Physical Study of Minced Fish Muscle with a White-Grape By-Product Added as an Ingredient

Effect of Dietary Insect Meal and Grape Marc Inclusion on Flavor Volatile Compounds and Shell Color of Juvenile Abalone Haliotis iris

Almost 60% of the fish meal produced globally is used in aquaculture feeds. Fish meal production relies on finite wild-marine resources and is considered as an unsustainable ingredient. Insect meal (IM) is considered a sustainable source with high levels of protein suitable for growth promotion. Grape marc (GM) is a waste byproduct of the winery industry rich in pigments with antioxidant capacity. However, the inclusion of both ingredients can affect the flavor of the meat of abalone and the color of the shell due to different nutritional profiles. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of IM and GM on the flavor volatile compounds and shell color of the juvenile Haliotis iris in a 165-days feeding trial. Abalone were offered four experimental diets with different levels of IM and GM inclusion and a commercial diet (no IM or GM). Soft bodies of abalone were used to characterize volatile compounds using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and color changes were analyzed in ground powder of abalone shells using color spectrophotometry 400-700 nm (visible). The results showed 18 volatile compounds significantly different among the dietary treatments. The inclusion of IM did not significantly affect the flavor volatile compounds detected, whereas the inclusion of GM reduced volatile compounds associated with lipid-peroxidation in abalone meat. The inclusion of IM and GM did not significantly affect the lightness nor the yellowness, blueness, redness, and greenness of the ground shells. The supplementation of abalone feeds with GM can help to reduce off-flavour compounds which may extend shelf-life of raw abalone meat.

Formulating and studying compound chocolate with adding dried grape pomace as a bulking agent

The use of dried grape pomace (DGP) as a bulking agent for partly substitution of sugar, milk powder and whey powder in compound chocolate (CC) was investigated. D-optimal mixture design was used to determine the effect of composition on the particle size, flow behaviour (Casson yield value and plastic viscosity), as well as total phenolic and resveratrol contents before and after in vitro digestion. The various models (linear, quadratic and cubic) which were identified as significant (P < 0.05) were used in this study. As a result, DGP was found suitable to be used in CC as a bulking agent to partially substitute sucrose, milk powder and whey powder to increase functional properties and decrease the cost of the CC. For CC with the most acceptable rheological properties and a satisfactory level of TPC and resveratrol, optimum usage levels of DGP were identified as 7.1% to 10.0%. Further studies will require to modify flow behaviours by optimizing the particle size of pomace.

Non-Extractable Polyphenols from Food By-Products: Current Knowledge on Recovery, Characterisation, and Potential Applications

Non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs), or bound polyphenols, are a significant fraction of polyphenols that are retained in the extraction residues after conventional aqueous organic solvent extraction. They include both high molecular weight polymeric polyphenols and low molecular weight phenolics attached to macromolecules. Current knowledge proved that these bioactive compounds possess high antioxidant, antidiabetic, and other biological activities. Plant-based food by-products, such as peels, pomace, and seeds, possess high amount of NEPs. The recovery of these valuable compounds is considered an effective way to recycle food by-products and mitigate pollution, bad manufacturing practice, and economic loss caused by the residues management. The current challenge to valorise NEPs from plant-based by-products is to increase the extraction efficiency with proper techniques, choose appropriate characterising methods, and explore potential functions to use in some products. Based on this scenario, the present review aims to summarise the extraction procedure and technologies applied to recover NEPs from plant-based by-products. Furthermore, it also describes the main techniques used for the characterisation of NEPs and outlines their potential food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications.

Applications of Wine Pomace in the Food Industry: Approaches and Functions

Winemaking generates large amounts of wine pomace, also called grape pomace. This by-product has attracted the attention of food scientists and the food industry, due to its high content in nutrients and bioactive compounds. This review mainly focuses on the different published approaches to the use of wine pomace and its functions in the food industry. Traditionally, wine pomace has been used to obtain wine alcohol, food colorings, and grape seed oil. More recently, research has focused in the production of other value-added products, such as extracts of bioactive compounds, mainly phenols, recovery of tartaric acid, and the making of flours. The most common functions associated with wine pomace products are their use as antioxidants, followed by their use as fortifying, coloring, and antimicrobial agents. These products have mainly been applied to the preparation of meat and fish products and to, a lesser extent, cereal products.

