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Oyhenart J. Major factors associated to persistence of bovine trichomoniasis in a mandatory control plan: A eight year retrospective study in La Pampa, Argentine. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100328. [PMID: 31796194 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine trichomoniasis is a venereal disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus. Infection is related to low conception rates and would have significant impact on calf crop. The state of La Pampa started in 2006 an unprecedented mandatory control program for eradication of bovine trichomoniasis. The compulsory participation of all cattle producers and the yearly control of every bull should be followed by culling of every positive animal. This retrospective study on data from eight years of the control plan showed that 80% of farms had a single year of positive tests. In these farms, positive tests showed a strong decay of disease during the first years that reached a baseline by 2012. A non negligeable proportion of positive bulls in this group can be attributed to false positive tests. Oppositely, farms with two or more years of positive diagnosis accounted for a great proportion of recent cases. These farms were more likely related to less intensive control measures. The non exclusion of carrier bulls is the major factor contributing to the persistance of bovine trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Oyhenart
- INCITAP - CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Av. Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
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2
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Oyhenart J. Direct detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle genital fluid trough loop mediated isothermal amplification of elongation factor 1 alpha 1. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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3
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Evaluation of Tritrichomonas foetus infection clearance in heifers immunized with a single intravaginal dose of formaldehyde fixed strain B1 cells. Vet Parasitol 2018; 255:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Collántes-Fernández E, Fort MC, Ortega-Mora LM, Schares G. Trichomonas. PARASITIC PROTOZOA OF FARM ANIMALS AND PETS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122547 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The most widely known trichomonad in veterinary medicine is Tritrichomonas foetus. It is the etiologic agent of bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease in extensively managed herds throughout many geographic regions worldwide. The same trichomonad species is also regarded as the causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat, although more recent studies observed molecular differences between bovine- and feline-derived T. foetus. Trichomonosis in cats has a worldwide distribution and is mainly present among cats from high-density housing environments. Other trichomonads are found as inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract in birds, such as Trichomonas gallinae. Particularly, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes, and wild Passeriformes can be severely affected by avian trichomonads. Diagnosis of trichomonosis is often complicated by the fragility of the parasite. To ensure valid test results, it is essential to collect and handle specimens in the right way prior to analysis. Cultivation tests, the specific amplification of parasites, or a combination of both test methods is the most efficient and most commonly used way to diagnose trichomonosis in animals. Bovine tritrichomonosis is mainly controlled by the identification and withdrawal of infected animals from bovine herds. The control of feline and avian trichomonosis relies mainly on preventive measures.
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Abstract
Bovine trichomoniasis has been recognized as a pathogen of the bovine reproductive tract for nearly 100 years. Although characteristics of the causative organism, Tritrichomonas foetus lend to control and there are examples of disease eradication, cattle producers are still faced with this disease. This article highlights the clinical presentation, magnitude of effect, risk factors, epidemiology, and sample collection and suggests applications in developing herd-level control measures for beef cattle producers including testing strategies for control, testing strategies for surveillance, strategies to eliminate trichomoniasis from infected herds, and strategies for prevention in uninfected herds.
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Burns BM, Fordyce G, Holroyd RG. A review of factors that impact on the capacity of beef cattle females to conceive, maintain a pregnancy and wean a calf-Implications for reproductive efficiency in northern Australia. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 122:1-22. [PMID: 20447780 PMCID: PMC7131258 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A review of factors that may impact on the capacity of beef cattle females, grazing semi-extensive to extensive pastures in northern Australia, to conceive, maintain a pregnancy and wean a calf was conducted. Pregnancy and weaning rates have generally been used to measure the reproductive performance of herds. However, this review recognises that reproductive efficiency and the general measures associated with it more effectively describe the economic performance of beef cattle enterprises. More specifically, reproductive efficiency is influenced by (1) pregnancy rate which is influenced by (i) age at puberty; (ii) duration of post-partum anoestrus; (iii) fertilisation failure and (iv) embryo survival; while (2) weight by number of calves per breeding female retained for mating is influenced by (i) cow survival; (ii) foetal survival; and (iii) calf survival; and (3) overall lifetime calf weight weaned per mating. These measures of reproductive efficiency are discussed in depth. Further, a range of infectious and non-infectious factors, namely, environmental, physiological, breed and genetic factors and their impact on these stages of the reproductive cycle are investigated and implications for the northern Australian beef industry are discussed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations to minimise reproductive inefficiencies based on current knowledge are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Burns
- Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, CQMC, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia.
