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He C, Yang Y, Zhang M, Zhou K, Huang Y, Zhang N, Ye J, Arowo M, Zheng B, Zhang X, Xu H, Xiao M. Drying Process of HPMC-Based Hard Capsules: Visual Experiment and Mathematical Modeling. Gels 2023; 9:463. [PMID: 37367134 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using plant-based polysaccharide gels to produce hard capsules is a novel application of this technology in the medicinal field, which has garnered significant attention. However, the current manufacturing technology, particularly the drying process, limits its industrialization. The work herein employed an advanced measuring technique and a modified mathematical model to get more insight into the drying process of the capsule. Low field magnetic resonance imaging (LF-MRI) technique is adopted to reveal the distribution of moisture content in the capsule during drying. Furthermore, a modified mathematical model is developed by considering the dynamic variation of the effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) according to Fick's second law, which enables accurate prediction of the moisture content of the capsule with a prediction accuracy of ±15%. The predicted Deff ranges from 3 × 10-10 to 7 × 10-10 m2·s-1, which has an irregular variation with a time extension. Moreover, as temperature increases or relative humidity decreases, there is an increased acceleration of moisture diffusion. The work provides a fundamental understanding of the drying process of the plant-based polysaccharide gel, which is crucial for enhancing the industrial preparation of the HPMC-based hard capsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuqi He
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yucheng Yang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yayan Huang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Moses Arowo
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering, Moi University, Nairobi 3900-30100, Kenya
| | - Bingde Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Honghui Xu
- Zhejiang Honghui Capsule Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312500, China
| | - Meitian Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Engineering and Technological Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361021, China
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Zhou YH, Vidyarthi SK, Yang XH, Duan X, Liu ZL, Mujumdar AS, Xiao HW. Conventional and novel peeling methods for fruits and vegetables: A review. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yuan Y, Tan L, Xu Y, Yuan Y, Dong J. Optimization of Combined Drying for Lettuce Using Response Surface Methodology. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejin Yuan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; 6 Xuefuzhong Road, Weiyangdaxueyuan District Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Libin Tan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; 6 Xuefuzhong Road, Weiyangdaxueyuan District Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Yingying Xu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; 6 Xuefuzhong Road, Weiyangdaxueyuan District Xi'an 710021 China
| | - Yueding Yuan
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science; Yichun University; Yichun China
| | - Jixian Dong
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering; Shaanxi University of Science and Technology; 6 Xuefuzhong Road, Weiyangdaxueyuan District Xi'an 710021 China
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Versypt ANF, Braatz RD. Analysis of Finite Difference Discretization Schemes for Diffusion in Spheres with Variable Diffusivity. Comput Chem Eng 2014; 71:241-252. [PMID: 25642003 DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two finite difference discretization schemes for approximating the spatial derivatives in the diffusion equation in spherical coordinates with variable diffusivity are presented and analyzed. The numerical solutions obtained by the discretization schemes are compared for five cases of the functional form for the variable diffusivity: (I) constant diffusivity, (II) temporally-dependent diffusivity, (III) spatially-dependent diffusivity, (IV) concentration-dependent diffusivity, and (V) implicitly-defined, temporally- and spatially-dependent diffusivity. Although the schemes have similar agreement to known analytical or semi-analytical solutions in the first four cases, in the fifth case for the variable diffusivity, one scheme produces a stable, physically reasonable solution, while the other diverges. We recommend the adoption of the more accurate and stable of these finite difference discretization schemes to numerically approximate the spatial derivatives of the diffusion equation in spherical coordinates for any functional form of variable diffusivity, especially cases where the diffusivity is a function of position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee N Ford Versypt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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