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Tayebi M, Pinczowski P, Habiba U, Khan R, David MA, Summers BA. Case Report: Synucleinopathy Associated With Phalaris Neurotoxicity in Sheep. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:736567. [PMID: 34722702 PMCID: PMC8551671 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.736567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intoxication with tryptamine-alkaloid-rich Phalaris species (spp.) pasture plants is known colloquially as Phalaris staggers syndrome, a widely occurring neurological disorder of sheep, cattle, horses, and kangaroos. Of comparative interest, structurally analogous tryptamine-alkaloids cause experimental parkinsonism in primates. This study aimed to investigate the neuropathological changes associated with spontaneous cases of Phalaris staggers in sheep with respect to those encountered in human synucleinopathy. In sheep affected with Phalaris staggers, histological, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence analysis revealed significant accumulation of neuromelanin and aggregated α-synuclein in the perikaryon of neurons in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord. Neuronal intracytoplasmic Lewy bodies inclusions were not observed in these cases of ovine Phalaris staggers. These important findings established a clear link between synucleinopathy and the neurologic form of Phalaris plant poisoning in sheep, demonstrated in six of six affected sheep. Synucleinopathy is a feature of a number of progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorders of man and may be a common endpoint of such disorders, which in a variety of ways perturb neuronal function. However, whether primary to the degenerative process or a consequence of it awaits clarification in an appropriate model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Tayebi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Pedro Pinczowski
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Umma Habiba
- Department of Neuroimmunology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rizwan Khan
- Department of Neuroimmunology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Monique A David
- Department of Neuroimmunology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian A Summers
- Department of Veterinary Anatomic Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
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Tayebi M, El-Hage CM, Pinczowski P, Whiteley P, David M, Li QX, Varghese S, Mikhael M, Habiba U, Harman D, Tatarczuch L, Bogeski M, Birchall I, Ferguson K, Walker L, Masters C, Summers BA. Plant poisoning leads to alpha-synucleinopathy and neuromelanopathy in kangaroos. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16546. [PMID: 31723225 PMCID: PMC6853926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of synucleinopathies, common neuropathological lesions normally associated with some human neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy, remains poorly understood. In animals, ingestion of the tryptamine-alkaloid-rich phalaris pastures plants causes a disorder called Phalaris staggers, a neurological syndrome reported in kangaroos. The aim of the study was to characterise the clinical and neuropathological changes associated with spontaneous cases of Phalaris staggers in kangaroos. Gross, histological, ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical studies were performed to demonstrate neuronal accumulation of neuromelanin and aggregated α-synuclein. ELISA and mass spectrometry were used to detect serum-borne α-synuclein and tryptamine alkaloids respectively. We report that neurons in the central and enteric nervous systems of affected kangaroos display extensive accumulation of neuromelanin in the perikaryon without affecting neuronal morphology. Ultrastructural studies confirmed the typical structure of neuromelanin. While we demonstrated strong staining of α-synuclein, restricted to neurons, intracytoplasmic Lewy bodies inclusions were not observed. α-synuclein aggregates levels were shown to be lower in sera of the affected kangaroos compared to unaffected herd mate kangaroos. Finally, mass spectrometry failed to detect the alkaloid toxins in the sera derived from the affected kangaroos. Our preliminary findings warrant further investigation of Phalaris staggers in kangaroos, potentially a valuable large animal model for environmentally-acquired toxic synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Tayebi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | - Pedro Pinczowski
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pam Whiteley
- University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monique David
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shiji Varghese
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meena Mikhael
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Umma Habiba
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - David Harman
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mirjana Bogeski
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Birchall
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsty Ferguson
- MGV Mt Annan, Mt Annan, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Metropolitan Wildlife Services, Lindfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Larry Walker
- Southern Scientific, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Prediction of in vivo genotoxicity of lasiocarpine and riddelliine in rat liver using a combined in vitro-physiologically based kinetic modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry approach. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2385-2395. [PMID: 31289892 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02515-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are naturally occurring genotoxic compounds, and PA-containing plants can pose a risk to humans through contaminated food sources and herbal products. Upon metabolic activation, PAs can form DNA adducts, DNA and protein cross links, chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and DNA double-strand breaks. These genotoxic effects may induce gene mutations and play a role in the carcinogenesis of PAs. This study aims to predict in vivo genotoxicity for two well-studied PAs, lasiocarpine and riddelliine, in rat using in vitro genotoxicity data and physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modelling-based reverse dosimetry. The phosphorylation of histone protein H2AX was used as a quantitative surrogate endpoint for in vitro genotoxicity of lasiocarpine and riddelliine in primary rat hepatocytes and human HepaRG cells. The in vitro concentration-response curves obtained from primary rat hepatocytes were subsequently converted to in vivo dose-response curves from which points of departure (PoDs) were derived that were compared to available in vivo genotoxicity data. The results showed that the predicted PoDs for lasiocarpine and riddelliine were comparable to in vivo genotoxicity data. It is concluded that this quantitative in vitro-in silico approach provides a method to predict in vivo genotoxicity for the large number of PAs for which in vivo genotoxicity data are lacking by integrating in vitro genotoxicity assays with PBK modelling-facilitated reverse dosimetry.
