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Lock R, Carol H, Maris JM, Kolb EA, Gorlick R, Reynolds CP, Kang MH, Keir ST, Wu J, Purmal A, Gudkov A, Kurmashev D, Kurmasheva RT, Houghton PJ, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the curaxin CBL0137 by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64:10.1002/pbc.26263. [PMID: 27650817 PMCID: PMC5587189 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CBL0137 is a novel drug that modulates FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT), resulting in simultaneous nuclear factor-κB suppression, heat shock factor 1 suppression and p53 activation. CBL0137 has demonstrated antitumor effects in animal models of several adult cancers and neuroblastoma. PROCEDURES CBL0137 was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro cell line panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10.0 μM and against the PPTP in vivo solid tumor xenograft and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) panels at 50 mg/kg administered intravenously weekly for 4 weeks. RESULTS The median relative IC50 (rIC50 ) value for the PPTP cell lines was 0.28 μM (range: 0.13-0.80 μM). There were no significant differences in rIC50 values by histotype. CBL0137 induced significant differences in event-free survival (EFS) distribution compared to control in 10 of 31 (32%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in eight of eight (100%) evaluable ALL xenografts. Significance differences in EFS distribution were observed in four of six osteosarcoma lines, three of three rhabdoid tumor lines and two of six rhabdomyosarcoma lines. No objective responses were observed among the solid tumor xenografts. For the ALL panel, one xenograft achieved complete response and four achieved partial response. CONCLUSIONS The most consistent in vivo activity for CBL0137 was observed against ALL xenografts, with some solid tumor xenograft lines showing tumor growth delay. It will be important to relate the drug levels in mice at 50 mg/kg to those in humans at the recommended phase 2 dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | - Min H. Kang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Jianrong Wu
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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2
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An interferon response gene expression signature is activated in a subset of medulloblastomas. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:297-304. [PMID: 22937182 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that cytomegalovirus infection contributes to the development of medulloblastomas. Differential activation of antiviral expression programs in medulloblastomas has not been investigated yet. In this study, we assess the relevance of an antiviral transcriptional response in medulloblastomas. We analyzed a gene expression signature of type I interferon response in three public gene expression data sets of medulloblastomas. Interferon response genes were found to be significantly coordinately regulated in two independent studies. We distilled a signature of 10 interferon response genes from two data sets. This signature exhibited strongly significant gene-versus-gene correlation of expression levels across samples in a third external medulloblastoma data set. Our medulloblastoma IFN signature identified a previously unrecognized patient subgroup partially overlapping the WNT and SHH subtypes proposed by others. We conclude that significant traces of differential activation of antiviral transcriptional response can be found in three independent medulloblastoma patient cohorts. This IFN activation signal often coincides with reduced proliferation scores. Our proposed 10-gene type I IFN response gene signature could help to assess antiviral states in further gene expression data sets of medulloblastomas or other cancers.