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Tritrichomonas fetus extracellular products decrease progressive motility of bull sperm. Theriogenology 2010; 73:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Villarroel A, Carpenter TE, BonDurant RH. Development of a simulation model to evaluate the effect of vaccination against Tritrichomonas foetus on reproductive efficiency in beef herds. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:770-5. [PMID: 15198217 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a model to evaluate the effect of vaccination against Tritrichomonas foetus on reproductive efficiency in beef herds. SAMPLE POPULATION A beef herd of 300 cows and 12 bulls (8 bulls < or = 3 years old and 4 bulls > 3 years old). PROCEDURE The model was developed by use of data for various risk factors and vaccine efficacy. The reference herd was considered to be one in which T. foetus had been diagnosed and bulls were tested for T. foetus before the breeding season. Five thousand iterations were run for each of 13 simulations, with each simulation representing a separate combination of risk factors. RESULTS In all simulations, vaccination resulted in significantly higher calving incidence than nonvaccination. Shared grazing was found to be the most significant risk factor for a decrease in calving incidence attributable to T. foetus infection, followed in importance by lack of testing before the breeding season and a higher proportion of old bulls. Combinations of risk factors contributed to a loss of income of up to 22%, some of which could be blunted by vaccination. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Highest calving incidence is achieved when all bulls are tested for T. foetus before the breeding season and all bulls with positive culture results are culled. Avoiding all risk factors is better than vaccinating, but when this is not feasible for a given herd, the results of this simulation indicate that proper vaccination can decrease economic losses attributable to abortions caused by T. foetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Villarroel
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Martín-Gómez S, González-Paniello R, Pereira-Bueno J, Ortega-Mora LM. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef bulls in northwestern Spain. Vet Parasitol 1998; 75:265-8. [PMID: 9637229 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef bulls in north-western Spain. The study area comprised of 350 herds (5909 cows and 102 bulls) managed under extensive or semi-extensive systems where natural mating alone or alternated with artificial insemination are used. The targets of this survey were bulls of 1 year of age or older. Preputial smegma samples were taken from 70 bulls (68.6% of bull population) servicing a total of 184 herds (52.6%) and 4136 cows (69.9%). Data collected at sampling included farm location, herd size, age, breed, private or communal bull and previous infertility problems in the herd. The percentage of infected bulls was 2.9% (2 of 70). Age of infected bulls was 5 and 7 years and both were of the local breed, Asturiana de los Valles. These results confirm the presence of T. foetus infection in Spain and the necessity to include this disease in the differential diagnosis of reproductive failure in rangeland grazing cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martín-Gómez
- Dpto. Patología Animal (Sanidad Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Spain
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Abstract
A range of protozoans were tested for the presence of glycosidases using p-nitrophenyl sugars as substrates. Some of the organisms were mucin dwellers whereas others were blood borne parasites. It had been hypothesized that glycosidase production would be significantly higher in the mucin dwellers. The results obtained demonstrated that the urogenital protozoans Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis produced a vast range of glycosidases which included those required for mucin breakdown. The gut dwelling protozoans Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica both produced beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. G.lamblia also had detectable beta N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity, and small amounts of beta mannosidase were found in the extracts from E. histolytica. In contrast, little or no glycosidase activity was detected under the same experimental conditions in Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma brucei or T. cruzi. The mucin dwelling protozoans all produce beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase but only the Trichomonads produced the range of enzymes required for complete breakdown of mucin. This seems to suggest that mucin breakdown is not a characteristic of all mucin dwelling protozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connaris
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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Anderson ML, Barr BC, Conrad PA. Protozoal causes of reproductive failure in domestic ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1994; 10:439-61. [PMID: 7728629 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites are a significant cause of abortion and infertility in domestic ruminants. Toxoplasma gondii, a widespread cause of abortion in sheep and goats, and Sarcocystis spp., which cause a common, frequently asymptomatic infection of domestic ruminants, both have a two-host life cycle. Carnivorous definitive hosts spread the infection through their feces and domestic ruminants are intermediate hosts. A similar, recently recognized protozoa, Neospora sp., has emerged as an important cause of reproductive disease, especially as an abortifacient in dairy cattle. Neospora is presumed to also have a two-host life cycle, although the definitive host(s) has not been identified. The venereally transmitted Tritrichomonas foetus is an important cause of pregnancy loss in naturally bred cattle throughout the world. In the absence of effective methods for vaccination or treatment, control of these parasites is based on management procedures to reduce infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Anderson
