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Harding EF, Russo AG, Yan GJH, Waters PD, White PA. Ancient viral integrations in marsupials: a potential antiviral defence. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab076. [PMID: 34548931 PMCID: PMC8449507 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Marsupial viruses are understudied compared to their eutherian mammal counterparts, although they may pose severe threats to vulnerable marsupial populations. Genomic viral integrations, termed 'endogenous viral elements' (EVEs), could protect the host from infection. It is widely known past viral infections and EVEs play an active role in antiviral defence in invertebrates and plants. This study aimed to characterise actively transcribed EVEs in Australian marsupial species, because they may play an integral role in cellular defence against viruses. This study screened publicly available RNA sequencing data sets (n = 35) and characterised 200 viral transcripts from thirteen Australian marsupial species. Of the 200 transcripts, 188 originated from either Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, or Parvoviridae EVEs. The other twelve transcripts were from putative active infections from members of the Herpesviridae and Anelloviridae, and Hepadnaviridae. EVE transcripts (n = 188) were mapped to marsupial genomes (where available, n = 5/13) to identify the genomic insertion sites. Of the 188 transcripts, 117 mapped to 39 EVEs within the koala, bare-nosed wombat, tammar wallaby, brushtail possum, and Tasmanian devil genomes. The remaining eight animals had no available genome (transcripts n = 71). Every marsupial has Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, and Parvoviridae EVEs, a trend widely observed in eutherian mammals. Whilst eutherian bornavirus EVEs are predominantly nucleoprotein-derived, marsupial bornavirus EVEs demonstrate a surprising replicase gene bias. We predicted these widely distributed EVEs were conserved within marsupials from ancient germline integrations, as many were over 65 million years old. One bornavirus replicase EVE, present in six marsupial genomes, was estimated to be 160 million years old, predating the American-Australian marsupial split. We considered transcription of these EVEs through small non-coding RNA as an ancient viral defence. Consistent with this, in koala small RNA sequence data sets, we detected Bornaviridae replicase and Filoviridae nucleoprotein produced small RNA. These were enriched in testis tissue, suggesting they could protect marsupials from vertically transmitted viral integrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice G Russo
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Grace J H Yan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Paul D Waters
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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OCULAR ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY IN LUMHOLTZ'S TREE-KANGAROO ( DENDROLAGUS LUMHOLTZI). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:868-878. [PMID: 33480567 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumholtz's tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus lumholtzi) is one of two species of tree-kangaroos found in Queensland, Australia. There is little information about ocular anatomy and pathology in any species of tree-kangaroo, and there are claims of blindness from unknown causes in free-ranging Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos. This study investigated ocular anatomy and pathology in 80 individuals, using examination of 31 live animals and histopathologic examination of eyes from 49 carcasses. Tree-kangaroos were found to have a typical vertebrate eye with immuno-histochemical evidence for dichromatic color vision. Only 5.4% of animals had evidence of pathology from traumatic injury, infection, or a variety of nonspecific lesions. Toxoplasmosis was implicated in ocular lesions in three animals. This study did not find evidence of widespread blindness in free-ranging animals nor evidence of toxic optic neuropathy. Examinations of live animals highlighted the need to establish normal ocular examination parameters and vision testing protocols suitable for use in tree-kangaroos and the need for more comprehensive examination and testing of animals thought to have vision loss of unknown origin.