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3
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Lau KM, Chan QKY, Pang JCS, Ma FMT, Li KKW, Yeung WW, Cheng ASL, Feng H, Chung NYF, Li HM, Zhou L, Wang Y, Mao Y, Ng HK. Overexpression of HMGA1 deregulates tumor growth via cdc25A and alters migration/invasion through a cdc25A-independent pathway in medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:553-71. [PMID: 22249617 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0934-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) is common in human cancers. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying its deregulation and downstream targets, and information about its clinical and biological significance in medulloblastoma (MB) is lacking. Here, we demonstrated frequent genomic gain at 6p21.33-6p21.31 with copy number increase leading to overexpression of HMGA1 in MB. The overexpression correlated with a high proliferation index and poor prognosis. Moreover, we found that hsa-miR-124a targeted 3'UTR of HMGA1 and negatively modulated the expression in MB cells, indicating that loss/downregulation of hsa-miR-124a reported in our previous study could contribute to the overexpression. Regarding the biological significance of HMGA1, siRNA knockdown and ectopic expression studies revealed the crucial roles of HMGA1 in controlling MB cell growth and migration/invasion through modulation of apoptosis and formation of filopodia and stress fibers, respectively. Furthermore, we identified cdc25A as a target of HMGA1 and showed that physical interaction between HMGA1 and the cdc25A promoter is required for transcriptional upregulation. In clinical samples, HMGA1 and cdc25A were concordantly overexpressed. Functionally, cdc25A is involved in the HMGA1-mediated control of MB cell growth. Finally, netropsin, which competes with HMGA1 in DNA binding, reduced the expression of cdc25A by suppression of its promoter activity and inhibited in vitro and in vivo intracranial MB cell growth. In conclusion, our results delineate the mechanisms underlying the deregulation and reveal the functional significance of HMGA1 in controlling MB cell growth and migration/invasion. Importantly, the results highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting HMGA1 in MB patients.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/genetics
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/mortality
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/pathology
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- HMGA1a Protein/genetics
- HMGA1a Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Medulloblastoma/genetics
- Medulloblastoma/metabolism
- Medulloblastoma/mortality
- Medulloblastoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Netropsin/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Survival Analysis
- Time Factors
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- cdc25 Phosphatases/genetics
- cdc25 Phosphatases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Mang Lau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
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4
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Miller S, Rogers HA, Lyon P, Rand V, Adamowicz-Brice M, Clifford SC, Hayden JT, Dyer S, Pfister S, Korshunov A, Brundler MA, Lowe J, Coyle B, Grundy RG. Genome-wide molecular characterization of central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor and pineoblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:866-79. [PMID: 21798848 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor (CNS PNET) and pineoblastoma are highly malignant embryonal brain tumors with poor prognoses. Current therapies are based on the treatment of pediatric medulloblastoma, even though these tumors are distinct at both the anatomical and molecular level. CNS PNET and pineoblastoma have a worse clinical