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Vaccination Failures in Pigs-The Impact of Chosen Factors on the Immunisation Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020230. [PMID: 36851108 PMCID: PMC9964700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases that often lead to economic losses still pose a severe problem in the pig production sector. Because of increasing restrictions on antibiotic usage, vaccines may become one of the major approaches to controlling infectious diseases; much research has proved that they could be very efficient. Nevertheless, during their life, pigs are exposed to various factors that can interfere with vaccination efficacy. Therefore, in the present paper, we reviewed the influence of chosen factors on the pig immunisation process, such as stress, faecal microbiota, host genetics, the presence of MDAs, infections with immunosuppressive pathogens, and treatment with antibiotics and mycotoxins. Many of them turned out to have an adverse impact on vaccine efficacy.
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Zhang L, Luo W, Xiong R, Li H, Yao Z, Zhuo W, Zou G, Huang Q, Zhou R. A Combinatorial Vaccine Containing Inactivated Bacterin and Subunits Provides Protection Against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Infection in Mice and Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:902497. [PMID: 35747235 PMCID: PMC9212066 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.902497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the etiological agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia (PCP) that causes great economic losses in the swine industry. Currently, vaccination is still a commonly used strategy for the prevention of the disease. Commercially available vaccines of this disease, including inactivated bacterins and subunit vaccines, have clinical limitations such as side effects and low cross-protection. In this study, a combinatorial vaccine (Bac-sub) was developed, which contained inactivated bacterial cells of a serovar 1 strain and three recombinant protoxins (rApxIA, rApxIIA, and rApxIIIA). Its side effects, immune protection, and cross-protection were evaluated and compared with a commercial subunit vaccine and a commercial trivalent bacterin in a mouse infection model. The results revealed that the Bac-sub vaccine showed no obvious side effects, and induced higher levels of Apx toxin-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a than the commercial vaccines after booster. After a challenge with virulent strains of serovars 1, 5, and 7, the Bac-sub vaccine provided greater protection (91.76%, 100%, and 100%, respectively) than commercial vaccines. Much lower lung bacterial loads (LBLs) and milder lung lesions were observed in the Bac-sub-vaccinated mice than in those vaccinated with the other two vaccines. The protective efficacy of the Bac-sub vaccine was further evaluated in pigs, which showed that vaccinated pigs displayed significantly milder clinical symptoms and lung lesions than the unvaccinated pigs after the challenge. Taken together, Bac-sub is a safe and effective vaccine that could provide high protection against A. pleuropneumoniae infection in both mice and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wentao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruyue Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haotian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Geng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology (China), Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Huang
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology (China), Wuhan, China
- The HZAU-HVSEN Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Rui Zhou
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Martínez-Boixaderas N, Garza-Moreno L, Sibila M, Segalés J. Impact of maternally derived immunity on immune responses elicited by piglet early vaccination against the most common pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:11. [PMID: 35296365 PMCID: PMC8928644 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newborn piglets can trigger an elementary immune response, but the acquirement of specific antibodies and/or cellular immunity against pathogens before they get infected post-natally is paramount to preserve their health. This is especially important for the pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) as they are widespread, fairly resistant at environment, and genetically variable; moreover, some of them can cause intrauterine/early life infections. Main body Piglet protection can be achieved by either passive transfer of maternal derived immunity (MDI) and/or actively through vaccination. However, vaccinating piglets in the presence of remaining MDI might interfere with vaccine efficacy. Hence, the purpose of this work is to critically review the putative interference that MDI may exert on vaccine efficacy against PRDC pathogens. This knowledge is crucial to design a proper vaccination schedule. Conclusion MDI transferred from sows to offspring could potentially interfere with the development of an active humoral immune response. However, no conclusive interference has been shown regarding performance parameters based on the existing published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Martínez-Boixaderas
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.,Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 9º Planta, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Garza-Moreno
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 9º Planta, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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To H, Nagai S, Iwata A, Koyama T, Oshima A, Tsutsumi N. Genetic and antigenic characteristics of ApxIIA and ApxIIIA from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 15. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 60:447-58. [PMID: 27211905 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apx toxins produced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae are essential components of new generation vaccines. In this study, apxIIA and apxIIIA genes of serovars 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 15 were cloned and sequenced. Amino acid sequences of ApxIIA proteins of serovars 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 15 were almost identical to those of serovars 1, 5, 7, 9 and 11-13. Immunoblot analysis showed that rApxIIA from serovars 2 and 15 reacts strongly with sera from animals infected with various serovars. Sequence analysis revealed that ApxIIIA proteins has two variants, one in strains of serovar 2 and the other in strains of serovars 3, 4, 6, 8 and 15. A mouse cross-protection study showed that mice actively immunized with rApxIIIA/2 or rApxIIIA/15 are protected against challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae strains of serovars 3, 4, 6, 8, 15, and 2 expressing ApxIII/15 and ApxIII/2, respectively. Similarly, mice passively immunized with rabbit anti-rApxIIIA/2 or anti-rApxIIIA/15 sera were found to be protected against challenge with strains of serovars 2 and 15. Our study revealed antigenic and sequence similarities within ApxIIA and ApxIIIA proteins, which may help in the development of effective vaccines against disease caused by A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho To