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Attenuation of Bluetongue Virus (BTV) in an in ovo Model Is Related to the Changes of Viral Genetic Diversity of Cell-Culture Passaged BTV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050481. [PMID: 31130699 PMCID: PMC6563285 DOI: 10.3390/v11050481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonated chicken egg (ECE) is routinely used for the laboratory isolation and adaptation of Bluetongue virus (BTV) in vitro. However, its utility as an alternate animal model has not been fully explored. In this paper, we evaluated the pathogenesis of BTV in ovo using a pathogenic isolate of South African BTV serotype 3 (BTV-3) derived from the blood of an infected sheep. Endothelio- and neurotropism of BTV-3 were observed by immunohistochemistry of non-structural protein 1 (NS1), NS3, NS3/3a, and viral protein 7 (VP7) antigens. In comparing the pathogenicity of BTV from infectious sheep blood with cell-culture-passaged BTV, including virus propagated through a Culicoides-derived cell line (KC) or ECE, we found virus attenuation in ECE following cell-culture passage. Genomic analysis of the consensus sequences of segments (Seg)-2, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, and -10 identified several nucleotide and amino-acid mutations among the cell-culture-propagated BTV-3. Deep sequencing analysis revealed changes in BTV-3 genetic diversity in various genome segments, notably a reduction of Seg-7 diversity following passage in cell culture. Using this novel approach to investigate BTV pathogenicity in ovo, our findings support the notion that pathogenic BTV becomes attenuated in cell culture and that this change is associated with virus quasispecies evolution.
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Kirkland PD. Arbovirus infections of animals: congenital deformities, encephalitis, sudden death and blindness. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/ma18030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses from five different taxonomic families have been shown to be the cause of disease outbreaks in either domesticated or wild animals. These include viruses spread by both mosquitoes and biting midges from the genus Culicoides, especially C. brevitarsis. A number of arboviruses also present significant impediments to the international movement of live animals, semen and embryos.
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Belaganahalli MN, Maan S, Maan NS, Pritchard I, Kirkland PD, Brownlie J, Attoui H, Mertens PPC. Full genome characterization of the culicoides-borne marsupial orbiviruses: Wallal virus, Mudjinbarry virus and Warrego viruses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108379. [PMID: 25299687 PMCID: PMC4191977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the species Wallal virus and Warrego virus of the genus Orbivirus were identified as causative agents of blindness in marsupials in Australia during 1994/5. Recent comparisons of nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences have provided a basis for the grouping and classification of orbivirus isolates. However, full-genome sequence data are not available for representatives of all Orbivirus species. We report full-genome sequence data for three additional orbiviruses: Wallal virus (WALV); Mudjinabarry virus (MUDV) and Warrego virus (WARV). Comparisons of conserved polymerase (Pol), sub-core-shell 'T2' and core-surface 'T13' proteins show that these viruses group with other Culicoides borne orbiviruses, clustering with Eubenangee virus (EUBV), another orbivirus infecting marsupials. WARV shares <70% aa identity in all three conserved proteins (Pol, T2 and T13) with other orbiviruses, consistent with its classification within a distinct Orbivirus species. Although WALV and MUDV share <72.86%/67.93% aa/nt identity with other orbiviruses in Pol, T2 and T13, they share >99%/90% aa/nt identities with each other (consistent with membership of the same virus species - Wallal virus). However, WALV and MUDV share <68% aa identity in their larger outer capsid protein VP2(OC1), consistent with membership of different serotypes within the species - WALV-1 and WALV-2 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sushila Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Pritchard
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D. Kirkland
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joe Brownlie