outcome than medulloblastoma; thus, improved therapies based on an understanding of the underlying biology of CNS PNET and pineoblastoma are needed. To this end, we characterized the genomic alterations of 36 pediatric CNS PNETs and 8 pineoblastomas using Affymetrix single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Overall, the majority of CNS PNETs contained a greater degree of genomic imbalance than pineoblastomas, with gain of 19p (8 [27.6%] of 29), 2p (7 [24.1%] of 29), and 1q (6 [20.7%] of 29) common events in primary CNS PNETs. Novel gene copy number alterations were identified and corroborated by Genomic Identification of Significant Targets In Cancer (GISTIC) analysis: gain of PCDHGA3, 5q31.3 in 62.1% of primary CNS PNETs and all primary pineoblastomas and FAM129A, 1q25 in 55.2% of primary CNS PNETs and 50% of primary pineoblastomas. Comparison of our GISTIC data with publically available data for medulloblastoma confirmed these CNS PNET-specific copy number alterations. With use of the collection of 5 primary and recurrent CNS PNET pairs, we found that gain of 2p21 was maintained at relapse in 80% of cases. Novel gene copy number losses included OR4C12, 11p11.12 in 48.2% of primary CNS PNETs and 50% of primary pineoblastomas. Loss of CDKN2A/B (9p21.3) was identified in 14% of primary CNS PNETs and was significantly associated with older age among children (P = .05). CADPS, 3p14.2 was lost in 27.6% of primary CNS PNETs and was associated with poor prognosis (P = .043). This genome-wide analysis revealed the marked molecular heterogeneity of CNS PNETs and enabled the identification of novel genes and clinical associations potentially involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Miller
- Children’s Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Clinical Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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5
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Novel amplifications in pediatric medulloblastoma identified by genome-wide copy number profiling. J Neurooncol 2011; 107:37-49. [PMID: 21979893 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a WHO grade IV, invasive embryonal CNS tumor that mainly affects children. The aggressiveness and response to therapy can vary considerably between cases, and despite treatment, ~30% of patients die within 2 years from diagnosis. Furthermore, the majority of survivors suffer long-term side-effects due to severe management modalities. Several distinct morphological features have been associated with differences in biological behavior, but improved molecular-based criteria that better reflect the underlying tumor biology are in great demand. In this study, we profiled a series of 25 MB with a 32K BAC array covering 99% of the current assembly of the human genome for the identification of genetic copy number alterations possibly important in MB. Previously known aberrations as well as several novel focally amplified loci could be identified. As expected, the most frequently observed alteration was the combination of 17p loss and 17q gain, which was detected in both high- and standard-risk patients. We also defined minimal overlapping regions of aberrations, including 16 regions of gain and 18 regions of loss in various chromosomes. A few noteworthy narrow amplified loci were identified on autosomes 1 (38.89-41.97 and 84.89-90.76 Mb), 3 (27.64-28.20 and 35.80-43.50 Mb), and 8 (119.66-139.79 Mb), aberrations that were verified with an alternative platform (Illumina 610Q chips). Gene expression levels were also established for these samples using Affymetrix U133Plus2.0 arrays. Several interesting genes encompassed within the amplified regions and presenting with transcript upregulation were identified. These data contribute to the characterization of this malignant childhood brain tumor and confirm its genetic heterogeneity.