- California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Davis
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Hudson DB, Ball L, Cheney JM, Mortimer RG, Bowen RA, Marsh DJ, Peetz RH. Development and testing of a bovine trichomoniasis vaccine. Theriogenology 1993; 39:929-35. [PMID: 16727265 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(93)90430-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/1992] [Accepted: 09/15/1992] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen culled dairy cows were randomly allocated into 1 of 5 treatment groups. Six cows were vaccinated twice (2V), 21 days apart, 3 with whole cell (2WC) and 3 with fragmented cell membrane (2FC) containing 1 x 10(9)Trichomonas fetus organisms or protein equivalent in a commercial mineral oil adjuvant vaccine. Six more cows were vaccinated once (1V), 3 with whole cell (1WC) and 3 with fragmented cell vaccine (1FC), using the same vaccine, while 6 cows were used as the unvaccinated controls. All cows were challenged with 1 x 10(5) organisms 4 weeks after the second or the only vaccination. After challenge, cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) samples were cultured for T . fetus weekly for 9 weeks. Whole cell vaccines were superior to fragmented cell vaccines, and both performed better than no vaccination for apparent elimination of trichomonad infections in dairy cows. In addition, 2V was superior to 1V, which, in turn, was superior to no vaccination. Furthermore, clearance time was reduced most by 2V and whole cell vaccination compared with 1V and fragmented cell vaccination. Clearance time was decreased significantly in all vaccinated cows compared with that in unvaccinated cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hudson
- University of Nebraska, West Central Research & Extension Center North Platte, NE 69101 USA
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Hudson DB, Ball L, Cheney JM, Mortimer RG, Bowen RA, Marsh DJ, Peetz RH. Testing of trichomoniasis vaccine in heifers mated to infected bulls. Theriogenology 1993; 39:937-43. [PMID: 16727266 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(93)90431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/1992] [Accepted: 09/15/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a Trichomonas fetus vaccine to protect heifers from infection when bred to infected bulls. The vaccine consisted of a whole cell vaccine of T. fetus organisms stabilized in formaldehyde and adjuvanted in a mineral oil base. In the trial, fewer vaccinated heifers became infected than unvaccinated controls (69.4 vs 93.0%, respectively; P<0.08). The vaccinated heifers tended to clear the infections sooner than the controls (48.9 vs 68.5 days, respectively; P<0.10). The average number of days open was shorter in the vaccinated heifers than in the controls (33.2 vs 56.9 days, respectively; P<0.07). The first service conception rate was higher in the vaccinated heifers than in the controls (66.7 vs 33.3%, respectively; P<0.05). The number of services per conception in conceiving heifers was lower in vaccinated than in control heifers (1.44 vs 1.73, respectively; P<0.16). Cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) samples were collected every 14 days following first challenge (first service). On average, more CVM samples were positive for T. fetus for a longer period of time in the control than in the vaccinated heifers (3.9 vs 1.85 sampling periods, respectively; P<0.08). We concluded that, under the conditions of this trial, some protection to T. fetus was afforded by double vaccination with a whole cell vaccine. However, vaccination does not completely prevent heifers from developing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Hudson
- University of Nebraska, West Central Research & Extension Center North Platte, NE 69101 USA
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Rhyan JC, Stackhouse LL, Quinn WJ. Fetal and placental lesions in bovine abortion due to Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Pathol 1988; 25:350-5. [PMID: 3232309 DOI: 10.1177/030098588802500503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory records and histologic material from 13 cases of naturally occurring, early- to late-term bovine abortion due to Tritrichomonas foetus were examined. Placentitis was present in all placentas. Pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia was in six of the 11 lungs which were examined. Trichomonad organisms were demonstrated within the placental stroma in all cases and free or phagocytized in pulmonary airways in seven cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rhyan
- Montana Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Livestock, Bozeman
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Ball L, Dargatz DA, Cheney JM, Mortimer RG. Control of venereal disease in infected herds. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1987; 3:561-74. [PMID: 3319084 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)31130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Losses from trichomoniasis can be controlled by management and treatment strategies. The best strategy for control of campylobacteriosis is vaccination of cows and bulls with a competent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ball
- Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins
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