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Hkiri N, Aounallah F, Fouzai K, Chouchani C, Asses N. Ability of marine-derived fungi isolated from polluted saline environment for enzymatic hydrocarbon remediation. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1983-2000. [PMID: 37402057 PMCID: PMC10485234 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi have attracted much attention due to their ability to present a new biosynthetic diversity. About 50 fungal isolates were obtained from Tunisian Mediterranean seawater and then screened for the presence of lignin-peroxidase (LiP), manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), and laccase (Lac) activities. The results obtained from both qualitative and quantitative assays showed that four of marine fungi isolates had a high potential to produce lignin-degrading enzymes. They were characterized taxonomically by a molecular method, based on international spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence analysis, as Chaetomium jodhpurense (MH667651.1), Chaetomium maderasense (MH665977.1), Paraconiothyrium variabile (MH667653.1), and Phoma betae (MH667655.1) which have been reported as producers of ligninolytic enzyme in the literature. The enzymatic activities and culture conditions were optimized using a Fractional Factorial design (2 7- 4). Then, fungal strains were incubated with the addition of 1% of crude oil in 50% of seawater for 25 days to evaluate their abilities to simultaneously degrade hydrocarbon compounds and to produce ligninolytic enzymes. The strain P. variabile exhibited the highest crude oil degradation rate (48.3%). Significant production of ligninolytic enzymes was recorded during the degradation process, which reached 2730 U/L for the MnP, 410 U/L for LiP, and 168.5 U/L for Lac. The FTIR and GC-MS analysis confirmed that the isolates rapidly biodegrade crude oil under ecological and economic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Hkiri
- LR- Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
- LR- Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Carthage, ISSTE, Borj-Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Farah Aounallah
- LR- Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
- LR- Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Carthage, ISSTE, Borj-Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Khaoula Fouzai
- LR- Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
- LR- Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Carthage, ISSTE, Borj-Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Chedly Chouchani
- LR- Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Carthage, ISSTE, Borj-Cedria, Tunisia
| | - Nedra Asses
- LR- Microbial Ecology and Technology, INSAT, University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia.
- LR- Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Carthage, ISSTE, Borj-Cedria, Tunisia.
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2
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Saber H, Chebloune Y, Moussaoui A. Molecular Characterization of Aspergillus flavus Strains Isolated from Animal Feeds. Pol J Microbiol 2022; 71:589-599. [PMID: 36537059 PMCID: PMC9944975 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2022-048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AF)-producing fungi such as Aspergillus flavus commonly contaminate animal feeds, causing high economic losses. A. flavus is the most prevalent and produces AFB1, a potent mutagen, and carcinogen threatening human and animal health. Aspergillaceae is a large group of closely related fungi sharing number of morphological and genetic similarities that complicate the diagnosis of highly pathogenic strains. We used here morphological and molecular assays to characterize fungal isolates from animal feeds in Southwestern Algeria. These tools helped to identify 20 out of 30 Aspergillus strains, and 15 of them belonged to the Aspergillus section Flavi. Further analyses detected four out of 15 as belonging to Aspergillus flavus-parasiticus group. PCR targeting the AF genes' aflR-aflS(J) intergenic region amplified a single 674 bp amplicon in all four isolates. The amplicons were digested with a BglII endonuclease, and three specific fragments were observed for A. flavus but A. parasitucus lacked two typical fragments. Sequencing data of four amplicons confirmed the presence of the two BglII restriction sites yielding the three fragments, confirming that all four strains were A. flavus. In addition, this analysis illustrated the genetic variability within the A. flavus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadjer Saber
- Laboratory of Plant Resources Valorization and Food Safety in Semi-Arid Areas of Southwestern Algeria, Department of Biology, University of Bechar, Bechar, Algeria
| | - Yahia Chebloune
- USC 1450 INRAE/UGA Lentiviral Pathogenesis and Vaccination Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France, Y. Chebloune, Lentiviral Pathogenesis and Vaccination Laboratory, PAVAL Lab., Department of Biology, University of Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France;
| | - Abdallah Moussaoui
- Laboratory of Plant Resources Valorization and Food Safety in Semi-Arid Areas of Southwestern Algeria, Department of Biology, University of Bechar, Bechar, Algeria
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3