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Fu PP. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Metabolic Activation Pathways Leading to Liver Tumor Initiation. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:81-93. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological
Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, United States
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Khordadmehr M, Rezazadeh F, Ashrafi-Helan J, Hosseini-Ghomi MM. The first report of pyrrolizidine alkaloid poisoning in a gazelle ( Gazella Subgutturosa) - histopathologic diagnosis. Interdiscip Toxicol 2016; 9:30-33. [PMID: 28652845 PMCID: PMC5458112 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are natural phytotoxins found in thousands of plant species around the world. They are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife and humans. The disease occurs almost entirely as a consequence of chronic poisoning and in general ends fatally. In the present study, PAs poisoning was investigated in a gazelle with hepatic encephalopathy associated with severe neurologic signs. The main clinical signs included head pressing, progressive depression and weakness, ataxia and reluctance to move, turn the head to the left and to paddle, hyperesthesia and decreased food intake. Histopathological examination revealed major lesions in the liver consisting of severe hepatocyte megalocytosis and hypertrophy with nuclei enlargement, mild bile duct hyperplasia, centriacinar fatty change and hepatocellular necrosis. Moreover, pulmonary congestion and edema with endothelium necrosis and alveolar septa thickening, severe congestion in vessels of the brain and meninges, and myocardial necrosis were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Khordadmehr
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereydoon Rezazadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Ashrafi-Helan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat (solipeds). EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Opinion of the Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids as undesirable substances in animal feed. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
The total synthesis of rac-heliophenanthrone (3a) was achieved by a convergent approach, making use of a transition-metal-catalyzed domino process with an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction at an isobenzopyrylium cation as key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Dyker
- Fakultät für Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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Nobre VMDT, Riet-Correa F, Barbosa Filho JM, Dantas AFM, Tabosa IM, Vasconcelos JS. Intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa (Fabaceae) em Eqüídeos no semi-árido da Paraíba. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2004000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
De 2000 a 2003 oito casos de intoxicação por Crotalaria retusa L. foram observados em eqüinos em 8 fazendas na região semi-árida da Paraíba e do Ceará. C. retusa foi encontrada no pasto em todas as propriedades. Os principais sinais clínicos foram característicos de encefalopatia hepática, com apatia ou hiperexcitabilidade, pressão da cabeça, andar compulsivo ou em círculo e, ocasionalmente, galope descontrolado e violento. Decréscimo nos reflexos dos nervos craniais, ataxia e fraqueza foram também observados. Outros sinais clínicos foram anorexia, perda de peso, fotossensibilização e icterícia. O curso clínico variou de 4 a 40 dias, mas muitos cavalos tinham um histórico prévio de perda de peso. À necropsia os fígados eram duros, com superfície irregular e áreas brancas misturadas com áreas vermelho-escuras e com aumento no padrão lobular. Icterícia moderada, ascite, hidropericárdio e hidrotorax foram também observados. Edema e moderada congestão foram observadas nos pulmões. As lesões histológicas do fígado foram caracterizadas por fibrose, principalmente periportal, megalocitose e proliferação de células dos ductos biliares. Áreas multifocais de hemorragias centrolobulares ou mediozonais foram também observadas. Necrose hemorrágica centrolobular estava presente em dois eqüinos. Foram observados astrócitos Alzheimer tipo II, isolados ou em grupos principalmente no núcleo caudato e córtex em 4 eqüinos. A intoxicação foi produzida experimentalmente em 1 eqüino e 3 asininos. O eqüino adulto, recebeu diariamente, 100 g de sementes de C. retusa e morreu aos 52 dias após o início do experimento. C. retusa inteira, seca foi misturada com capim e dada a 3 asininos adultos em doses diárias de 10 g/kg, 5 g/kg e 2,5 g/kg respectivamente. O asinino tratado com 5 g/kg morreu aos 48 dias após o início do experimento e os outros dois foram sacrificados aos 120 dias. Os sinais clínicos e a patologia foram similares aos observados nos casos espontâneos, alguns astrócitos Alzheimer tipo II foram observados somente no asinino que morreu após 48 dias do inicio da ingestão. A concentração de monocrotalina na planta inteira administrada aos asininos foi 0,5%.
