1
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Lau-Gillard P, Walker C, Robinson V, Paterson S, Patel A, Littlewood J, Hardy J, Debellis F, Barnard N, Neuber-Watts A, Hendricks A, Varjonen K, Hill PB. UK-based multicentre cross-sectional study assessing advice requests veterinary dermatologists received from general practitioners. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2784. [PMID: 37039062 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little currently little information available regarding the nature of the advice requests veterinary dermatologists receive from general practitioners. Collation of such data could direct continuing veterinary development in the future. METHODS Dermatologists completed hand-written recording sheets during or after enquiries. Information recorded included the route of enquiry, nature of advice, material provided, practice type and location, animal signalment, presenting signs, diagnosis/differential diagnosis, treatment and referral recommendations, time taken and if charges were made. RESULTS Twelve dermatology services recorded 768 advice requests over a 6-month period. Most requests were submitted via email and related to canine dermatology (81%). An average of 9.5 minutes was spent replying to requests. Charges were made in 2% of cases. Advice regarding otitis was most commonly sought, followed by pruritus, alopecia and crusting. The most frequently discussed diagnoses included allergy, otitis, pyoderma, demodicosis, dermatophytosis and neoplasia. Antibiotics, anti-pruritics and topical otic medications were the most commonly discussed therapeutics. LIMITATIONS This is an initial study and therefore there are limitations involving the depth of the data. Additional studies should be completed which identify why advice is sought, decision-making regarding referral, and if advice should be charged similarly to other disciplines. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight that veterinarians mostly frequently seek advice on management of common dermatological problems, including allergy, otitis and pyoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Victoria Robinson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jon Hardy
- Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Alton, UK
| | | | | | | | - Anke Hendricks
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Peter B Hill
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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2
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Golding E, Neavyn Neita A, Walshe N, Hanlon A, Mulcahy G, Duggan V. Survey of the knowledge and perceptions of horse owners in Ireland of common clinical conditions and their impact. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:270-281. [PMID: 35575027 PMCID: PMC10084215 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the primary decision-maker for their horse's health and welfare, owners' knowledge of clinical conditions may impact their horse's health. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the emotional impact of equine illness on the owner can be severe but research is lacking. OBJECTIVES To evaluate horse owners' self-declared knowledge of eight common equine health conditions and perceptions of the quality of information available; to ascertain respondents' perceptions of the severity of impact on their horse of the conditions and potential emotional impact on themselves and to establish the factors of greatest concern to owners when their horse has a health condition and influential factors on end-of-life decisions. STUDY DESIGN Online survey of horse owners. METHODS An online survey comprising three sections was created: respondent demographics; vignettes of clinical conditions; concerns and decision-making regarding illness and euthanasia. Vignettes focused on arthritis; Pars Pituitary Intermedia Dysfunction; Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS); gastric ulcers; high intestinal worm burden; dermatophilosis ('mud rash'); quidding and head tossing; and equine asthma. Respondents were self-selecting. The survey was circulated for completion by horse owners residing in Ireland and Northern Ireland obtaining 491 valid responses. RESULTS Respondents declared that they had the highest knowledge of mud rash, with 84.1% rating their knowledge as very good compared to 42% of respondents for EMS. There was positive correlation between the perceived impact on their horse and emotional impact on the owner for all conditions ranging from weak (arthritis 0.36, P < 0.001) to strong (EMS 0.62, P < 0.001). Pain, discomfort, and quality of life were reported as the most common concerns when their horse has a medical condition or when considering euthanasia. MAIN LIMITATIONS Potential bias among respondents towards computer literate owners, with good literacy and interest in equine health conditions. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of equine health conditions, perceived impact of conditions on the horse and emotional impact on their owners varied significantly between conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Golding
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Neavyn Neita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola Walshe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alison Hanlon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Grace Mulcahy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vivienne Duggan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Averay K, Wilkins C, de Kantzow M, Simon O, van Galen G, Sykes B, Verwilghen D. Factors that influence owner consent for exploratory laparotomy in horses with colic in Australia and New Zealand. Equine Vet J 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Averay
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - C. Wilkins
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - M. de Kantzow
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - O. Simon
- Equine Health and Performance Centre University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - G. van Galen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - B. Sykes
- School of Veterinary Sciences Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - D. Verwilghen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science University of Sydney Sydney Australia
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4