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6
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Lv SQ, Kim YH, Giulio F, Shalaby T, Nobusawa S, Yang H, Zhou Z, Grotzer M, Ohgaki H. Genetic alterations in microRNAs in medulloblastomas. Brain Pathol 2011; 22:230-9. [PMID: 21793975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00523.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate a variety of cellular processes via the regulation of multiple target genes. We screened 48 medulloblastomas for mutation, deletion and amplification of nine miRNA genes that were selected on the basis of the presence of potential target sequences within the 3'-untranslated region of the MYCC mRNA. Differential PCR revealed deletions in miR-186 (15%), miR-135a-1 (33%), miR-548d-1 (42%), miR-548d-2 (21%) and miR-512-2 (33%) genes, whereas deletion or amplification was detected in miR-135b (23%) and miR-135a-2 (15%). In miR-33b, deletion, amplification or a mutation at the precursor miRNA were detected in 10% of medulloblastomas. Overall, 35/48 (73%) medulloblastomas had at least one alteration. Real-time RT-PCR revealed MYCC overexpression in 11 of 37 (30%) medulloblastomas, and there was a correlation between MYCC overexpression and miR-512-2 gene deletion (P = 0.0084). Antisense-based knockdown of miR-512-5p (mature sequence of miR-512-2) resulted in significant upregulation of MYCC expression in HeLa and A549 cells, while forced overexpression of miR-512-2 in medulloblastoma/PNET cell lines DAOY, UW-228-2, PFSK resulted in the downregulation of MYCC protein. Furthermore, the results of luciferase reporter assays suggested that miR-512-2 targets the MYCC gene. These results suggest that alterations in the miRNA genes may be an alternative mechanism leading to MYCC overexpression in medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Qing Lv
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France Neuro-Oncology Program, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Pezzolo A, Coco S, Raso A, Parodi F, Pistorio A, Valdora F, Capra V, Zollo M, Aschero S, Basso E, Cama A, Nozza P, Gambini C, Cinalli G, Garrè ML, Iolascon A, Pistoia V, Tonini GP. Loss of 10q26.1-q26.3 in association with 7q34-q36.3 gain or 17q24.3-q25.3 gain predict poor outcome in pediatric medulloblastoma. Cancer Lett 2011; 308:215-24. [PMID: 21652146 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. We have investigated for novel chromosomal imbalances and prognostic markers of pediatric MB. Forty MBs out of 64, were analyzed using high resolution prometaphase comparative genomic hybridization. Chromosome 10q26.1-q26.3 loss combined with 17q24.3-q25.3 gain and/or 7q34-q36.3 gain in tumors predicted poor patient's survival. A minimal deleted region of 14.12cM at 10q26.1-q26.3 was refined by LOH analysis. We propose a new prognostic marker for pediatric MB patient risk stratification based on the presence of 10q26.1-q26.3 loss plus 17q24.3-q25.3 gain and/or 7q34-q36.3 gain associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pezzolo
- Department of Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS G. Gaslini Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
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8
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Coco S, Valdora F, Bonassi S, Scaruffi P, Stigliani S, Oberthuer A, Berthold F, Andolfo I, Servidei T, Riccardi R, Basso E, Iolascon A, Tonini GP. Chromosome 9q and 16q loss identified by genome-wide pooled-analysis are associated with tumor aggressiveness in patients with classic medulloblastoma. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:273-80. [PMID: 21348762 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is one of the most aggressive pediatric brain tumor. We report genome-wide pooled-analysis of classic MB variant of patients over 3 years of age at diagnosis. We combined array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) results from experimental analysis (31 cases) with two public databases (55 cases) in a final evaluation of 86 MBs. The most common chromosome structural aberrations were gains of 17q (45.3%), 1q (22.1%), and losses of 8p (15.1%), 10q (19.8%), 17p (37.2%), and 16q (16.3%). Isochromome (17q) was observed in 29.1% MBs. A significant association between poor patients survival and losses of 9q (p < 0.0023), 10q (p < 0.012), and 16q (p < 0.036) was observed. Univariate analysis showed association of 9q loss (p < 0.008) and 16q loss (p = 0.05) with adverse overall survival (OS). Chromosome 6 monosomy was a protective event although statistically borderline (p = 0.066). After adjusting for confounding factors, a poor OS was found for patients whose tumor has 9q loss [hazard ratio (HR) = 3.97; p < 0.006) or 16q loss (HR = 2.41; p = 0.038). Our results highlight the importance of genomic studies in different MB histological variants and indicate a genotype-phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Coco
- Translational Oncopathology, National Cancer Research Institute (IST), Genoa, Italy
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9
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Yong KJ, Yan B. The relevance of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to human central nervous system diseases. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:458-63. [PMID: 21288724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During development of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS), large numbers of neurons and glia are generated from the neuroepithelium and its progenitor derivatives as a result of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. We describe the biology of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions in the CNS as gleaned from animal models, and discuss the relevance of these processes to human CNS development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kol Jia Yong
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Massimino M, Giangaspero F, Garrè ML, Gandola L, Poggi G, Biassoni V, Gatta G, Rutkowski S. Childhood medulloblastoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 79:65-83. [PMID: 21129995 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the childhood central nervous system tumours, medulloblastoma and other neuroectodermal tumours account for 16-25% of cases. The causative factors of medulloblastoma/PNET have not been well established. It is more frequent in boys than in girl and in children than in adults. There was a significant improvement of survival for children diagnosed in 2000-2002 compared to those diagnosed in 1995-1999. The risk of dying was reduced by 30%. Patients are generally divided into risk-stratified schemes on the basis of age, the extent of residual disease, and dissemination. Sixty to 70% of patients older than 3 years are assigned to the average-risk group. High-risk patients include those in the disseminated category, and in North American trials those that have less than a gross or near-total resection, which is arbitrarily defined as 1.5 cm(2) of post-operative residual disease. Current and currently planned clinical trials will:define molecular and biological markers that improve outcome prediction in patients with medulloblastoma and which can be incorporated for front-line stratification of newly defined risk subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Massimino
- Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori", Milan, Italy.
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11
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Cho YJ, Tsherniak A, Tamayo P, Santagata S, Ligon A, Greulich H, Berhoukim R, Amani V, Goumnerova L, Eberhart CG, Lau CC, Olson JM, Gilbertson RJ, Gajjar A, Delattre O, Kool M, Ligon K, Meyerson M, Mesirov JP, Pomeroy SL. Integrative genomic analysis of medulloblastoma identifies a molecular subgroup that drives poor clinical outcome. J Clin Oncol 2010; 29:1424-30. [PMID: 21098324 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.5148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Medulloblastomas are heterogeneous tumors that collectively represent the most common malignant brain tumor in children. To understand the molecular characteristics underlying their heterogeneity and to identify whether such characteristics represent risk factors for patients with this disease, we performed an integrated genomic analysis of a large series of primary tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS We profiled the mRNA transcriptome of 194 medulloblastomas and performed high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array and miRNA analysis on 115 and 98 of these, respectively. Non-negative matrix factorization-based clustering of mRNA expression data was used to identify molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma; DNA copy number, miRNA profiles, and clinical outcomes were analyzed for each. We additionally validated our findings in three previously published independent medulloblastoma data sets. RESULTS Identified are six molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma, each with a unique combination of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations that globally influence mRNA and miRNA expression. We reveal the relative contribution of each subgroup to clinical outcome as a whole and show that a previously unidentified molecular subgroup, characterized genetically by c-MYC copy number gains and transcriptionally by enrichment of photoreceptor pathways and increased miR-183∼96∼182 expression, is associated with significantly lower rates of event-free and overall survivals. CONCLUSION Our results detail the complex genomic heterogeneity of medulloblastomas and identify a previously unrecognized molecular subgroup with poor clinical outcome for which more effective therapeutic strategies should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jae Cho
- Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Lober R, Sharma S, Bell B, Free A, Figueroa R, Sheils CW, Lee M, Cowell J. Pediatric primary intramedullary spinal cord glioblastoma. Rare Tumors 2010; 2:e48. [PMID: 21139963 PMCID: PMC2994522 DOI: 10.4081/rt.2010.e48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord tumors in pediatric patients are rare, representing less than 1% of all central nervous system tumors. Two cases of pediatric primary intramedullary spinal cord glioblastoma at ages 14 and 8 years are reported. Both patients presented with rapid onset paraparesis and quadraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging in both showed heterogeneously enhancing solitary mass lesions localized to lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord parenchyma. Histopathologic diagnosis was glioblastoma. Case #1 had a small cell component (primitive neuroectodermal tumor-like areas), higher Ki67, and p53 labeling indices, and a relatively stable karyotype with only minimal single copy losses involving regions: Chr8;pter-30480019, Chr16;pter-29754532, Chr16;56160245–88668979, and Chr19;32848902-qter on retrospective comparative genomic hybridization using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples. Case #2 had relatively bland histomorphology and negligible p53 immunoreactivity. Both underwent multimodal therapy including gross total resection, postoperative radiation and chemotherapy. However, there was no significant improvement in neurological deficits, and overall survival in both cases was 14 months.This report highlights the broad histological spectrum and poor overall survival despite multi modality therapy. The finding of relatively unique genotypic abnormalities resembling pediatric embryonal tumors in one case may highlight the value of genome-wide profiling in development of effective therapy. The differences in management with intracranial and low-grade spinal cord gliomas and current management issues are discussed.
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Sharma S, Free A, Mei Y, Peiper SC, Wang Z, Cowell JK. Distinct molecular signatures in pediatric infratentorial glioblastomas defined by aCGH. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 89:169-74. [PMID: 20621092 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are rare in children, but reportedly have more varied outcome which suggests differences in tumor etiology compared to typical GBM of adults. To investigate this we performed high resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on three pediatric infratentorial GBM, ages 3.5, 7 and 14 years. Two of these tumors occurred in the brainstem and one in the spinal cord. While histologically typical, one brainstem tumor showed mainly pleomorphic astrocytic cells, whereas the other brainstem and spinal tumors showed a GFAP positive small cell component. Whole chromosomal gains (#1 and #2) and loss (#20) were seen only in the pleomorphic brainstem GBM, which also showed a high level of segmental genomic copy number changes. Segmental loss involving chromosome 8 was seen in all three tumors (Chr8;133039446-136869494, Chr8;pter-3581577, and Chr8;pter-30480019 respectively), whereas loss involving chromosome 16 was seen in only 2 cases with small cell components (Chr16;31827239-qter and Chr16;pter-29754532). Segmental gain of chromosome 7 was shared only between the 2 brainstem cases (Chr7;17187166-qter and Chr7;69824947-qter). Chromosome 17 showed segmental gain of 17q in the backdrop of loss of 17p only in case 1. Segmental gain of chromosome 1q was seen only in case 2. The spinal GBM showed a relatively stable karyotype with a unique loss of Chr19;32848902-qter. None of the frequent losses, gains and amplifications known to occur in adult GBM were identified, suggesting that pediatric infratentorial glioblastomas show a molecular karyotype that was more characteristic of pediatric embryonal tumors than adult GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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14
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Northcott PA, Rutka JT, Taylor MD. Genomics of medulloblastoma: from Giemsa-banding to next-generation sequencing in 20 years. Neurosurg Focus 2010; 28:E6. [DOI: 10.3171/2009.10.focus09218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the field of genomics have recently enabled the unprecedented characterization of the cancer genome, providing novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying malignancies in humans. The application of high-resolution microarray platforms to the study of medulloblastoma has revealed new oncogenes and tumor suppressors and has implicated changes in DNA copy number, gene expression, and methylation state in its etiology. Additionally, the integration of medulloblastoma genomics with patient clinical data has confirmed molecular markers of prognostic significance and highlighted the potential utility of molecular disease stratification. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies promises to greatly transform our understanding of medulloblastoma pathogenesis in the next few years, permitting comprehensive analyses of all aspects of the genome and increasing the likelihood that genomic medicine will become part of the routine diagnosis and treatment of medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Northcott
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre
- 2Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children; and
- 3Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James T. Rutka
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre
- 3Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- 1Division of Neurosurgery, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre
- 2Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children; and
- 3Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Behdad A, Perry A. Central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors: a clinicopathologic and genetic study of 33 cases. Brain Pathol 2009; 20:441-50. [PMID: 19725831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) include supratentorial, brain stem, and spinal cord tumors with medulloblastoma-like histopathology. The prognostic impact of various pathologic and genetic features has not been thoroughly investigated. After re-diagnosis of three infantile cases as atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), 33 remaining CNS PNETs were retrieved for clinicopathologic and fluorescence in situ hybridization studies. Anaplastic and/or large cell features were seen in 18 of 33 (55%) examples and survival was decreased in these patients (P = 0.036). MYCN or MYCC gene amplifications were noted in about half, with a trend towards decreased survival (P = 0.112). Polysomies of chromosomes 2 and 8 were each individually associated with decreased survival in children, with an even stronger association when combined (P = 0.013). Neither EWS gene rearrangements, nor AT/RT-like 22q deletions were encountered. We conclude that in CNS PNET: (i) routine application of INI1 immunohistochemistry helps rule out AT/RT, particularly in infants; (ii) MYC gene amplifications (especially MYCN) are common; (iii) involvement of CNS parenchyma by Ewing sarcoma/peripheral PNET is rare enough that EWS gene testing is not necessary unless significant dural involvement is present; and (iv) both anaplastic/large cell features and polysomies of 2 and 8 are associated with more aggressive clinical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Behdad
- Department of Pathology, Cedar Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif, USA
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16
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Genetic fingerprinting of the development and progression of T-cell lymphoma in a murine model of atypical myeloproliferative disorder initiated by the ZNF198-fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 chimeric tyrosine kinase. Blood 2009; 114:1576-84. [PMID: 19506298 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-212704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of human ZNF198-fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1) stem cell leukemia lymphoma has been developed to investigate mechanisms of oncogenesis and progression. Using array-based comparative genomic hybridization, we followed disease progression after serial transplantation of ZNF198-FGFR1-transformed stem cells that give rise to a distinct myeloproliferative disorder and T-lymphoblastic leukemia. A consistent, frequently homozygous, chr14:53880459-55011545 deletion, containing the T-cell receptor alpha and delta genes, was identified in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes in all cases. The absence of cell-surface T-cell receptor alpha in tumor cells precludes CD3 recruitment, resulting in loss of a functional T-cell receptor complex, supporting the idea that prevention of maturation of CD4(+)/CD8(+) double-positive immature T cells is important in ZNF198-FGFR1 disease development. Up-regulation of the B-cell line 2, interleukin 7 receptor alpha and interleuking 2 receptor alpha prosurvival genes in these undifferentiated tumor precursor cells suggests one mechanism that allows them to escape apoptosis in the thymus. Thus, we have defined an important event in the process of ZNF198-FGFR1-induced T-cell leukemia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The outcome of medulloblastoma patients and the quality of life of survivors can be improved by both novel therapies and a better tumor classification. This review will focus on the pathology and molecular biology of medulloblastoma and its potential to influence risk assignment and future therapy. RECENT FINDINGS A risk stratification system of pediatric medulloblastoma based on a combination of histopathological evaluation and targeted molecular analysis can be outlined. Among the four variants recognized by the 2007 WHO classification, the desmoplastic medulloblastoma and the medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity have significantly better survival with respect to classic medulloblastoma, whereas the large-cell and anaplastic have a worse prognosis. Moreover, 17p loss, MYC amplification/expression, and 1q gain are associated with poor prognosis; in contrast, monosomy 6, mutation of CTNNB1, and trkC expression identify tumors with a favorable outcome. Emerging evidence indicates that the different precursor cell populations that form the cerebellum are susceptible to mutations in signal pathways that regulate their functions; these mutations alter normal development programmes and may result in the formation of distinct variants of medulloblastoma. SUMMARY Better understanding of the growth control mechanisms involved in the development and progression of medulloblastoma will allow improved therapeutic stratification of patients using existing adjuvant therapy as well as the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Recurrent genomic alterations characterize medulloblastoma arising from DNA double-strand break repair deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1880-5. [PMID: 19164512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806882106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) predisposes to a spectrum of tumor types. Here, we inactivated DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR) proteins, DNA Ligase IV (Lig4), Xrcc2, and Brca2, or combined Lig4/Xrcc2 during neural development using Nestin-cre. In all cases, inactivation of these repair factors, together with p53 loss, led to rapid medulloblastoma formation. Genomic analysis of these tumors showed recurring chromosome 13 alterations via chromosomal loss or translocations involving regions containing Ptch1. Sequence analysis of the remaining Ptch1 allele showed a variety of inactivating mutations in all tumors analyzed, highlighting the critical tumor suppressor function of this hedgehog-signaling regulator. We also observed genomic amplification or up-regulation of either N-Myc or cyclin D2 in all medulloblastomas. Additionally, chromosome 19, which contains Pten, was also selectively deleted in medulloblastoma arising after disruption of HR. Thus, our data highlight the preeminence of Ptch1 as a tumor suppressor in cerebellar granule cells and reveal other genomic events central to the genesis of medulloblastoma.
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Takei H, Nguyen Y, Mehta V, Chintagumpala M, Dauser RC, Adesina AM. Low-level copy gain versus amplification of myc oncogenes in medulloblastoma: utility in predicting prognosis and survival. Laboratory investigation. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2009; 3:61-5. [PMID: 19119907 DOI: 10.3171/2008.10.peds08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant embryonal tumor of the cerebellum. Amplification of c-myc or N-myc is infrequently identified and, when present, is often associated with the large cell/anaplastic (LC/A) phenotype. The frequency of low-level copy gain of myc oncogenes and its relationship to prognosis of MB has not been explored. METHODS Archival cases of MB were histologically reviewed and classified into 3 major subtypes: classic, nodular, and LC/A. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the authors analyzed 58 cases with a pure histological subtype for the copy number (CN) of myc (c-myc and N-myc) oncogenes. Cases with > 5-fold CN were further analyzed using the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed. RESULTS A > 5-fold myc CN was noted in 5 (20.8%) of 24 LC/A, 1 (5.3%) of 19 classic, and 2 (13.3%) of 15 nodular subtypes. In a significant number of tumors (14 [56%] of 24 LC/A, 13 [68%] of 19 classic, and 10 [67%] of 15 nodular MBs) the CN was > 2-fold but < 5-fold. High-level amplification, defined as > 10-fold CN, was only seen in the LC/A subtype (5 cases), although moderate amplification (> 5-fold but < 10-fold) could be detected in other histological subtypes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization readily detected most cases corresponding to tumors with > 5-fold amplicon CN by quantitative real-time PCR, and could detect all 5 cases with > 10-fold CN by quantitative real-time PCR. The group of patients with > 5-fold myc amplicon CN showed significantly shorter survival than those with < 5-fold CN (p = 0.045), independent of histological subtype. CONCLUSIONS Since FISH could easily detect most cases in the moderate-to-high myc gene amplification (> 5-fold CN) group, the FISH assay has utility in detecting subsets of MB with poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Takei
- Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital, Texas Children's Cancer Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Over the past decades considerable advances have been made in neurosurgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy resulting in improved survival and cure rates for children with brain tumors. Here we review four of the most common subtypes of pediatric brain tumors, low-grade and high-grade astrocytomas, medulloblastomas and ependymomas, highlighting their molecular features regarding their tumor biology, and promising potential therapeutic targets that may hold promise for finding new "molecular targeted" drugs. Importantly, appropriate clinical trial design will play a critical role in the evaluation of new and novel treatment approaches for pediatric brain tumors.
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Ozdemir N, Usta G, Minoglu M, Erbay AM, Bezircioglu H, Tunakan M. Primary primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the lumbar extradural space. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2008; 2:215-21. [PMID: 18759606 DOI: 10.3171/ped/2008/2/9/215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Primary spinal primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) of the extradural space are very rare; only 10 cases have been reported in the English language literature. The histopathological diagnosis of primary spinal PNETs has been discussed for many years. These tumors have a rapidly progressive course, and there is no current consensus on the optimal therapeutic approach for these patients. The authors present a case of primary PNET located in the lumbar extradural space in a 13-year-old girl and report the clinical, radiological, histopathological, and surgical findings. They compare their findings with those from the other 10 cases reported in the literature and review relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nail Ozdemir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Izmir Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Narlidere-Izmir, Turkey.
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Lo KC, Chalker J, Strehl S, Neat M, Smith O, Dastugue N, Kearney L, Izraeli S, Kempski H, Cowell JK. Array comparative genome hybridization analysis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia in patients with Down syndrome. Br J Haematol 2008; 142:934-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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de Bont JM, Packer RJ, Michiels EM, den Boer ML, Pieters R. Biological background of pediatric medulloblastoma and ependymoma: a review from a translational research perspective. Neuro Oncol 2008; 10:1040-60. [PMID: 18676356 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rates of pediatric brain tumor patients have significantly improved over the years due to developments in diagnostic techniques, neurosurgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and supportive care. However, brain tumors are still an important cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Prognosis is still highly dependent on clinical characteristics, such as the age of the patient, tumor type, stage, and localization, but increased knowledge about the genetic and biological features of these tumors is being obtained and might be useful to further improve outcome for these patients. It has become clear that the deregulation of signaling pathways essential in brain development, for example, sonic hedgehog (SHH), Wnt, and Notch pathways, plays an important role in pathogenesis and biological behavior, especially for medulloblastomas. More recently, data have become available about the cells of origin of brain tumors and the possible existence of brain tumor stem cells. Newly developed array-based techniques for studying gene expression, protein expression, copy number aberrations, and epigenetic events have led to the identification of other potentially important biological abnormalities in pediatric medulloblastomas and ependymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M de Bont
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Comprehensive analysis of loss of heterozygosity events in glioblastoma using the 100K SNP mapping arrays and comparison with copy number abnormalities defined by BAC array comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:221-37. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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25
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Hematology and oncology. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008; 20:107-13. [PMID: 18197049 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3282f572b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lo KC, Ma C, Bundy BN, Pomeroy SL, Eberhart CG, Cowell JK. Gain of 1q Is a Potential Univariate Negative Prognostic Marker for Survival in Medulloblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:7022-8. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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