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Silva JJ, Fungaro MHP, Soto TS, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Low-cost, specific PCR assays to identify the main aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus section Flavi. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 196:106470. [PMID: 35447279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that are present as contaminants in food globally. Most aflatoxigenic species belong to Aspergillus section Flavi, and the main ones are grouped in the A. flavus clade, where many cryptic species that are difficult to discriminate are found. In this study, we investigated inter- and intraspecific diversity of the A. flavus clade to develop low-cost, species-specific PCR assays for identifying aflatoxigenic species. A total of 269 sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) locus were retrieved from GenBank, and primer pairs were designed using data mining to identify A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus. Species-specific amplicons of approximately 620, 350, and 860 bp enabled identification of target species as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué J Silva
- Institute of Food Technology - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Nikolić M, Savić I, Nikolić A, Jauković M, Kandić V, Stevanović M, Stanković S. Toxigenic Species Aspergillus parasiticus Originating from Maize Kernels Grown in Serbia. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120847. [PMID: 34941685 PMCID: PMC8704542 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Serbia, aspergillus ear rot caused by the disease pathogen Aspergillus parasiticus (A. parasiticus) was first detected in 2012 under both field and storage conditions. Global climate shifts, primarily warming, favour the contamination of maize with aflatoxins in temperate climates, including Serbia. A five-year study (2012-2016) comprising of 46 A. parasiticus strains isolated from maize kernels was performed to observe the morphological, molecular, pathogenic, and toxigenic traits of this pathogen. The HPLC method was applied to evaluate mycotoxin concentrations in this causal agent. The A. parasiticus isolates synthesised mainly aflatoxin AFB1 (84.78%). The percentage of isolates synthesising aflatoxin AFG1 (15.22%) was considerably lower. Furthermore, the concentration of AFG1 was higher than that of AFB1 in eight isolates. The polyphase approach, used to characterise isolates, showed that they were A. parasiticus species. This identification was verified by the multiplex RLFP-PCR detection method with the use of restriction enzymes. These results form an excellent baseline for further studies with the aim of application in the production, processing, and storage of cereal grains and seeds, and in technological processes to ensure the safe production of food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Nikolić
- Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, 11185 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (A.N.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Iva Savić
- Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, 11185 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (A.N.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ana Nikolić
- Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, 11185 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (A.N.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Vesna Kandić
- Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, 11185 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (A.N.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Milan Stevanović
- Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, 11185 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (A.N.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Slavica Stanković
- Maize Research Institute Zemun Polje, 11185 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (A.N.); (V.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.)
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5
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Ackerman A, Wenndt A, Boyles R. The Sorghum Grain Mold Disease Complex: Pathogens, Host Responses, and the Bioactive Metabolites at Play. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660171. [PMID: 34122480 PMCID: PMC8192977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grain mold is a major concern in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production systems, threatening grain quality, safety, and nutritional value as both human food and livestock feed. The crop's nutritional value, environmental resilience, and economic promise poise sorghum for increased acreage, especially in light of the growing pressures of climate change on global food systems. In order to fully take advantage of this potential, sorghum improvement efforts and production systems must be proactive in managing the sorghum grain mold disease complex, which not only jeopardizes agricultural productivity and profitability, but is also the culprit of harmful mycotoxins that warrant substantial public health concern. The robust scholarly literature from the 1980s to the early 2000s yielded valuable insights and key comprehensive reviews of the grain mold disease complex. Nevertheless, there remains a substantial gap in understanding the complex multi-organismal dynamics that underpin the plant-pathogen interactions involved - a gap that must be filled in order to deliver improved germplasm that is not only capable of withstanding the pressures of climate change, but also wields robust resistance to disease and mycotoxin accumulation. The present review seeks to provide an updated perspective of the sorghum grain mold disease complex, bolstered by recent advances in the understanding of the genetic and the biochemical interactions among the fungal pathogens, their corresponding mycotoxins, and the sorghum host. Critical components of the sorghum grain mold disease complex are summarized in narrative format to consolidate a collection of important concepts: (1) the current state of sorghum grain mold in research and production systems; (2) overview of the individual pathogens that contribute to the grain mold complex; (3) the mycotoxin-producing potential of these pathogens on sorghum and other substrates; and (4) a systems biology approach to the understanding of host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlyn Ackerman
