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Bakhsh A, Cho C, Baritugo KA, Kim B, Ullah Q, Rahman A, Park S. Production and Analytical Aspects of Natural Pigments to Enhance Alternative Meat Product Color. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061281. [PMID: 36981208 PMCID: PMC10048459 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Color is a major feature that strongly influences the consumer's perception, selection, and acceptance of various foods. An improved understanding regarding bio-safety protocols, health welfare, and the nutritional importance of food colorants has shifted the attention of the scientific community toward natural pigments to replace their toxic synthetic counterparts. However, owing to safety and toxicity concerns, incorporating natural colorants directly from viable sources into plant-based meat (PBM) has many limitations. Nonetheless, over time, safe and cheap extraction techniques have been developed to extract the purified form of coloring agents from raw materials to be incorporated into PBM products. Subsequently, extracted anthocyanin has displayed compounds like Delphinidin-3-mono glucoside (D3G) at 3.1 min and Petunidin-3-mono glucoside (P3G) at 5.1 277, 515, and 546 nm at chromatographic lambda. Fe-pheophytin was successfully generated from chlorophyll through the ion exchange method. Likewise, the optical density (OD) of synthesized leghemoglobin (LegH) indicated that pBHA bacteria grow more rigorously containing ampicillin with a dilution factor of 10 after 1 h of inoculation. The potential LegH sequence was identified at 2500 bp through gel electrophoresis. The color coordinates and absorbance level of natural pigments showed significant differences (p < 0.05) with the control. The development of coloring agents originating from natural sources for PBM can be considered advantageous compared to animal myoglobin in terms of health and functionality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to produce natural coloring agents for PBM by extracting and developing chlorophyll from spinach, extracting anthocyanins from black beans, and inserting recombinant plasmids into microorganisms to produce LegH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allah Bakhsh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjun Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kei Anne Baritugo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Bosung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Qamar Ullah
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department (Research), Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Attaur Rahman
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Gajbhiye A, Das D, Patil S. Heme-mimetic potential of iron conjugated pheophytin-I in attenuating oxidative stress-induced cellular and vascular toxicity. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2022; 14:S115-S122. [PMID: 36110651 PMCID: PMC9469245 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_654_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Study: Heme is the cardinal porphyrin in systemic physiology, apart from hemoglobin it forms structural skeleton of physiological antioxidants such as catalase and peroxidases. Aim: The current study presents evidence that iron chelated pheophytin (Fe-Ph-I) created in resemblance to heme can exert significant heme-mimetic efficacy in mitigating oxidative stress-induced cellular and vascular damage. Materials and Methods: Fe-Ph-I was synthesized by incorporating ferrous ion into the porphyrin core of Ph-I moiety. The candidate drugs (Ph-I and Fe-Ph-I) were characterized by spectroscopic analysis and heme-mimetic attribute of Fe-Ph-I was established by comparing the efficacy of Fe-Ph-I with reference to its unmetallated parent Ph-I as well as un-chelated ferrous ions in a host of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo bioassays paradigms. Results: The study confirmed that Fe-Ph-I, Ph-I, and free ferrous ions all exerts significant in vitro anti-radical efficacy, however, while un-chelated ferrous ions intensifies, Ph-I and Fe-Ph-I mitigate ex vivo oxidative stress with Fe-Ph-I exhibiting superior potency. Also from in vivo assessment of oxidative stress-induced hemolytic anemia, it was observed that Fe-Ph-I is significantly superior than Ph-I in alleviating intravascular hemolysis, thereby endorsing that not ferrous ions alone but ferrous ion chelated with porphyrin yielding a heme-mimetic structure is responsible for superior potency of Fe-Ph-I over Ph-I. Conclusion: In conclusion, Fe-Ph-I is cost-effective and therapeutically safe biological macromolecule of clinical potency against pathologies either mediated by or themselves precipitate oxidative stress-induced cellular or vascular damage.