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Coffey LL, Page BL, Greninger AL, Herring BL, Russell RC, Doggett SL, Haniotis J, Wang C, Deng X, Delwart EL. Enhanced arbovirus surveillance with deep sequencing: Identification of novel rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses in Australian mosquitoes. Virology 2013; 448:146-58. [PMID: 24314645 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viral metagenomics characterizes known and identifies unknown viruses based on sequence similarities to any previously sequenced viral genomes. A metagenomics approach was used to identify virus sequences in Australian mosquitoes causing cytopathic effects in inoculated mammalian cell cultures. Sequence comparisons revealed strains of Liao Ning virus (Reovirus, Seadornavirus), previously detected only in China, livestock-infecting Stretch Lagoon virus (Reovirus, Orbivirus), two novel dimarhabdoviruses, named Beaumont and North Creek viruses, and two novel orthobunyaviruses, named Murrumbidgee and Salt Ash viruses. The novel virus proteomes diverged by ≥ 50% relative to their closest previously genetically characterized viral relatives. Deep sequencing also generated genomes of Warrego and Wallal viruses, orbiviruses linked to kangaroo blindness, whose genomes had not been fully characterized. This study highlights viral metagenomics in concert with traditional arbovirus surveillance to characterize known and new arboviruses in field-collected mosquitoes. Follow-up epidemiological studies are required to determine whether the novel viruses infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lark L Coffey
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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7
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Pacioni C, Johansen CA, Mahony TJ, O'Dea MA, Robertson ID, Wayne AF, Ellis T. A virological investigation into declining woylie populations. AUST J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/zo13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The woylie (Bettongia penicillata ogilbyi) is a critically endangered small Australian marsupial that is in a state of accelerated population decline for reasons that are currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the involvement of several viral pathogens through strategic serological testing of several wild woylie populations. Testing for antibodies against the Wallal and Warrego serogroup of orbiviruses, Macropod herpesvirus 1 and Encephalomyocarditis virus in woylie sera was undertaken through virus neutralisation tests. Moreover, testing for antibodies against the the alphaviruses Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus and the flaviviruses Kunjin virus and Murray Valley encephalitis virus was undertaken through virus neutralisation tests and ELISA mainly because of the interest in the epidemiology of these important zoonoses as it was considered unlikely to be the cause of the decline. Between 15 and 86 samples were tested for each of the four sites in south-western Australia (Balban, Keninup, Warrup and Karakamia). Results indicated no exposure to any of the viral pathogens investigated, indicating that all populations are currently naïve and may be at risk if these pathogens were to be introduced.
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8
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Rose KA, Kirkland PD, Davis RJ, Cooper DW, Blumstein D, Pritchard LI, Newberry KM, Lunt RA. Epizootics of sudden death in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) associated with an orbivirus infection. Aust Vet J 2012. [PMID: 23186095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Epizootics of sudden death in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) occurred at six research facilities and zoological gardens in New South Wales, Australia, in late 1998 and at one Queensland research facility in March 1999. There were 120 confirmed tammar wallaby deaths during this period; however, population censuses indicated that up to 230 tammar wallabies may have died. The majority of animals died without premonitory signs. A small proportion of wallabies exhibited increased respiratory rate, sat with a lowered head shortly before death or were discovered in lateral recumbency, moribund and with muscle fasciculations. Gross postmortem findings consistently included massive pulmonary congestion, mottled hepatic parenchyma and subcutaneous oedema throughout the hindlimbs and inguinal region. Approximately 30% of the animals examined also had extensive haemorrhage within the fascial planes and skeletal muscle of the hindlimb adductors, inguinal region, ventral thorax, dorsal cervical region and perirenal retroperitoneal area. The tissues of affected animals became autolytic within a short period after death. Bacteriological examination of tissues from 14 animals did not provide any significant findings. Toxicological examination of the gastric and colonic contents of four animals did not reveal evidence of brodifacoume or other rodenticides. Viruses from the Eubenangee serogroup of the Orbivirus genus were isolated from the cerebral cortex of nine, and the myocardium of two, tammar wallabies and the liver and intestine of another tammar wallaby. A similar orbivirus was also isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of another tammar wallaby that died suddenly. The disease agent appears to be a previously unrecognised orbivirus in the Eubenangee serogroup. This is the first report of epizootics of sudden deaths in tammar wallabies apparently associated with an orbivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, PO Box 20, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia.