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Özçelik R, Remy-Wohlfender F, Küker S, Visschers V, Hadorn D, Dürr S. Potential and Challenges of Community-Based Surveillance in Animal Health: A Pilot Study Among Equine Owners in Switzerland. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:641448. [PMID: 34150880 PMCID: PMC8212947 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.641448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal owners' potential to observe and report clinical signs, as the persons with the closest contact to their animals, is an often neglected source of information in surveillance. Allowing community members other than health care professionals, such as animal owners, to report health events can contribute to close current surveillance gaps and enhance early detection. In the present study, we tested a community-based surveillance (CBS) approach in the equine community in Switzerland. We aimed at revealing the attitudes and intentions of equine owners toward reporting clinical signs by making use of an online questionnaire. We further set up and operated an online CBS tool, named Equi-Commun. Finally, we investigated potential reasons for the lack of its use by applying qualitative telephone interviews. The majority of the respondents of the online questionnaire (65.5%, 707/1,078) answered that they could see themselves reporting clinical observations of their equine. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that French-speaking equine owners and those belonging to the positive attitude cluster are more likely to report to a CBS tool. Equi-Commun operated between October 2018 and December 2019 yet received only four reports. With the addition of qualitative interviews, we identified three critical, interlinked issues that may have led to the non-use of Equi-Commun within the Swiss equine community: (1) for successfully implementing CBS, the need for surveillance within the community of interest must be given; (2) the respective population under surveillance, here the equine, needs to show enough clinical cases for owners to be able to maintain the memory of an existing tool and its possible use; and (3) targeted and high effort communication of the system is key for its success. While CBS relying only on lay animal owners, complementary to existing surveillance systems, could potentially provide a good proxy of timely surveillance data, it is questionable whether the added value of generated surveillance knowledge is in balance with efforts necessary to implement a successful system. With this study, we showcased both the potential and challenges of CBS in animal health, as this may be of relevance and guidance for future initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Özçelik
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Susanne Küker
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vivianne Visschers
- School of Applied Psychology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Hadorn
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Dittmann MT, Latif SN, Hefti R, Hartnack S, Hungerbühler V, Weishaupt MA. Husbandry, Use, and Orthopedic Health of Horses Owned by Competitive and Leisure Riders in Switzerland. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103107. [PMID: 32684252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of horses in competitive sports receives increasing criticism from the public, mainly due to the potential for injury. However, it is unclear if orthopedic and other health issues are more common in competition horses than those in leisure horses. The aim of this study was to assess husbandry, use, and orthopedic health in Swiss riding horses and to compare these aspects between horses owned by self-identified competitive riders (CR) and leisure riders (LR) in Switzerland. A total of 237 owners completed an online survey providing information on their athletic ambitions, their horse's husbandry, health, training, and tack. Two experienced veterinarians assessed gait irregularities, muscular development, and back pain in the horses and evaluated saddle fit. Compared with horses owned by competitive riders (CH), a higher proportion of horses kept by leisure riders (LH) were kept unshod, under more natural conditions, and turned out with other horses. LH were exercised less frequently, and LR trained less frequently with instructors. CR reported less time since the last saddle check and the use of more training aids during riding. No differences between the two groups could be found in orthopedic health, muscular development, or back pain, but LH had higher body condition scores and a slightly higher proportion of saddles with at least one fit problem. Our data revealed no increased prevalence of the assessed health problems in competition horses compared with leisure horses in Switzerland. However, suboptimal saddle fit and muscular development, back pain, and gait irregularity are frequent in both groups and deserve more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Dittmann
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Selma N Latif
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Hefti
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael A Weishaupt
- Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Barrett E, Arkins S. Abnormalities detected at pre-purchase examination of National Hunt racehorses presented at sale. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:281-289. [PMID: 31418917 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies are available concerning prevalences of abnormalities in the Thoroughbred horse population. OBJECTIVES Determine the prevalence of commonly observed abnormalities in a National Hunt Thoroughbred population using results of pre-purchase examinations conducted at Thoroughbred sales venues. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS Veterinary pre-purchase examination certificates for 13,603 3- and 4-year-old Thoroughbred National Hunt horses from Tattersalls Ireland, Goffs Ireland and Doncaster Bloodstock Sales Ltd. (DBS) Sales were analysed. All conditions noted by the veterinarians were recorded to determine the prevalence of abnormalities. RESULTS Abnormalities were recorded in 73.6% of horses; 12.0% had abnormalities likely to prejudice their use for racing. Metacarpal/metatarsal exostoses and tarsal-plantar desmitis affected 17.1 and 19.4% of the sample respectively, while 9.9% were found to make abnormal respiratory noises and 5.3% had recurrent laryngeal neuropathy. Age, year of birth and sex significantly affected the prevalence of many abnormalities (P<0.001). The proportions of horses sold differed significantly between horses with and without some abnormalities, with unaffected horses significantly more likely to be sold (e.g., prejudicial findings present vs. non-prejudicial/none, 38.1% vs. 77.6% respectively, P<0.001). A range of abnormalities significantly negatively affected the price at sale (P<0.001). Significantly higher proportions of horses in the lower price categories had multiple abnormalities (P<0.001). MAIN LIMITATIONS The study consisted only of horses entered into store horse sales and presented for sale. Horses kept for racing or breeding purposes or horses withdrawn prior to the panel veterinary pre-purchase examination were not included. The upper respiratory tract was only examined endoscopically in horses found to have an abnormal respiratory noise. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of 3- and 4-year-old Thoroughbred National Hunt horses intended for sale are affected by abnormalities. The prevalence of many abnormalities increases with age and certain abnormalities are viewed negatively by purchasers, affecting sale of the horse and achieved sale price.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Oaklands Equine Hospital, Yarm, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - S Arkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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7
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Padalino B, Rogers CW, Guiver D, Thompson KR, Riley CB. A Survey-Based Investigation of Human Factors Associated With Transport Related Injuries in Horses. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:294. [PMID: 30525050 PMCID: PMC6262080 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries resulting from road transport are common in horses and are a potential welfare concern, as well as, a source of economic loss. An online cross sectional survey was used to determine the prevalence of road transport related injuries to horses in New Zealand and the association of human factors including demographics, industry background, training and the horse handling experience of the respondents with transport related injury. The survey generated 1133 valid responses that were analyzed using descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. At least one injured horse was reported by 201/1133 (17.7%) respondents as occurring during the two previous years. Only 191 respondents chose to provide further information on when the injury occurred and most injuries (133/191; 69.6%) occurred in transit. The respondent perceived possible reason for injury was reported by 190, and was most frequently thought to be either horse-associated (87/190; 45.8%) or associated with a driver mistake (18/190; 9.5%). Variables that remained as significantly associated with injury in a multivariate model focusing on human factors were experience in horse handling, the industry sector, and the amateur or professional involvement with the horse industry. The odds of injury associated with professionals may reflect greater exposure due to more frequent transport and larger numbers of horses in their care than amateurs. Findings confirm that human factors are associated with the risk of an injury during transport. Although further studies are required to determine if any of these relationships are causative, education on transport best practices with consideration of these factors may mitigate their influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Padalino
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Chris W Rogers
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Danielle Guiver
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kirrilly R Thompson
- UniSA Business School, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher B Riley
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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8
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Malalana F, McGowan TW, Ireland JL, Pinchbeck GL, McGowan CM. Prevalence of owner-reported ocular problems and veterinary ocular findings in a population of horses aged ≥15 years. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:212-217. [PMID: 30080275 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that ocular disease is common among aged horses but owners may fail to identify or underestimate their clinical relevance. OBJECTIVES To document the prevalence of owner-reported ocular disease in horses aged ≥15 years. In a subset of these horses, to document ophthalmic findings from veterinary examination and compare with owner-reported ocular disease, and to determine risk factors for veterinary ophthalmic findings. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Owners of aged horses completed a survey on management, clinical signs and medical history. Risk factors for the presence of ocular disease as reported by the owner were determined. A subset of these horses underwent an ophthalmological examination. Risk factors for the presence of ocular disease detected during this examination were determined. Agreement between owner-reported data and veterinary ophthalmic findings was assessed. RESULTS Abnormal ocular findings were detected in 287/327 horses aged ≥15 years that underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, whereas the presence of ocular disease as reported by the horse-owners was only 3.3%. Agreement between owner-reported ocular disease and results of the veterinary examination was low for all categories analysed. An owner-reported history of ocular discharge was associated with increased odds of veterinary-reported diminished vision. Increasing age was associated with increased odds of the presence of an eye abnormality (any) and cataracts. Appaloosa horses had increased odds of cataract compared with other breeds. Horses in work were less likely to have an eye abnormality. MAIN LIMITATIONS Volunteer bias may have influenced our results with owners of sick horses or those more concerned about their horses more likely to volunteer at the initial recruitment phase. CONCLUSIONS This study showed a high prevalence of ocular lesions in aged horses which was not reflected in owner-reported disease. This has highlighted problems in obtaining information on ocular conditions from horse-owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Malalana