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Viera I, Herrera M, Roca M. In Vitro Bioaccessibility Protocol for Chlorophylls. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8777-8786. [PMID: 34328725 PMCID: PMC8389804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The daily ingestion of chlorophylls has been estimated at 50 g, but the knowledge about their bioaccessibility is limited. Different in vitro models have been utilized to estimate their potential bioavailability, but among other factors, the diversity of structures, chemical properties, and lability of chlorophylls hamper the investigations. By the first time, three extreme food matrices, one rich in fiber (vegetable puree), one rich in fat (virgin olive oil), and one liquid (fruit juice), have been assayed for chlorophyll bioaccessibility, controlling crucial variables. Chlorophyll polarity and food matrix were the determining factors, but surprisingly, chlorophyll bioaccessibility was affected during the application of the in vitro standardized protocol. Therefore, the present research has identified the reactions that can be biased during the estimation of chlorophyll bioaccessibility, defining a specific protocol in the function of chlorophyll structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Viera
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry
of Pigments. Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Marta Herrera
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry
of Pigments. Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - María Roca
- Group of Chemistry and Biochemistry
of Pigments. Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), University Campus, Building 46, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, Sevilla 41013, Spain
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Pucci C, Martinelli C, Degl'Innocenti A, Desii A, De Pasquale D, Ciofani G. Light-Activated Biomedical Applications of Chlorophyll Derivatives. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100181. [PMID: 34212510 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles are the basis of essential physiological functions in most living organisms. These compounds represent the basic scaffold of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and bacteriochlorophylls, among others. Chlorophyll derivatives, obtained by the natural or artificial degradation of chlorophylls, present unique properties, holding great potential in the scientific and medical fields. Indeed, they can act as cancer-preventing agents, antimutagens, apoptosis inducers, efficient antioxidants, as well as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory molecules. Moreover, thanks to their peculiar optical properties, they can be exploited as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and as vision enhancers. Most of these molecules, however, are highly hydrophobic and poorly soluble in biological fluids, and may display undesired toxicity due to accumulation in healthy tissues. The advent of nanomedicine has prompted the development of nanoparticles acting as carriers for chlorophyll derivatives, facilitating their targeted administration with demonstrated applicability in diagnosis and therapy. In this review, the chemical and physical properties of chlorophyll derivatives that justify their usage in the biomedical field, with particular regard to light-activated dynamics are described. Their role as antioxidants and photoactive agents are discussed, introducing the most recent nanomedical applications and focusing on inorganic and organic nanocarriers exploited in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Pucci
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Degl'Innocenti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Andrea Desii
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera, Pisa, 56025, Italy
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Zhong S, Bird A, Kopec RE. The Metabolism and Potential Bioactivity of Chlorophyll and Metallo‐chlorophyll Derivatives in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000761. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siqiong Zhong
- OSU Interdisciplinary Nutrition Graduate Program, Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43214 USA
| | - Amanda Bird
- OSU Interdisciplinary Nutrition Graduate Program, Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43214 USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43214 USA
| | - Rachel E. Kopec
- OSU Interdisciplinary Nutrition Graduate Program, Department of Human Sciences The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43214 USA
- Foods for Health Discovery Theme The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43214 USA
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Hayes M, Ferruzzi MG. Update on the bioavailability and chemopreventative mechanisms of dietary chlorophyll derivatives. Nutr Res 2020; 81:19-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cai X, Chen X, Yin N, Du H, Sun G, Wang L, Xu Y, Chen Y, Cui Y. Estimation of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in Chinese vegetables using the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model: the influence of gut microbiota. Food Funct 2018; 8:4592-4600. [PMID: 29236119 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01348e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the human gut microbiota on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of trace elements in vegetables has barely been studied. An in vitro digestion model combining the physiologically based extraction test (PBET) and the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) was applied. Results showed that the gut microbiota increased the bioaccessibility of iron (Fe) in ten test vegetables by 1.3-1.8 times, but reduced the bioaccessibility of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in vegetables in the colon phase by 3.7% to 89.6%, 24.8% to 100.0%, and 59.9% to 100.0%, respectively. Using the Caco-2 cell model to simulate the human absorption process, the bioavailable contents and the bioavailability of the trace elements were further determined. Swamp cabbage was the best source of Fe and Cu; spinach and lettuce provided the highest amounts of bioavailable Mn and Zn, respectively. Referring to the daily reference intakes of trace elements, the obtained data provide a scientific basis for both reasonable ingestion of vegetables in diets and diversification of diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Cai
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, People's Republic of China.
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Ancuceanu R, Dinu M, Hovaneţ MV, Anghel AI, Popescu CV, Negreş S. A Survey of Plant Iron Content-A Semi-Systematic Review. Nutrients 2015; 7:10320-51. [PMID: 26690470 PMCID: PMC4690087 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential mineral nutrient for all living organisms, involved in a plurality of biological processes. Its deficit is the cause of the most common form of anemia in the world: iron deficiency anemia (IDA). This paper reviews iron content in various parts of 1228 plant species and its absorption from herbal products, based on data collected from the literature in a semi-systematic manner. Five hundred genera randomly selected from the Angiosperms group, 215 genera from the Pteridophytes groups and all 95 Gymnosperm genera as listed in the Plant List version 1.1 were used as keywords together with the word "iron" in computerized searches. Iron data about additional genera returned by those searches were extracted and included in the analysis. In total, iron content values for a number of 1228 species, 5 subspecies, and 5 varieties were collected. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to compare iron contents in various plant parts (whole plant, roots, stems, shoots, leaves, aerial parts, flowers, fruits, seeds, wood, bark, other parts) and exploratory analyses by taxonomic groups and life-forms were carried out. The absorption and potential relevance of herbal iron for iron supplementation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ancuceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Dinu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania.
| | - Marilena Viorica Hovaneţ
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania.
| | - Adriana Iuliana Anghel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Cell Biology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania.
| | - Carmen Violeta Popescu
- Pharmacy and Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Parasitology, "Vasile Goldis" Western University, Arad; S.C. Hofigal S.A, Bucharest 042124, Romania.
| | - Simona Negreş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 20956, Romania.
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Hsu CY, Chao PY, Hu SP, Yang CM. The Antioxidant and Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Chlorophylls and Pheophytins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2013.48a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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