of glioblastoma. Personalized medicine is starting to gain importance in clinical care, already having recorded a series of successes in several types of cancer; nonetheless, in brain tumors it is still at an early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Pistol Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Department of Biochemistry-Proteomics, no 99-101 Splaiul Inde-pendentei, 050096 sect 5 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kohanbash G, McKaveney K, Sakaki M, Ueda R, Mintz AH, Amankulor N, Fujita M, Ohlfest JR, Okada H. GM-CSF promotes the immunosuppressive activity of glioma-infiltrating myeloid cells through interleukin-4 receptor-α. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6413-23. [PMID: 24030977 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are lethal cancers in the brain and heavily infiltrated by myeloid cells. Interleukin-4 receptor-α (IL-4Rα) mediates the immunosuppressive functions of myeloid cells, and polymorphisms in the IL-4Rα gene are associated with altered glioma risk and prognosis. In this study, we sought to evaluate a hypothesized causal role for IL-4Rα and myeloid suppressor cells in glioma development. In both mouse de novo gliomas and human glioblastoma cases, IL-4Rα was upregulated on glioma-infiltrating myeloid cells but not in the periphery or in normal brain. Mice genetically deficient for IL-4Rα exhibited a slower growth of glioma associated with reduced production in the glioma microenvironment of arginase, a marker of myeloid suppressor cells, which is critical for their T-cell inhibitory function. Supporting this result, investigations using bone marrow-derived myeloid cells showed that IL-4Rα mediates IL-13-induced production of arginase. Furthermore, glioma-derived myeloid cells suppressed T-cell proliferation in an IL-4Rα-dependent manner, consistent with their identification as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) plays a central role for the induction of IL-4Rα expression on myeloid cells, and we found that GM-CSF is upregulated in both human and mouse glioma microenvironments compared with normal brain or peripheral blood samples. Together, our findings establish a GM-CSF-induced mechanism of immunosuppression in the glioma microenvironment via upregulation of IL-4Rα on MDSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Kohanbash
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health; Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center; Departments of Neurological Surgery, Surgery, and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hoepner S, Walker PR. Getting by with a little help from the right CD4 + T cells. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25772. [PMID: 24244904 PMCID: PMC3825730 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor infiltration by effector cells is essential for the efficacy of T cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches against brain malignancies. We found that tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-specific CD8+ T cells are optimally recruited to neoplastic lesions when co-administered with TH1 polarized CD4+ T cells that are also TAA-specific. However, in vitro TH1 polarization is not required for the long-term therapeutic efficacy of the combined transfer of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hoepner
- Centre of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva; Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Phase I trial of a multi-epitope-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 62:125-35. [PMID: 22847020 PMCID: PMC3541928 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the safety and immune responses to an autologous dendritic cell vaccine pulsed with class I peptides from tumor-associated antigens (TAA) expressed on gliomas and overexpressed in their cancer stem cell population (ICT-107). Methods TAA epitopes included HER2, TRP-2, gp100, MAGE-1, IL13Rα2, and AIM-2. HLA-A1- and/or HLA-A2-positive patients with glioblastoma (GBM) were eligible. Mononuclear cells from leukapheresis were differentiated into dendritic cells, pulsed with TAA peptides, and administered intradermally three times at two-week intervals. Results Twenty-one patients were enrolled with 17 newly diagnosed (ND-GBM) and three recurrent GBM patients and one brainstem glioma. Immune response data on 15 newly diagnosed patients showed 33 % responders. TAA expression by qRT-PCR from fresh-frozen tumor samples showed all patient tumors expressed at least three TAA, with 75 % expressing all six. Correlations of increased PFS and OS with quantitative expression of MAGE1 and AIM-2 were observed, and a trend for longer survival was observed with gp100 and HER2 antigens. Target antigens gp100, HER1, and IL13Rα2 were downregulated in recurrent tumors from 4 HLA-A2+ patients. A decrease in or absence of CD133 expression was seen in five patients who underwent a second resection. At a median follow-up of 40.1 months, six of 16 ND-GBM patients showed no evidence of tumor recurrence. Median PFS in newly diagnosed patients was 16.9 months, and median OS was 38.4 months. Conclusions Expression of four ICT-107 targeted antigens in the pre-vaccine tumors correlated with prolonged overall survival and PFS in ND-GBM patients. The goal of targeting tumor antigens highly expressed on glioblastoma cancer stem cells is supported by the observation of decreased or absent CD133 expression in the recurrent areas of gadolinium-enhanced tumors.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nieto-Sampedro M, Valle-Argos B, Gómez-Nicola D, Fernández-Mayoralas A, Nieto-Díaz M. Inhibitors of Glioma Growth that Reveal the Tumour to the Immune System. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2011; 5:265-314. [PMID: 22084619 PMCID: PMC3201112 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s7685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treated glioblastoma patients survive from 6 to 14 months. In the first part of this review, we describe glioma origins, cancer stem cells and the genomic alterations that generate dysregulated cell division, with enhanced proliferation and diverse response to radiation and chemotherapy. We review the pathways that mediate tumour cell proliferation, neo-angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, as well as necrotic and apoptotic cell death. Then, we examine the ability of gliomas to evade and suppress the host immune system, exhibited at the levels of antigen recognition and immune activation, limiting the effective signaling between glioma and host immune cells.The second part of the review presents current therapies and their drawbacks. This is followed by a summary of the work of our laboratory during the past 20 years, on oligosaccharide and glycosphingolipid inhibitors of astroblast and astrocytoma division. Neurostatins, the O-acetylated forms of gangliosides GD1b and GT1b naturally present in mammalian brain, are cytostatic for normal astroblasts, but cytotoxic for rat C6 glioma cells and human astrocytoma grades III and IV, with ID50 values ranging from 200 to 450 nM. The inhibitors do not affect neurons or fibroblasts up to concentrations of 4 μM or higher.At least four different neurostatin-activated, cell-mediated antitumoral processes, lead to tumor destruction: (i) inhibition of tumor neovascularization; (ii) activation of microglia; (iii) activation of natural killer (NK) cells; (iv) activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL). The enhanced antigenicity of neurostatin-treated glioma cells, could be related to their increased expression of connexin 43. Because neurostatins and their analogues show specific activity and no toxicity for normal cells, a clinical trial would be the logical next step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Instituto Cajal de Neurobiología, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Valle-Argos
- Instituto Cajal de Neurobiología, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Nicola
- Instituto Cajal de Neurobiología, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ali OA, Doherty E, Bell WJ, Fradet T, Hudak J, Laliberte MT, Mooney DJ, Emerich DF. The efficacy of intracranial PLG-based vaccines is dependent on direct implantation into brain tissue. J Control Release 2011; 154:249-57. [PMID: 21704093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We previously engineered a macroporous, polymer-based vaccine that initially produces GM-CSF gradients to recruit local dendritic cells and subsequently presents CpG oligonucleotides, and tumor lysate to cell infiltrates to induce immune cell activation and immunity against tumor cells in peripheral tumor models. Here, we demonstrate that this system eradicates established intracranial glioma following implantation into brain tissue, whereas implantation in resection cavities obviates vaccine efficacy. Rats bearing seven-day old, intracranial glioma tumors were treated with PLG vaccines implanted into the tumor bed, resulting in retention of contralateral forelimb function (day 17) that is compromised by tumor formation in control animals, and 90% long-term survival (>100 days). Similar benefits were observed in animals receiving tumor resection plus vaccine implants into the adjacent parenchyma, but direct implantation of PLG vaccines into the resection cavity conferred no benefit. This dissociation of efficacy was likely related to GM-CSF distribution, as implantation of PLG vaccines within brain tissue produced significant GM-CSF gradients for prolonged periods, which was not detected after implantation in resection cavities. These studies demonstrate that PLG vaccine efficacy is correlated to GM-CSF gradient formation, which requires direct implantation into brain tissue, and justify further exploration of this approach for glioma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Ali
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Identification of novel myeloma-specific XBP1 peptides able to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes: a potential therapeutic application in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2011; 25:1610-9. [PMID: 21660045 PMCID: PMC3483794 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to identify HLA-A2+ immunogenic peptides derived from XBP1 antigens to induce a multiple myeloma (MM)-specific immune response. Six native peptides from non-spliced XBP1 antigen and three native peptides from spliced XBP1 antigen were selected and evaluated for their HLA-A2 specificity. Among them, XBP1184–192, XBP1 SP196–204 and XBP1 SP367–375 peptides showed the highest level of binding affinity, but not stability to HLA-A2 molecules. Novel heteroclitic XBP1 peptides, YISPWILAV or YLFPQLISV, demonstrated a significant improvement in HLA-A2 stability from their native XBP1184–192 or XBP1 SP367–375 peptide, respectively. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated by repeated stimulation of CD3+ T cells with each HLA-A2-specific heteroclitic peptide showed an increased percentage of CD8+ (cytotoxic) and CD69+/CD45RO+ (activated memory) T cells and a lower percentage of CD4+ (helper) and CD45RA+/CCR7+ (naïve) T cells, which were distinct from the control T cells. Functionally, the CTLs demonstrated MM-specific and HLA-A2-restricted proliferation, IFN-γ secretion and cytotoxic acivity in response to MM cell lines and importantly, cytotoxicty against primary MM cells. These data demonstrate the distinct immunogenic characteristics of unique heteroclitic XBP1 peptides which induce MM-specific CTLs and highlights their potential application for immunotherapy to treat the patients with MM or its pre-malignant condition.
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu M, Guo S, Stiles JK. The emerging role of CXCL10 in cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2011; 2:583-589. [PMID: 22848232 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine interferon-γ inducible protein 10 kDa (CXCL10) is a member of the CXC chemokine family which binds to the CXCR3 receptor to exert its biological effects. CXCL10 is involved in chemotaxis, induction of apoptosis, regulation of cell growth and mediation of angiostatic effects. CXCL10 is associated with a variety of human diseases including infectious diseases, chronic inflammation, immune dysfuntion, tumor development, metastasis and dissemination. More importantly, CXCL10 has been identified as a major biological marker mediating disease severity and may be utilized as a prognostic indicator for various diseases. In this review, we focus on current research elucidating the emerging role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of cancer. Understanding the role of CXCL10 in disease initiation and progression may provide the basis for developing CXCL10 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for related human malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tacken PJ, Figdor CG. Targeted antigen delivery and activation of dendritic cells in vivo: steps towards cost effective vaccines. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:12-20. [PMID: 21269839 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, the immunotherapeutic potential of ex vivo generated professional antigen presenting dendritic cells (DCs) has been explored in the clinic. Albeit safe, clinical results have thus far been limited. A major disadvantage of current cell-based dendritic cell (DC) therapies, preventing universal implementation of this form of immunotherapy, is the requirement that vaccines need to be tailor made for each individual. Targeted delivery of antigens to DC surface receptors in vivo would circumvent this laborious and expensive ex vivo culturing steps involved with these cell-based therapies. In addition, the opportunity to target natural and often rare DC subsets in vivo might have advantages over loading more artificial ex vivo cultured DCs. Preclinical studies show targeting antigens to DCs effectively induces humoral responses, while cellular responses are induced provided a DC maturation or activation stimulus is co-administered. Here, we discuss strategies to target antigens to distinct DC subsets and to simultaneously employ adjuvants to activate these cells to induce immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Tacken
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Postbox 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Biomaterial-based vaccine induces regression of established intracranial glioma in rats. Pharm Res 2011; 28:1074-80. [PMID: 21225320 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prognosis for glioma patients is poor, and development of new treatments is critical. Previously, we engineered polymer-based vaccines that control GM-CSF, CpG-oligonucleotide, and tumor-lysate presentation to regulate immune cell trafficking and activation, which promoted potent immune responses against peripheral tumors. Here, we extend the use of this system to glioma. METHODS Rats were challenged with an intracranial injection of glioma cells followed (1 week) by administration of the polymeric vaccine (containing GM-CSF, CpG, and tumor-lysate) in the tumor bed. Control rats were treated with blank matrices, matrices with GM-CSF and CpG, or intra-tumoral bolus injections of GM-CSF, CpG, and tumor lysate. Rats were monitored for survival and tested for neurological function. RESULTS Survival studies confirmed a benefit of the polymeric vaccine as 90% of vaccinated rats survived for > 100 days. Control rats exhibited minimal benefit. Motor tests revealed that vaccination protected against the loss of forelimb use produced by glioma growth. Histological analysis quantitatively confirmed a robust and rapid reduction in tumor size. Long-term immunity was confirmed when 67% of survivors also survived a second glioma challenge. CONCLUSIONS These studies extend previous reports regarding this approach to tumor therapy and justify further development for glioma treatment.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunotherapies using T lymphocytes are now considered as promising approaches for treating malignant glioma patients. This review discusses how basic understanding of antitumor T-cell responses in the brain are now leading to the rational planning of such novel therapeutic modalities. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials show that therapeutic vaccination with defined glioma antigens or dendritic cells pulsed with glioma lysates is feasible and generally well tolerated, but clinical efficacy has yet to be demonstrated in randomized trials. Preclinical data have established that effector T cells can be engineered to more efficiently recognize tumor cells via high-affinity T-cell receptors or chimeric antibody-like receptors. Animal studies have demonstrated that glioma immunotherapy is enhanced if immunosuppressive molecules (including transforming growth factor-beta) and glioma infiltrating regulatory T cells are inactivated. Clinical trials are under way assessing transforming growth factor-beta2 antisense oligonucleotides and regulatory T cell depletion. Combination of any of the above approaches with chemotherapy or radiotherapy is strongly supported by animal and clinical observations. SUMMARY Future T-cell immunotherapies will combine different strategies to deliver potent T cells to the glioma bed. The synergy of immunotherapies with radiotherapy and chemotherapy requires optimization, but it is now clear that these modalities are partners and not enemies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Schaffert D, Kiss M, Rödl W, Shir A, Levitzki A, Ogris M, Wagner E. Poly(I:C)-mediated tumor growth suppression in EGF-receptor overexpressing tumors using EGF-polyethylene glycol-linear polyethylenimine as carrier. Pharm Res 2010; 28:731-41. [PMID: 20694527 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a novel polyethylenimine (PEI)-based polymeric carrier for tumor-targeted delivery of cytotoxic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, poly(I:C). The novel carrier should be chemically less complex but at least as effective as a previously developed tetra-conjugate containing epidermal growth factor (EGF) as targeting ligand, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as shielding spacer, 25 kDa branched PEI as RNA binding and endosomal buffering agent, and melittin as endosomal escape agent. METHODS Novel conjugates were designed employing a simplified synthetic strategy based on 22 kDa linear polyethylenimine (LPEI), PEG spacers, and recombinant EGF. The efficacy of various conjugates (different PEG spacers, with and without targeting EGF) in poly(I:C)-mediated cell killing was evaluated in vitro using two human U87MG glioma cell lines. The most effective polyplex was tested for in vivo activity in A431 tumor xenografts. RESULTS Targeting conjugate LPEI-PEG2 kDa-EGF was found as most effective in poly(I:C)-triggered killing of tumor cells in vitro. The efficacy correlated with glioma cell EGFR levels. Repeated intravenous administration of poly(I:C) polypexes strongly retarded growth of A431 human tumor xenograft in mice. CONCLUSIONS The optimized LPEI-PEG2 kDa-EGF conjugate displays reduced chemical complexity and efficient poly(I:C)-mediated killing of EGFR overexpressing tumors in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Schaffert
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Orive G, Ali OA, Anitua E, Pedraz JL, Emerich DF. Biomaterial-based technologies for brain anti-cancer therapeutics and imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:96-107. [PMID: 20406668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Treating malignant brain tumors represents one of the most formidable challenges in oncology. Contemporary treatment of brain tumors has been hampered by limited drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the tumor bed. Biomaterials are playing an increasingly important role in developing more effective brain tumor treatments. In particular, polymer (nano)particles can provide prolonged drug delivery directly to the tumor following direct intracerebral injection, by making them physiochemically able to cross the BBB to the tumor, or by functionalizing the material surface with peptides and ligands allowing the drug-loaded material to be systemically administered but still specifically target the tumor endothelium or tumor cells themselves. Biomaterials can also serve as targeted delivery devices for novel therapies including gene therapy, photodynamic therapy, anti-angiogenic and thermotherapy. Nanoparticles also have the potential to play key roles in the diagnosis and imaging of brain tumors by revolutionizing both preoperative and intraoperative brain tumor detection, allowing early detection of pre-cancerous cells, and providing real-time, longitudinal, non-invasive monitoring/imaging of the effects of treatment. Additional efforts are focused on developing biomaterial systems that are uniquely capable of delivering tumor-associated antigens, immunotherapeutic agents or programming immune cells in situ to identify and facilitate immune-mediated tumor cell killing. The continued translation of current research into clinical practice will rely on solving challenges relating to the pharmacology of nanoparticles but it is envisioned that novel biomaterials will ultimately allow clinicians to target tumors and introduce multiple, pharmaceutically relevant entities for simultaneous targeting, imaging, and therapy in a unique and unprecedented manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Orive
- Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jin B, Sun T, Yu XH, Liu CQ, Yang YX, Lu P, Fu SF, Qiu HB, Yeo AET. Immunomodulatory effects of dsRNA and its potential as vaccine adjuvant. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:690438. [PMID: 20671921 PMCID: PMC2910503 DOI: 10.1155/2010/690438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
dsRNA can be detected by pattern recognition receptors, for example, TLR3, MDA-5, NLRP3 to induce proinflammatory cytokines responsible for innate/adaptive immunity. Recognized by endosomal TLR3 in myeloid DCs (mDCs), dsRNA can activate mDCs into mature antigen presenting cells (mAPCs) which in turn present antigen epitopes with MHC-I molecules to naïve T cells. Coadministration of protein and synthetic dsRNA analogues can elicit an antigen-specific Th1-polarized immune response which stimulates the CD8+ CTL response and possibly dampen Th17 response. Synthetic dsRNA analogues have been tested as vaccine adjuvant against viral infections in animal models. However, a dsRNA receptor, TLR3 can be expressed in tumor cells while other members of TLR family, for example, TLR4 and TLR2 have been shown to promote tumor progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Thus, the promising potential of dsRNA analogues as a tumor therapeutic vaccine adjuvant should be evaluated cautiously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Naval General Hospital, 6 Fucheng Rd., Beijing 100048, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|