New Alternatives in Seafood Restructured Products

A general overview, focusing on new trends in the different techniques used in restructured seafood product processing has been described in this work. Heat-induced gelation has been more widely studied in scientific literature than cold gelation technology. This latter technology includes the use of hydrocolloids (alginates and glucomannan) or enzymes (microbial transglutaminase) for making both raw and cooked restructured products. In restructuration processes, fortification processing with some functional ingredients is studied, giving as a result extra value to the products as well as increasing the variety of new seafood products. The process of alleviating heavy metals and organic pollutants from the raw material used has also been reviewed in the present paper.

Effects of soybean protein, potato starch and pig lard on the properties of frankfurters formulated from mechanically separated chicken meat surimi-like material

Mechanically separated chicken meat has become a common ingredient of comminuted sausage products, as 'frankfurters', mainly due to its low price. The present work aimed to develop a frankfurter from mechanically separated chicken meat surimi-like material, and evaluated the chemical, rheological, microbiological and sensorial properties of this product. The response surface methodology was utilized to investigate the effects of the soybean protein, potato starch and pig lard on the texture of the obtained frankfurters. For this purpose, five levels of each factor were evaluated: soybean protein varied from 0% to 6%, potato starch from 0% to 10% and pig lard from 2% to 12%. The regression analysis of the model showed that the soybean protein exerted a linear positive effect and a quadratic negative effect in the compression force of the product (p < 0.05), and that the variable which more influenced the shear force was the potato starch, presenting linear and quadratic effects (p < 0.05). The highest composite design averages obtained were 202.2 g for breaking force, 7.9 cm for deformation, 10.1 N for shear force, and 90.9 N.s for work of shearing. The obtained models presented high determination coefficients, explaining 97.31%, 97.83%, 97.49%, and 95.39% of the breaking force, deformation, shear force and work of shearing variabilities, respectively. The microbiological analysis demonstrated that the achieved results were below the limits fixed by the FDA. The mechanically separated chicken meat surimi-like material frankfurter presented 72.2% of acceptability and 59.3% of the examiners found the color of the product slightly lighter than the ideal. Finally, the frankfurter-type sausages, without pork fat, produced and characterized here have presented promising characteristics for commercial applications.

Proanthocyanidin composition and antioxidant potential of the stem winemaking byproducts from 10 different grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.)

Stem byproducts from 10 different grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties were evaluated in terms of their total phenolic and total proanthocyanidin contents, flavan-3-ol and proanthocyanidin profiles, and antioxidant capacity measured by ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, and ORAC assays, with a view to the recovery of their natural bioactive compounds. Stems from Callet, Syrah, Premsal Blanc, Parellada, and Manto Negro varieties yielded the highest total phenolic and total proanthocyanidin contents and showed the greatest antioxidant capacities, whereas Chardonnay and Merlot stems presented the lowest values. Varieties differed significantly (p<0.05) with regard to both the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of their stems. However, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed when stems from red and white varieties were considered separately. For the 10 grape varieties investigated, this is the first study presenting a detailed description of their stem flavan-3-ol composition determined by HPLC-UV-fluo. All of the analyses confirmed the stem byproducts as a potential polyphenol-rich source, especially promising in the case of the Callet variety.

Inhibition of hemoglobin-mediated oxidation of regular and lipid-fortified washed cod mince by a white grape dietary fiber

The effectiveness of a white grape dietary fiber concentrate (WGDF) against hemoglobin-mediated oxidation of washed cod mince, with and without 10% added herring oil, was evaluated during ice storage. WGDF was added at two different levels: 2 and 4% based on final weight. An ethanol extract with the ethanol extractable polyphenols (EPP) and the ethanol-extracted grape dietary fiber residue were also tested as antioxidants in the washed cod mince. The addition of WGDF to the model system completely and significantly (p <or= 0.05) inhibited the hemoglobin-mediated development of rancid odor during the entire ice storage (10 days). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) development and red color (a*) losses supported the sensory data. Controls fortified with 10% herring oil oxidized at the same rate as oil-free controls and were also significantly stabilized by 2% WGDF. The EEP of the WGDF had the same high antioxidant capacity as whole WGDF. The ethanol-extracted fiber residue significantly (p <or= 0.05) reduced maximum oxidation values obtained for controls by approximately 50% and extended the oxidation lag phase by 1 day (p <or= 0.05). Thus, this study showed great potential of WGDF to prevent rancidity in fish, mainly due to EPP but also due to the ethanol-extracted dietary fiber residue itself.