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Fu PP, Xia Q, Lin G, Chou MW. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids—Genotoxicity, Metabolism Enzymes, Metabolic Activation, and Mechanisms. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36:1-55. [PMID: 15072438 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-120028426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants are widely distributed in the world and are probably the most common poisonous plants affecting livestock, wildlife, and humans. Because of their abundance and potent toxicities, the mechanisms by which pyrrolizidine alkaloids induce genotoxicities, particularly carcinogenicity, were extensively studied for several decades but not exclusively elucidated until recently. To date, the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced genotoxicities were revealed to be elicited by the hepatic metabolism of these naturally occurring toxins. In this review, we present updated information on the metabolism, metabolizing enzymes, and the mechanisms by which pyrrolizidine alkaloids exert genotoxicity and tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Guntern A, Ioset JR, Queiroz EF, Sándor P, Foggin CM, Hostettmann K. Heliotropamide, a novel oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide from Heliotropium ovalifolium. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2003; 66:1550-1553. [PMID: 14695794 DOI: 10.1021/np0302495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Heliotropamide (1), a new alkaloid with a novel oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide central moiety, has been isolated as the major product of the dicholoromethane extract of Heliotropium ovalifolium aerial parts. Its structure was elucidated by spectrometric methods including ESI-HR, EI, D/CI mass spectrometry, (1)H, (13)C, and 2D NMR experiments, and chemical derivatization. Neither heliotropamide nor its acetylated derivative (1a) showed any antifungal activity against Cladosporium cucumerinum and Candida albicans, antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, radical-scavenging properties in the DPPH test, or inhibitory potential toward acetylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guntern
- Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Université de Lausanne, BEP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Guilet D, Guntern A, Ioset JR, Queiroz EF, Ndjoko K, Foggin CM, Hostettmann K. Absolute configuration of a tetrahydrophenanthrene from Heliotropium ovalifolium by LC-NMR of its Mosher esters. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2003; 66:17-20. [PMID: 12542337 DOI: 10.1021/np020366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new tetrahydrophenanthrene (1, (1R,2R)-1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-6,9-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrophenanthren-4(1H)-one (heliophenanthrone)) has been isolated from the aerial parts of Heliotropium ovalifolium. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration of the asymmetric centers was determined from LC-NMR data of the Mosher ester derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Guilet
- Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Université de Lausanne, BEP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Guntern A, Ioset JR, Queiroz EF, Foggin CM, Hostettmann K. Quinones from Heliotropium ovalifolium. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 58:631-635. [PMID: 11576613 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two new benzoquinones, heliotropinones A and B, have been isolated from the aerial parts of Heliotropium ovalifolium. Their structures were elucidated by spectrometric methods including high resolution electrospray ionization (ESI-HR), EI mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C and 2D NMR experiments. The two quinones demonstrated antifungal activities against Cladosporium cucumerinum and Candida albicans as well as antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guntern
- Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Université de Lausanne, BEP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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