- Cereal Grains Breeding and Genetics, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC, United States
| | - Anthony Wenndt
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, The School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Richard Boyles
- Cereal Grains Breeding and Genetics, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Florence, SC, United States
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6
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Li X, Jiang Y, Ma L, Ma X, Liu Y, Shan J, Ma K, Xing F. Comprehensive Transcriptome and Proteome Analyses Reveal the Modulation of Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus on Different Crop Substrates. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1497. [PMID: 32760360 PMCID: PMC7371938 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural severe contaminant of stored grains and other crops worldwide, Aspergillus flavus can produce aflatoxins (AFs), the most powerful naturally producing toxic and hepatocarcinogenic compounds. AFs production is regulated by diverse factors including AFs cluster genes, transcription factors, regulators, and environmental factors. Among them, crop substrate is one of the most important factors. Here, we found that AFB1 production was significantly higher in maize and rice broth than in peanut broth. To clarify the mechanisms involved, complementary transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to identify changes in A. flavus incubated in the three crop substrates. The results indicated that fewer genes and proteins were differentially expressed between maize and rice substrates, whereas more differentially expressed genes were observed between maize/rice broth and peanut broth. In particular, the genes involved in the initial step of AFs biosynthesis (aflA, aflB, and aflC) and the ACCase-encoding gene accA were significantly upregulated on the maize and rice substrates. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses indicated that carbon-metabolism-related genes were obviously enriched in the maize broth, and the genes involved in acetyl-CoA accumulation and consumption were up- and downregulated, respectively. Several genes involved in the regulation of AFs biosynthesis, including veA, ppoB, snf1, and the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, were differentially expressed on the three substrates, suggesting that these genes may be also involved in sugar signal sensing, transfer, and regulation. Interestingly, by the correlation analyses of transcriptome and proteome, trehalose metabolism genes, aldehyde dehydrogenase gene, and tryptophan synthase gene were found to be relevant with the regulation of AFs production on different crop substrates. Taken together, the differential expressions of the AFs cluster genes, several regulatory genes, and carbon metabolism genes were involved in the comprehensive modulation of AFs production on different crop substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longxue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jihao Shan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Isolation and molecular identification of Aspergillus flavus and the study of its potential for malathion biodegradation in water. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:91. [PMID: 32556667 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02869-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the fact that pesticides enhanced the quality and yield of the agricultural production however do have certain serious effects on the environment. This study was carried out for isolation and molecular identification of microorganisms from water for malathion biodegradation in aquatic system. PCR analysis was used for identification of the isolated fungus. The growth kinetics of A. flavus in the presence of malathion under different environmental factors (pH, temperature and malathion concentration) were evaluated. Furthermore, the degradation kinetics of malathion by A. flavus in aqueous media under different environmental factors was evaluated. The isolated microorganism was identified as A. flavus with respect to it relation to the data from the gene bank and the lowest nucleotide diversity value between the tested isolate and A. flavus. The identified isolate grew successfully in a media supplemented with malathion much faster than without it. Hundred percent of malathion initial concentration was degraded within 36 days of incubation with A. flavus. The temperature of 30 °C, pH value of 7 and malathion initial concentration of 5 mg/l were the optimum conditions of A. flavus for growth and degradation of malathion. Bioremediation of malathion residues in water using A. flavus isolate are promising and considered the first report.