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Appuhamy RD, Tent J, Mackenzie JS. Toponymous diseases of Australia. Med J Aust 2011; 193:642-6. [PMID: 21143049 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb04092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Names are more than just labels used to identify diseases. They can be windows into the discovery, characteristics and attributes of the disease. Toponymous diseases are diseases that are named after places. Hendra, Ross River, Bairnsdale, Murray Valley and Barmah Forest are all examples of Australian places that have had diseases named after them. They all have unique and interesting stories that provide a glimpse into their discovery, history and culture. Because of perceived negative connotations, the association of diseases with placenames has sometimes generated controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranil D Appuhamy
- Health Protection Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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10
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Labelle AL, Hamor RE, Narfström K, Breaux CB. Electroretinography in the western gray kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus). Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13 Suppl:41-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Ophthalmic Examination Findings in A Captive Colony of Western Gray Kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:461-7. [DOI: 10.1638/2009-0179.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Selected Diagnostic Ophthalmic Tests in the Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:224-33. [DOI: 10.1638/2009-0105r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Gubala A, Davis S, Weir R, Melville L, Cowled C, Walker P, Boyle D. Ngaingan virus, a macropod-associated rhabdovirus, contains a second glycoprotein gene and seven novel open reading frames. Virology 2010; 399:98-108. [PMID: 20089287 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ngaingan virus (NGAV) was isolated from a pool of biting midges that were collected in the tropics of northern Australia. Reported here is the full-length sequence of the NGAV genome, which, at over 15.7 kb, is the largest in any rhabdovirus described to date and contains 13 genes, the highest number of genes observed in any (-) ssRNA virus. Seven of these putative genes show no significant homology to known proteins. Like viruses in the genus Ephemerovirus, NGAV possesses a second glycoprotein gene (G(NS)). Phylogenetic analyses, however, place NGAV within the yet to be classified "Hart Park" group containing Wongabel and Flanders viruses, which do not contain a second glycoprotein gene. Screening of various animal sera from northern Australia has indicated that NGAV is currently circulating in macropods (wallabies, wallaroos and kangaroos), highlighting the need for further studies to determine its potential to cause disease in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gubala
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia; Human Protection and Performance Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Steven Davis
- Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Northern Territory Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Walker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Boyle
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Attoui H, Mendez-Lopez MR, Rao S, Hurtado-Alendes A, Lizaraso-Caparo F, Mohd Jaafar F, Samuel AR, Belhouchet M, Pritchard LI, Melville L, Weir RP, Hyatt AD, Davis SS, Lunt R, Calisher CH, Tesh RB, Fujita R, Mertens PPC. Peruvian horse sickness virus and Yunnan orbivirus, isolated from vertebrates and mosquitoes in Peru and Australia. Virology 2009; 394:298-310. [PMID: 19766284 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During 1997, two new viruses were isolated from outbreaks of disease that occurred in horses, donkeys, cattle and sheep in Peru. Genome characterization showed that the virus isolated from horses (with neurological disorders, 78% fatality) belongs to a new species the Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV), within the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. This represents the first isolation of PHSV, which was subsequently also isolated during 1999, from diseased horses in the Northern Territory of Australia (Elsey virus, ELSV). Serological and molecular studies showed that PHSV and ELSV are very similar in the serotype-determining protein (99%, same serotype). The second virus (Rioja virus, RIOV) was associated with neurological signs in donkeys, cattle, sheep and dogs and was shown to be a member of the species Yunnan orbivirus (YUOV). RIOV and YUOV are also almost identical (97% amino acid identity) in the serotype-determining protein. YUOV was originally isolated from mosquitoes in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Attoui
- Department of Vector Borne Diseases, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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15
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Attoui H, Jaafar FM, Belhouchet M, Aldrovandi N, Tao S, Chen B, Liang G, Tesh RB, de Micco P, de Lamballerie X. Yunnan orbivirus, a new orbivirus species isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in China. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:3409-3417. [PMID: 16298988 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An orbivirus designated Yunnan orbivirus (YUOV) was isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected in the Yunnan province of China. Electron microscopy showed particles with typical orbivirus morphology. The YUOV genome was sequenced completely and compared with previously characterized orbivirus genomes. Significant identity scores were detected between proteins encoded by the segments (Seg-1 to Seg-10) of YUOV and those encoded by their homologues in insect-borne and tick-borne orbiviruses. Analysis of VP1 (Pol) and VP2 (T2, which correlates with the virus serogroup) indicated that YUOV is a new species of the genus Orbivirus that is unrelated to the other insect-borne orbiviruses. The replication of YUOV in mosquito cell lines was restricted to Aedes albopictus cells and the virus failed to replicate in mammalian cell lines. However, intraperitoneal injection of virus into naïve mice resulted in productive, non-lethal virus replication and viraemia. Infected mice developed serum neutralizing antibodies and were protected against a new infection challenge. Sequence analysis of clones from the segments encoding outer coat proteins (Seg-3 and Seg-6) of YUOV recovered from mouse blood did not show significant changes in the sequences. The availability of the complete genome sequence will facilitate the development of sequence-specific PCR assays for the study of YUOV epidemiology in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Attoui
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292/IFR48, Université de la Méditerranée, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée/Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292/IFR48, Université de la Méditerranée, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée/Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Mourad Belhouchet
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292/IFR48, Université de la Méditerranée, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée/Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Nicolas Aldrovandi
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292/IFR48, Université de la Méditerranée, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée/Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Sanju Tao
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Boquan Chen
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | - Philippe de Micco
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292/IFR48, Université de la Méditerranée, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée/Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Maladies Virales Émergentes et Systèmes d'Information UR 034, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
- Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292/IFR48, Université de la Méditerranée, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée/Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille 13005, France
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16
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Gould AR, Kattenbelt JA, Gumley SG, Lunt RA. Characterisation of an Australian bat lyssavirus variant isolated from an insectivorous bat. Virus Res 2002; 89:1-28. [PMID: 12367747 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In 1996 a variant lyssavirus was isolated from an insectivorous bat (yellow bellied, sheath tail bat-Saccolaimus flaviventris) in Australia. The nucleocapsid protein (N), matrix protein (M), phosphoprotein (P), glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L) genes of the Australian bat lyssavirus (ABL) insectivorous isolate were compared with that previously described from a frugivorous bat (Pteropus sp.), and showed sequence divergence at both the nucleotide and amino acid sequence level of 20% and 4-12%, respectively. Comparison of deduced protein sequences of ABL isolates from Pteropus and insectivorous bats, showed that viral isolates were homologous and varied by only a few percent. However, these viruses separated into two distinct clades; those isolated from Pteropus or those from Saccolaimus flaviventris bats, when comparisons were made at the nucleotide level. Nucleoprotein sequence comparisons also showed insectivorous isolates to be of the same putative genotype (genotype 7) as that isolated from frugivorous bats. Immediately after the isolation of ABL from an insectivorous bat, the first human case of ABL infection was identified. PCR and sequence analysis done on cerebrospinal fluid, brain and virus isolated from fresh brain tissue of this human case, was consistent with this infection originating from an insectivorous bat. Monoclonal antibody profiling studies of the virus isolated from the human brain tissues supported this conclusion. Sequence comparisons done on the nucleocapsid (N) gene of insectivorous or frugivorous bats showed no geographic associations between isolates but did delineate between the variants of ABL in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Gould
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, Vic. 3220, Australia.
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Rawson RR, Belov K, Gidley-Baird AA, Cooper DW. Characterisation of antisera to recombinant IgA of the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 88:89-95. [PMID: 12088648 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(02)00126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the limiting factors in understanding immune responses in marsupials is the scarcity of marsupial specific immunological reagents. This paper describes the characterisation of an antiserum raised against a recombinant protein of the constant region of the heavy chain of IgA (C(alpha)) of the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). The availability of a marsupial specific anti-IgA provides a useful tool for the characterisation of mucosal immune responses in possums. Anti-C(alpha) specifically detects IgA in possum serum and secretions using ELISAs, immuno-dot blots and Western blots without any cross-reactivity to IgG. The possum anti-C(alpha) cross-reacts with IgA of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), demonstrating the potential for use in other marsupials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée R Rawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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18
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Abstract
This article discusses ocular conditions found in marsupials. Marsupials are unique models for developmental biology because of their immature state of development at birth. There is considerable variation in the ocular evolution of marsupials, largely in response to their unique diversification. Many marsupials and their eyes have been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin G Stanley
- Animal Eye Care, 181 Darling Road, East Malvern 3145, Melbourne, Australia.
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19
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Attoui H, Stirling JM, Munderloh UG, Billoir F, Brookes SM, Burroughs JN, de Micco P, Mertens PPC, de Lamballerie X. Complete sequence characterization of the genome of the St Croix River virus, a new orbivirus isolated from cells of Ixodes scapularis. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:795-804. [PMID: 11257184 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-4-795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An orbivirus identified as St Croix River virus (SCRV) was isolated from cells of Ixodes scapularis ticks. Electron microscopy showed particles with typical orbivirus morphology. The SCRV genome was sequenced completely and compared to previously characterized orbivirus genomes. Significant identity scores (21-38%) were detected between proteins encoded by segments S1, S2, S4, S5, S6, S8, S9 and S10 of SCRV and those encoded by segments S1, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S9 and S10, respectively, of Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype orbivirus species. The protein encoded by SCRV genome segment 3 (VP3) is thought to be the equivalent of VP2 of BTV. Segment 7 encodes a protein homologous to non-structural protein NS2(ViP) of BTV. Analysis of VP1(Pol) (segment 1) shows that SCRV is an orbivirus, distantly related to the other sequenced species. Blot hybridizations and sequence comparisons of the conserved protein encoded by genome segment 2 (the T2 subcore shell protein) with previously identified orbiviruses confirm that SCRV is a distinct orbivirus species, unrelated to another tick-borne species, Great Island virus. The presence of SCRV in cells prepared from tick eggs suggests that transovarial transmission of SCRV may occur in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssam Attoui
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée1 and Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Tropicale et Transfusionnelle2, Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Julie M Stirling
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK3
| | - Ulrike G Munderloh
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA4
| | - Frédérique Billoir
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée1 and Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Tropicale et Transfusionnelle2, Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Sharon M Brookes
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK3
| | - J Nicholas Burroughs
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK3
| | - Philippe de Micco
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée1 and Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Tropicale et Transfusionnelle2, Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK3
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, EFS Alpes-Méditerranée1 and Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Tropicale et Transfusionnelle2, Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
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20
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Daszak P, Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD. Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife--threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 2000; 287:443-9. [PMID: 10642539 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5452.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2288] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of free-living wild animals can be classified into three major groups on the basis of key epizootiological criteria: (i) EIDs associated with "spill-over" from domestic animals to wildlife populations living in proximity; (ii) EIDs related directly to human intervention, via host or parasite translocations; and (iii) EIDs with no overt human or domestic animal involvement. These phenomena have two major biological implications: first, many wildlife species are reservoirs of pathogens that threaten domestic animal and human health; second, wildlife EIDs pose a substantial threat to the conservation of global biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Daszak
- Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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21
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Hooper PT, Russell GM, Selleck PW, Lunt RA, Morrissy CJ, Braun MA, Williamson MM. Immunohistochemistry in the identification of a number of new diseases in Australia. Vet Microbiol 1999; 68:89-93. [PMID: 10501165 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry plays an important part in the diagnosis of some viral diseases. Demonstration of viral antigen in a lesion is an important contribution to diagnosis, either at the time of investigation or retrospectively. At the CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, the most frequent use of immunohistochemistry has been in the diagnosis of the important avian diseases, highly pathogenic avian influenza and Newcastle disease. The technology took key roles in the diagnoses of Hendra virus infections, and, later, an immunoperoxidase test gave the first indication of the existence of Australian bat lyssavirus. The test can often confirm that a virus isolated in an animal is the actual virus causing disease and not a coincidental isolation. Good examples of that in some more new diseases were the association of Wallal virus with blindness in kangaroos, and of the new porcine Menangle virus in natural and experimental cerebral disease in foetal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Hooper
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hooper
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria
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