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Shinya Nagai
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Akira Iwata
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Koyama
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Atsushi Oshima
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tsutsumi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1 Shinmachi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
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Abstract
The introduction into a naïve herd of animals sub-clinically infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is frequently the cause of clinical pleuropneumonia and the identification of such infected herds is a priority in the control of disease. Different serological tests for App have been developed and a number of these are routinely used. Some are species-specific whereas others identify more specifically the serotype/serogroup involved which requires updated information about important serotypes recovered from diseased pigs in a given area/country. Serotyping methods based on molecular techniques have been developed lately and are ready to be used by most diagnostic laboratories. When non-conclusive serological results are obtained, direct detection of App from tonsils is sometimes attempted. This review addresses different techniques and approaches used to monitor herds sub-clinically infected by this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Center (CRIPA), Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2.
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Ito H, Katsuragi K, Akama S, Yuzawa H. Isolation of atypical genotype Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 6 in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:601-4. [PMID: 24369182 PMCID: PMC4064151 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here isolation of genetically atypical serotype 6
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Japan indistinguishable by the
multiplex PCR that can discriminate between immunologically cross-reactive serotypes 3, 6
and 8. Nucleotide sequence analysis of capsular export and biosynthesis genes revealed
that the atypical isolates have capsular polysaccharide export and synthesis gene
sequences that are distinct from those of the serotype 6 reference strain. The atypical
strains contain a sequence that is identical with both serotype 3- and 6-specific primers,
which causes cross-reactions in multiplex PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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Hur J, Lee JH. Optimization of immune strategy for a construct of Salmonella-delivered ApxIA, ApxIIA, ApxIIIA and OmpA antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae for prevention of porcine pleuropneumonia using a murine model. Vet Res Commun 2013; 38:87-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adhesion protein ApfA of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is required for pathogenesis and is a potential target for vaccine development. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:287-94. [PMID: 23269417 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00616-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiologic agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, which causes serious economic losses in the pig farming industry worldwide. Due to a lack of knowledge of its virulence factors and a lack of effective vaccines able to confer cross-serotype protection, it is difficult to place this disease under control. By analyzing its genome sequences, we found that type IV fimbrial subunit protein ApfA is highly conserved among different serotypes of A. pleuropneumoniae. Our study shows that ApfA is an adhesin since its expression was greatly upregulated (135-fold) upon contact with host cells, while its deletion mutant attenuated its capability of adhesion. The inactivation of apfA dramatically reduced the ability of A. pleuropneumoniae to colonize mouse lung, suggesting that apfA is a virulence factor. Purified recombinant ApfA elicited an elevated humoral immune response and conferred robust protection against challenges with A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 strain 4074 and serovar 7 strain WF83 in mice. Importantly, the anti-ApfA serum conferred significant protection against both serovar 1 and serovar 7 in mice. These studies indicate that ApfA promotes virulence through attachment to host cells, and its immunogenicity renders it a promising novel subunit vaccine candidate against infection with A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Lu YC, Li MC, Chen YM, Chu CY, Lin SF, Yang WJ. DNA vaccine encoding type IV pilin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae induces strong immune response but confers limited protective efficacy against serotype 2 challenge. Vaccine 2011; 29:7740-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Ito H. Development of a cps-based multiplex PCR for typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 2 and 5. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:653-5. [PMID: 20068267 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A cps-based multiplex PCR for typing of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 2 and 5 was developed. This method should be specific and practical in Japan where more than 88% of isolates are serotypes 1, 2 or 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ito
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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Oldfield NJ, Worrall KE, Rycroft AN, Ali T, Wooldridge KG, Ala’Aldeen DA. AasP autotransporter protein of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae does not protect pigs against homologous challenge. Vaccine 2009; 27:5278-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Identification and characterization of novel antigenic vaccine candidates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Vaccine 2008; 26:1942-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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