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - T W McGowan
- Faculty of Natural Resources, Agriculture and Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - J L Ireland
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
| | - C M McGowan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire, UK
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9
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Secombe CJ, Bailey SR, de Laat MA, Hughes KJ, Stewart AJ, Sonis JM, Tan RHH. Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: current understanding and recommendations from the Australian and New Zealand Equine Endocrine Group. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:233-242. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CJ Secombe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - SR Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; The University of Melbourne; Werribee VIC Australia
| | - MA de Laat
- Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - KJ Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga NSW Australia
| | - AJ Stewart
- Equine Specialist Hospital, School of Veterinary Science; The University of Queensland; Gatton QLD Australia
| | - JM Sonis
- Veterinary Associates Equine and Farm, Karaka; Auckland New Zealand
| | - RHH Tan
- Samford Valley Veterinary Hospital; Samford, QLD Australia
- Discipline of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville QLD Australia
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10
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Gutierrez-Nibeyro SD, McCoy AM, Selberg KT. Recent advances in conservative and surgical treatment options of common equine foot problems. Vet J 2018; 237:9-15. [PMID: 30089549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot problems are very common causes of lameness in horses. With the recent diagnostic advances to evaluate and treat foot pathology as well as to monitor response to therapy, it is now possible to more accurately evaluate the effectiveness of many of these treatments. This review details some of the recent advances of the most common conservative and surgical treatment options for foot problems in horses, including an overview of evidence on the efficacy to support the use of these treatment options and on factors that may affect prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gutierrez-Nibeyro
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - A M McCoy
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K T Selberg
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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11
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Breuhaus BA. Serum Thyroid Hormone and Thyrotropin Concentrations in Adult Horses as They Age. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 68:21-25. [PMID: 31256883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
With more horses remaining active longer in life, it is important to characterize changes that occur normally with aging, so that these can be differentiated from development of disease. The objective of the study was to test the hypotheses that geriatric horses have lower circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones and/or higher serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations compared to younger horses. Serum thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations from 71 normal, healthy horses that had participated in prior research projects were analyzed for effects of age, sex, and season when samples were obtained. All samples had been assayed in the same previously validated radioimmunoassays. There were no differences in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones or TSH by sex or season. Serum total thyroxine (T4) was greater in 3- to 6-year-old horses compared to all other age groups and was negatively correlated with age. There were no differences among age groups for free T4 and total and free tri-iodothyronine (T3). Serum TSH concentration was significantly greater in old horses (≥15 or ≥20 years) compared to young (3-10 years) and intermediate (11-14 years) age groups. Serum TSH was positively correlated with age. There were no significant differences in thyroid hormone responses to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) among young, intermediate, or old horses. However, the TSH response to TRH was significantly different in both groups of older horses compared to intermediate and young horses. Serum total thyroxine concentrations decrease and serum TSH concentrations increase in horses as they age, with no changes in free T4 or T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babetta A Breuhaus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
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12
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Thompson KR, Clarkson L, Riley CB, van den Berg M. Horse-keeping practices in Australia: findings from a national online survey of horse owners. Aust Vet J 2018; 95:437-443. [PMID: 29076216 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain an understanding of general horse-keeping practices in Australia, including shelter, social contact, exercise, watering and supplementary feeding. METHODS An online survey was conducted with 505 owners in relation to one 'representative' horse in their care. RESULTS The majority (83%) of horses were managed at pasture. Approximately one-quarter of those horses were housed alone (26%) or with one companion animal (27%). If horses were confined to a stable or small yard, the most recorded means of exercise was riding (65%) at a daily frequency (60%). Over half of the horse owners provided water in a trough or drinker with an automatic refill system (58%) and most horse owners supplied hay to their horses (82%), most commonly in combination with grazing. Areas of potential concern included one-quarter of stabled horses being prevented from unmediated social and physical contact with conspecifics and one-fifth of stabled horses being exercised less than daily. CONCLUSION The horse-keeping profile in this study should be considered in the public communication of guidelines as well as interactions between veterinarians and clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Thompson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Wayville, South Australia, Australia
| | - L Clarkson
- