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The Modified Vaccination Technique. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 7:vaccines7010001. [PMID: 30577575 PMCID: PMC6466438 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to active and passive immunizations, there is a third method of immunization, the modified vaccination technique, which is based on injecting a combination of target antigens and antibodies against this antigen. The vaccine is essentially comprised of immune complexes with pre-determined immune-inducing components. When such an immune complex (target antigen × antibody against the target antigen) with a slight antigen excess is administered, it evokes a corrective immune response by the production of the same antibody with the same specificity against the target antigen that is present in the immune complex (pre-determined immune response).
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Watad A, Bragazzi NL, Adawi M, Amital H, Kivity S, Mahroum N, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Is autoimmunology a discipline of its own? A big data-based bibliometric and scientometric analyses. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:269-274. [PMID: 28332868 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1305361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunology is a super-specialty of immunology specifically dealing with autoimmune disorders. To assess the extant literature concerning autoimmune disorders, bibliometric and scientometric analyses (namely, research topics/keywords co-occurrence, journal co-citation, citations, and scientific output trends - both crude and normalized, authors network, leading authors, countries, and organizations analysis) were carried out using open-source software, namely, VOSviewer and SciCurve. A corpus of 169,519 articles containing the keyword "autoimmunity" was utilized, selecting PubMed/MEDLINE as bibliographic thesaurus. Journals specifically devoted to autoimmune disorders were six and covered approximately 4.15% of the entire scientific production. Compared with all the corpus (from 1946 on), these specialized journals have been established relatively few decades ago. Top countries were the United States, Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, China, France, Canada, Australia, and Israel. Trending topics are represented by the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the ethiopathogenesis of autoimmune disorders, contributions of genetics and of epigenetic modifications, role of vitamins, management during pregnancy and the impact of gender. New subsets of immune cells have been extensively investigated, with a focus on interleukin production and release and on Th17 cells. Autoimmunology is emerging as a new discipline within immunology, with its own bibliometric properties, an identified scientific community and specifically devoted journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Watad
- a Department of Medicine 'B' , Sheba Medical Center , Tel- Hashomer, Israel.,b Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center , Tel- Hashomer, Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- d School of Public Health Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL) , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Mohammad Adawi
- e Padeh and Ziv Hospitals, Bar-Ilan Faculty of Medicine , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Howard Amital
- a Department of Medicine 'B' , Sheba Medical Center , Tel- Hashomer, Israel.,b Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center , Tel- Hashomer, Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel
| | - Shaye Kivity
- b Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center , Tel- Hashomer, Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel
| | - Naim Mahroum
- a Department of Medicine 'B' , Sheba Medical Center , Tel- Hashomer, Israel.,b Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center , Tel- Hashomer, Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel
| | - Miri Blank
- b Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center , Tel- Hashomer, Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- b Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center , Tel- Hashomer, Israel.,c Sackler Faculty of Medicine , Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel
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