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Zhang Y, Hou S, Qi Z, Wu S, Zhu K, Wang W. Non-pharmacological and nonsurgical interventions in male urinary incontinence: A scoping review. J Clin Nurs 2023; 32:6196-6211. [PMID: 37161602 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.16749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To describe and synthesize non-pharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for male urinary incontinence from the existing literature. METHODS A scoping review was conducted following the methodology suggested by Arksey and O'Malley: (1) identification of the research questions; (2) identification of relevant studies using a three-step search recommended by JBI: an initial search within PubMed and CINAHL, a comprehensive literature search within PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and literature search of references lists; (3) study selection; (4) data extraction and charting; (5) collation, summarization, and reporting of the results. The PRISMA-ScR Checklist was used to report. RESULTS A total of 4602 studies were identified, of which 87 studies were included. Approximately 78% were randomized controlled trials. More than 88% of the participants were men with prostate cancer. Exercising pelvic floor muscles 30 times per day for 12 weeks was the most frequently reported. Parameters of electrical stimulation were typically set up to 50 Hz and 300 μs for frequency and width of pulse, respectively, and lasted for 15 min. Pure pelvic floor muscle training, Pilates, Yoga, whole body vibration, diaphragm/abdominal muscle training, micturition interruption exercise, acupuncture, and auriculotherapy showed positive effects on reducing urinary incontinence. CONCLUSION The findings suggested implementing pelvic floor muscle training alone before or after surgery can both prompt the recovery of continence in men after prostate cancer surgery. The decision to use biofeedback or electrical stimulation to enhance the therapeutic effect of pelvic floor muscle training should be approached with caution. More rigorous designed studies are needed to validate the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine techniques and diverse novel methods. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Physicians and nurses need to be up to date on the latest evidence-based non-pharmacological and nonsurgical interventions in male urinary incontinence and select appropriate interventions based on available medical resources and patient preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sijia Hou
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Qi
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Wu
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keping Zhu
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou, China
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Johnson EE, Mamoulakis C, Stoniute A, Omar MI, Sinha S. Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 4:CD014799. [PMID: 37070660 PMCID: PMC10112049 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014799.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men may need to undergo prostate surgery to treat prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia. After these surgeries, men may experience urinary incontinence (UI). Conservative treatments such as pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), electrical stimulation and lifestyle changes can be undertaken to help manage the symptoms of UI. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Specialised Register, which contains trials identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, MEDLINE Epub Ahead of Print, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP and handsearched journals and conference proceedings (searched 22 April 2022). We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of adult men (aged 18 or over) with UI following prostate surgery for treating prostate cancer or LUTS/BPO. We excluded cross-over and cluster-RCTs. We investigated the following key comparisons: PFMT plus biofeedback versus no treatment; sham treatment or verbal/written instructions; combinations of conservative treatments versus no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instructions; and electrical or magnetic stimulation versus no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instructions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We extracted data using a pre-piloted form and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of outcomes and comparisons included in the summary of findings tables. We used an adapted version of GRADE to assess certainty in results where there was no single effect measurement available. MAIN RESULTS We identified 25 studies including a total of 3079 participants. Twenty-three studies assessed men who had previously undergone radical prostatectomy or radical retropubic prostatectomy, while only one study assessed men who had undergone transurethral resection of the prostate. One study did not report on previous surgery. Most studies were at high risk of bias for at least one domain. The certainty of evidence assessed using GRADE was mixed. PFMT plus biofeedback versus no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instructions Four studies reported on this comparison. PFMT plus biofeedback may result in greater subjective cure of incontinence from 6 to 12 months (1 study; n = 102; low-certainty evidence). However, men undertaking PFMT and biofeedback may be less likely to be objectively cured at from 6 to 12 months (2 studies; n = 269; low-certainty evidence). It is uncertain whether undertaking PFMT and biofeedback has an effect on surface or skin-related adverse events (1 study; n = 205; very low-certainty