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8
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Rahman HU, Yue X, Yu Q, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Li P. Current PCR-based methods for the detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in complex food and feed matrices. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites produced by certain types of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Mycotoxigenic fungi and their produced mycotoxins are considered to be an important issue in food and feed safety due to their toxic effects like carcinogenicity, immunosuppression, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity on humans and animals. To boost the safety level of food and feedstuff, detection and identification of toxins are essential at critical control points across food and feed chains. Zero-tolerance policies by the European Union and other organizations about the extreme low level of tolerance of mycotoxins contamination in food and feed matrices have led to an increasing interest to design more sensitive, specific, rapid, cost-effective, and safer to use mycotoxigenic fungi detection technologies. Hence, many mycotoxigenic fungi detection technologies have been applied to measure and control toxins contamination in food and feed substrates. PCR-based mycotoxigenic fungi detection technologies, such as conventional PCR, real-time PCR, nested PCR, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), in situ PCR, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR DGGE), co-operational PCR, multiplex PCR, DNA arrays, magnetic capture-hybridization (MCH)-PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), would contribute to our understanding about different mycotoxigenic fungi detection approaches and will enhance our capability about mycotoxigenic fungi identification, isolation and characterization at critical control points across food and feed chains. We have assessed the principles, results, the limit of detection, and application of these PCR-based detection technologies to alleviate mycotoxins contamination problem in complex food and feed substrates. The potential application of these detection technologies can reduce mycotoxins in complex food and feed matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ur Rahman
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - X. Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - Q. Yu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - W. Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - Q. Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - P. Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan 430062, China P.R
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9
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Innovative process of polyphenol recovery from pomegranate peels by combining green deep eutectic solvents and a new infrared technology. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Chein SH, Sadiq MB, Datta A, Anal AK. Prevalence and identification of
Aspergillus
and
Penicillium
species isolated from peanut kernels in central Myanmar. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Hlaing Chein
- Department of Food, Agriculture and BioresourcesAsian Institute of Technology Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
- School of Life SciencesForman Christian College (A Chartered University) Lahore Pakistan
| | - Avishek Datta
- Department of Food, Agriculture and BioresourcesAsian Institute of Technology Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Anil Kumar Anal
- Department of Food, Agriculture and BioresourcesAsian Institute of Technology Pathum Thani Thailand
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11
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Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) is the most simple method for single-nucleotide change detection. It is widely used in the detection and differentiation between mycotoxigenic species. It is based on PCR amplification of a target region containing the variant site of the studied species followed by restriction endonuclease digestion and gel electrophoresis to visualize the RFLP patterns. In this method primers are designed to flank the polymorphic site and positioned in such a way as to create unequally sized fragments upon restriction endonuclease cleavage of the PCR products. Here, we describe the protocol of PCR-RFLP developed for the detection and differentiation between Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus by amplifying a 674 bp fragment of the aflR-aflJ intergenic region followed by restriction endonuclease analysis using BglII to obtain RFLP patterns.
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12
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Yabe K, Hatabayashi H, Ikehata A, Zheng Y, Kushiro M. Development of the dichlorvos-ammonia (DV-AM) method for the visual detection of aflatoxigenic fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10681-94. [PMID: 26300294 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are carcinogenic and toxic secondary metabolites produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. To monitor and regulate the AF contamination of crops, a sensitive and precise detection method for these toxigenic fungi in environments is necessary. We herein developed a novel visual detection method, the dichlorvos-ammonia (DV-AM) method, for identifying AF-producing fungi using DV and AM vapor on agar culture plates, in which DV inhibits the esterase in AF biosynthesis, causing the accumulation of anthraquinone precursors (versiconal hemiacetal acetate and versiconol acetate) of AFs in mycelia on the agar plate, followed by a change in the color of the colonies from light yellow to brilliant purple-red by the AM vapor treatment. We also investigated the appropriate culture conditions to increase the color intensity. It should be noted that other species producing the same precursors of AFs such as Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus versicolor could be discriminated from the Aspergillus section Flavi based on the differences of their phenotypes. The DV-AM method was also useful for the isolation of nonaflatoxigenic fungi showing no color change, for screening microorganisms that inhibit the AF production by fungi, and for the characterization of the fungi infecting corn kernels. Thus, the DV-AM method can provide a highly sensitive and visible indicator for the detection of aflatoxigenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yabe
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan.
- Department of Environmental and Food Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, 3-6-1, Gakuen, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8505, Japan.
| | - Hidemi Hatabayashi
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Akifumi Ikehata
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yazhi Zheng
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
| | - Masayo Kushiro
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
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13
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Iheanacho HE, Njobeh PB, Dutton FM, Steenkamp PA, Steenkamp L, Mthombeni JQ, Daru BH, Makun AH. Morphological and molecular identification of filamentous Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus isolated from compound feeds in South Africa. Food Microbiol 2014; 44:180-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Zhang F, Guo Z, Zhong H, Wang S, Yang W, Liu Y, Wang S. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in response to water activity. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3187-207. [PMID: 25421810 PMCID: PMC4247253 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6113187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is one of the most important producers of carcinogenic aflatoxins in crops, and the effect of water activity (aw) on growth and aflatoxin production of A. flavus has been previously studied. Here we found the strains under 0.93 aw exhibited decreased conidiation and aflatoxin biosynthesis compared to that under 0.99 aw. When RNA-Seq was used to delineate gene expression profile under different water activities, 23,320 non-redundant unigenes, with an average length of 1297 bp, were yielded. By database comparisons, 19,838 unigenes were matched well (e-value < 10−5) with known gene sequences, and another 6767 novel unigenes were obtained by comparison to the current genome annotation of A. flavus. Based on the RPKM equation, 5362 differentially expressed unigenes (with |log2Ratio| ≥ 1) were identified between 0.99 aw and 0.93 aw treatments, including 3156 up-regulated and 2206 down-regulated unigenes, suggesting that A. flavus underwent an extensive transcriptome response during water activity variation. Furthermore, we found that the expression of 16 aflatoxin producing-related genes decreased obviously when water activity decreased, and the expression of 11 development-related genes increased after 0.99 aw treatment. Our data corroborate a model where water activity affects aflatoxin biosynthesis through increasing the expression of aflatoxin producing-related genes and regulating development-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhenni Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Sen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Bioenergy, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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15
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Midorikawa GEO, de Sousa MDLM, Freitas Silva O, Dias JDSA, Kanzaki LIB, Hanada RE, Mesquita RMLC, Gonçalves RC, Alvares VS, Bittencourt DMC, Miller RNG. Characterization of Aspergillus species on Brazil nut from the Brazilian Amazonian region and development of a PCR assay for identification at the genus level. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:138. [PMID: 24885088 PMCID: PMC4051963 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brazil nut is a protein-rich extractivist tree crop in the Amazon region. Fungal contamination of shells and kernel material frequently includes the presence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species from the section Flavi. Aflatoxins are polyketide secondary metabolites, which are hepatotoxic carcinogens in mammals. The objectives of this study were to identify Aspergillus species occurring on Brazil nut grown in different states in the Brazilian Amazon region and develop a specific PCR method for collective identification of member species of the genus Aspergillus. Results Polyphasic identification of 137 Aspergillus strains isolated from Brazil nut shell material from cooperatives across the Brazilian Amazon states of Acre, Amapá and Amazonas revealed five species, with Aspergillus section Flavi species A. nomius and A. flavus the most abundant. PCR primers ASP_GEN_MTSSU_F1 and ASP_GEN_MTSSU_R1 were designed for the genus Aspergillus, targeting a portion of the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Primer specificity was validated through both electronic PCR against target gene sequences at Genbank and in PCR reactions against DNA from Aspergillus species and other fungal genera common on Brazil nut. Collective differentiation of the observed section Flavi species A. flavus, A. nomius and A. tamarii from other Aspergillus species was possible on the basis of RFLP polymorphism. Conclusions Given the abundance of Aspergillus section Flavi species A. nomius and A. flavus observed on Brazil nut, and associated risk of mycotoxin accumulation, simple identification methods for such mycotoxigenic species are of importance for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system implementation. The assay for the genus Aspergillus represents progress towards specific PCR identification and detection of mycotoxigenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert N G Miller
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, CEP 70,910-900 Brasília D,F,, Brazil.