evidence) or muscle-related adverse events (1 study; n = 205; very low-certainty evidence). Condition-specific quality of life, participant adherence to the intervention and general quality of life were not reported by any study for this comparison. Combinations of conservative treatments versus no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instructions Eleven studies assessed this comparison. Combinations of conservative treatments may lead to little difference in the number of men being subjectively cured or improved of incontinence between 6 and 12 months (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.19; 2 studies; n = 788; low-certainty evidence; in absolute terms: no treatment or sham arm: 307 per 1000 and intervention arm: 297 per 1000). Combinations of conservative treatments probably lead to little difference in condition-specific quality of life (MD -0.28, 95% CI -0.86 to 0.29; 2 studies; n = 788; moderate-certainty evidence) and probably little difference in general quality of life between 6 and 12 months (MD -0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.02; 2 studies; n = 742; moderate-certainty evidence). There is little difference between combinations of conservative treatments and control in terms of objective cure or improvement of incontinence between 6 and 12 months (MD 0.18, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.60; 2 studies; n = 565; high-certainty evidence). However, it is uncertain whether participant adherence to the intervention between 6 and 12 months is increased for those undertaking combinations of conservative treatments (RR 2.08, 95% CI 0.78 to 5.56; 2 studies; n = 763; very low-certainty evidence; in absolute terms: no intervention or sham arm: 172 per 1000 and intervention arm: 358 per 1000). There is probably no difference between combinations and control in terms of the number of men experiencing surface or skin-related adverse events (2 studies; n = 853; moderate-certainty evidence), but it is uncertain whether combinations of treatments lead to more men experiencing muscle-related adverse events (RR 2.92, 95% CI 0.31 to 27.41; 2 studies; n = 136; very low-certainty evidence; in absolute terms: 0 per 1000 for both arms). Electrical or magnetic stimulation versus no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instructions We did not identify any studies for this comparison that reported on our key outcomes of interest. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Despite a total of 25 trials, the value of conservative interventions for urinary incontinence following prostate surgery alone, or in combination, remains uncertain. Existing trials are typically small with methodological flaws. These issues are compounded by a lack of standardisation of the PFMT technique and marked variations in protocol concerning combinations of conservative treatments. Adverse events following conservative treatment are often poorly documented and incompletely described. Hence, there is a need for large, high-quality, adequately powered, randomised control trials with robust methodology to address this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie E Johnson
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Charalampos Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Akvile Stoniute
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Innovation Observatory, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Muhammad Imran Omar
- Guidelines Office, European Association of Urology, Arnhem, Netherlands
- Academic Urology Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Department of Urology, Apollo Hospital, Hyderabad, India
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Bernardes MFVG, Mata LRFD, Azevedo C, Izidoro LCDR, Oliveira CMCD, Chianca TCM. Effectiveness of systemic acupuncture in the control of urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2022; 56:e20220135. [PMID: 36165956 PMCID: PMC10116906 DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2022-0135en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture associated with pelvic floor muscle training for the control of urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy. METHOD Open-label, parallel randomized clinical trial. The intervention group (n = 33) underwent eight sessions of systemic acupuncture associated with pelvic floor muscle training and the control group (n = 31) performed only pelvic floor muscle training. The outcome variable was urinary incontinence assessed by the Pad Test and Daily Pad Used, before treatment (T0), after four weeks (T1) and after eight weeks of treatment (T2). Data analysis was performed using a longitudinal model of Generalized Estimating Equations, significance level of 0.05. RESULTS The control group showed greater urinary loss compared to the intervention group at T1 (p = 0.006) and at T2 (p < 0.001). Both groups showed improvement in the level of urinary incontinence over time, but the improvement was greater in the intervention group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Acupuncture associated with pelvic floor muscle training was effective in reducing urinary incontinence in prostatectomized men.Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials:RBR-3jm5y2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cissa Azevedo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Bernardes MFVG, Mata LRFD, Azevedo C, Izidoro LCDR, Oliveira CMCD, Chianca TCM. Efetividade da acupuntura sistêmica no controle da incontinência urinária pós-prostatectomia radical: ensaio clínico randomizado. Rev Esc Enferm USP 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-220x-reeusp-2022-0135pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade da acupuntura associada ao treinamento muscular do assoalho pélvico para o controle da incontinência urinária pós-prostatectomia radical. Método: Ensaio clínico aleatorizado paralelo, do tipo aberto. O grupo intervenção (n = 33) foi submetido a oito sessões de acupuntura sistêmica associada ao treinamento muscular do assoalho pélvico e o grupo controle (n = 31) somente ao treinamento muscular do assoalho pélvico. A variável desfecho foi incontinência urinária avaliada pelo Pad Test e Daily Pad Used, antes do tratamento (T0), após quatro semanas (T1) e após oito semanas de tratamento (T2).A análise de dados foi realizada por modelo longitudinal de Equações de Estimações Generalizadas, nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: O grupo controle apresentou maior perda urinária em comparação ao grupo intervenção em T1 (p = 0,006) e em T2 (p < 0,001). Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora no nível de incontinência urinária ao longo do tempo, porém a melhora foi maior no grupo intervenção (p < 0,001). Conclusão A acupuntura associada ao treinamento muscular do assoalho pélvico foi efetiva para a redução da incontinência urinária em homens prostatectomizados. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos:RBR-3jm5y2
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Kannan P, Winser SJ, Fung B, Cheing G. Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Alone and in Combination With Biofeedback, Electrical Stimulation, or Both Compared to Control for Urinary Incontinence in Men Following Prostatectomy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Phys Ther 2018; 98:932-945. [PMID: 30137629 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone and in combination with biofeedback (BFB), electrical stimulation (ES), or both for urinary incontinence in men following prostatectomy is inconclusive. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether PFMT works well alone or in combination with BFB, ES, or both in comparison with a control. DATA SOURCES The databases Ovid Medline, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Science, and the specialized register of the Citroen Incontinence Review Group were searched from study inception to August 2017. Abstract proceedings from urological meetings, including the European Association of Urology and the American Urological Association, were also searched. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials that compared PFMT alone and PFMT with ES, BFB, or both and no treatment, placebo, or sham were included in the review. DATA EXTRACTION, SYNTHESIS, AND QUALITY Two independent reviewers completed data extraction and quality appraisal. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation tool was used for quality appraisal. Meta-analysis was done with software used for preparing and maintaining Cochrane reviews. LIMITATIONS Methodological flaws in the included studies limited internal validity. CONCLUSIONS PFMT alone, PFMT plus BFB and ES, and PFMT plus ES were more effective than the control for urinary incontinence following prostatectomy. The effect of PFMT plus BFB on postprostatectomy incontinence remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kannan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - S J Winser
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | - B Fung
- Physiotherapy Unit, Kwong Wah Hospital, Yau Ma Tei, Hong Kong
| | - G Cheing
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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Hung SL, Lin YH, Yang HY, Kao CC, Tung HY, Wei LH. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for fecal incontinence quality of life after coloanal anastomosis. J Clin Nurs 2016; 25:2658-68. [PMID: 27461451 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of pelvic floor muscle exercise for enhancing fecal incontinence quality of life after coloanal anastomosis in colorectal cancer patients. BACKGROUND Methods of improving incontinence have been evaluated in many countries, but never in a Taiwan population. DESIGN A longitudinal experimental study. METHODS Fifty-two colorectal cancer patients who had received colostomy closure and coloanal anastomosis surgery were recruited from a general hospital in southern Taiwan and randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 26) or a control group (n = 26). Both groups received routine postoperative care. However, the experimental group received private consultations, educational DVDs and pamphlets to instruct them in performing pelvic flow muscle exercise. In all participants, the Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale was used to measure quality of life before discharge and at one, two, three, six and nine months after discharge. Generalised estimating equations were used to compare longitudinal effects between the two groups. RESULTS The generalised estimating equations revealed that all participants had significantly improved Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale scores at two, three, six and nine months after discharge. Compared to the controls, however, the experimental group had significantly higher scores at two, three, and six months after discharge. CONCLUSIONS Patient education in pelvic floor muscle exercise positively affects Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale scores in patients who have received coloanal anastomosis. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Early education in pelvic floor muscle exercise can improve management of fecal incontinence symptoms after coloanal anastomosis and can improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Hung
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hua Lin
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsing-Yu Yang
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chan Kao