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16
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of food and feed products, posing a substantial health risk to humans and animals throughout the world. A plethora of filamentous fungi has been identified as mycotoxin producers and most of these fungal species belong to the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium. A number of studies have been conducted to better understand the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of key mycotoxins and the regulatory cascades controlling toxigenesis. In many cases, the mycotoxin biosynthetic genes are clustered and regulated by one or more pathway-specific transcription factor(s). In addition, as biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites is coordinated with fungal growth and development, there are a number of upstream regulators affecting biosynthesis of mycotoxins in fungi. This review presents a concise summary of the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis, focusing on the roles of the upstream regulatory elements governing biosynthesis of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin in Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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17
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Detection of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus from aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts and their differentiation using PCR-RFLP. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0803-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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18
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Tuntevski K, Durney BC, Snyder AK, LaSala PR, Nayak AP, Green BJ, Beezhold DH, Rio RVM, Holland LA, Lukomski S. Aspergillus collagen-like genes (acl): identification, sequence polymorphism, and assessment for PCR-based pathogen detection. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7882-95. [PMID: 24123732 PMCID: PMC3837832 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02835-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus is a burden to public health due to its ubiquitous presence in the environment, its production of allergens, and wide demographic susceptibility among cystic fibrosis, asthmatic, and immunosuppressed patients. Current methods of detection of Aspergillus colonization and infection rely on lengthy morphological characterization or nonstandardized serological assays that are restricted to identifying a fungal etiology. Collagen-like genes have been shown to exhibit species-specific conservation across the noncollagenous regions as well as strain-specific polymorphism in the collagen-like regions. Here we assess the conserved region of the Aspergillus collagen-like (acl) genes and explore the application of PCR amplicon size-based discrimination among the five most common etiologic species of the Aspergillus genus, including Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger, and A. terreus. Genetic polymorphism and phylogenetic analysis of the aclF1 gene were additionally examined among the available strains. Furthermore, the applicability of the PCR-based assay to identification of these five species in cultures derived from sputum and bronchoalveolar fluid from 19 clinical samples was explored. Application of capillary electrophoresis on nanogels was additionally demonstrated to improve the discrimination between Aspergillus species. Overall, this study demonstrated that Aspergillus acl genes could be used as PCR targets to discriminate between clinically relevant Aspergillus species. Future studies aim to utilize the detection of Aspergillus acl genes in PCR and microfluidic applications to determine the sensitivity and specificity for the identification of Aspergillus colonization and invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - P. Rocco LaSala
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University
- Clinical Laboratory, West Virginia University Healthcare, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ajay P. Nayak
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brett J. Green
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Donald H. Beezhold
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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19
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Xu G, Wang X, Liu C, Li W, Wei S, Liu Y, Cheng X, Liu J. Authentication of official Da-huang by sequencing and multiplex allele-specific PCR of a short maturase K gene. Genome 2013; 56:109-13. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2012-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rhubarb (official Da-huang) is an important medicinal herb in Asia. Many adulterants of official Da-huang have been discovered in Chinese markets in recent years, which has resulted in adverse effects in medicinal treatment. Here, novel molecular markers based on a short maturase K (matK) gene were developed for authenticating official Da-huang. This study showed that all the species from official Da-huang were clustered together in one clade in the polygenetic trees based on short matK. Two highly conserved single nucleotide polymorphisms of short matK were mined in the species from official Da-huang. Based on these polymophisms, four improved specific primers of official Da-huang were successfully developed that generated reproducible specific bands. These results suggest that the short matK sequence can be considered as a favorable candidate for distinguishing official Da-huang from its adulterants. The established multiplex allele-specific PCR was determined to be simple and accurate and may serve as a preferable tool for authentication of official Da-huang. In addition, we suggest that short-sized specific bands be developed to authenticate materials used in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, WangJing ZhongHuan South Street, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Xueyong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, WangJing ZhongHuan South Street, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, WangJing ZhongHuan South Street, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, WangJing ZhongHuan South Street, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Wei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, WangJing ZhongHuan South Street, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, WangJing ZhongHuan South Street, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Cheng
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6, WangJing ZhongHuan South Street, Chao-Yang District, Beijing 100102, P.R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, MaLianWa North Street, Hai-dian District, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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