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yu Tung
- Surgery Department, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hsiang Wei
- Nursing Department, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Faithfull S, Lemanska A, Aslet P, Bhatt N, Coe J, Drudge-Coates L, Feneley M, Glynn-Jones R, Kirby M, Langley S, McNicholas T, Newman J, Smith CC, Sahai A, Trueman E, Payne H. Integrative review on the non-invasive management of lower urinary tract symptoms in men following treatments for pelvic malignancies. Int J Clin Pract 2015; 69:1184-208. [PMID: 26292988 PMCID: PMC5042099 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a non-invasive management strategy for men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after treatment for pelvic cancer, that is suitable for use in a primary healthcare context. METHODS PubMed literature searches of LUTS management in this patient group were carried out, together with obtaining a consensus of management strategies from a panel of authors for the management of LUTS from across the UK. RESULTS Data from 41 articles were investigated and collated. Clinical experience was sought from authors where there was no clinical evidence. The findings discussed in this paper confirm that LUTS after the cancer treatment can significantly impair men's quality of life. While many men recover from LUTS spontaneously over time, a significant proportion require long-term management. Despite the prevalence of LUTS, there is a lack of consensus on best management. This article offers a comprehensive treatment algorithm to manage patients with LUTS following pelvic cancer treatment. CONCLUSION Based on published research literature and clinical experience, recommendations are proposed for the standardisation of management strategies employed for men with LUTS after the pelvic cancer treatment. In addition to implementing the algorithm, understanding the rationale for the type and timing of LUTS management strategies is crucial for clinicians and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Faithfull
- School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, UK
| | - A Lemanska
- School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, UK
| | - P Aslet
- Department of Urology, Hampshire Hospitals Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK
| | - N Bhatt
- Sutton & Merton Community Services, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Coe
- University College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - M Feneley
- University College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - M Kirby
- Faculty of Health & Human Sciences, Centre for Research in Primary & Community Care (CRIPACC), University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - S Langley
- The Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | | | - J Newman
- Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - C C Smith
- School of Health and Social Care, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK
| | - A Sahai
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - E Trueman
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - H Payne
- University College Hospital, London, UK
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Lin YH, Yang HY, Hung SL, Chen HP, Liu KW, Chen TB, Chi SC. Effects of pelvic floor muscle exercise on faecal incontinence in rectal cancer patients after stoma closure. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2015; 25:449-57. [PMID: 25684312 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) on the faecal incontinence (FI) of rectal cancer patients following stoma closure. Participants were randomly distributed into an exercise group (n = 27) and non-exercise group (n = 26). An experimental design and longitudinal approach were implemented for data collection. Baseline data were collected at 1 day before discharge, and then PFME was taught before the patients were discharged from the hospital. We collected data and followed up with the patients at their pre-discharge visit and at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 months after discharge. The Cleveland Clinic Faecal Incontinence (CCI) score was used to measure patient outcome. PFME proved to effectively decrease the degree of FI in stoma closure recipients. The FI score of the exercise group significantly decreased from 8.37 to 2.27 after PFME compared with that of the non-exercise group (from 8.54 to 2.58). The generalised estimation equation tests showed that both group and time were significantly different. The tests also indicated that although PFME appeared to hasten the decline of incontinence, this effect was no longer detectable at 9 months; thus, it may be an effective intervention for FI when implemented up to half a year after discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Lin
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - H-Y Yang
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-L Hung
- Department of Nursing, National Tainan Junior College of Nursing, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - H-P Chen
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - K-W Liu
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - T-B Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - S-C Chi
- Nursing Department, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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McKenzie S, St John W, Wallis M, Griffiths S. Men's management of urinary incontinence in daily living: implications for practice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGICAL NURSING 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-771x.2012.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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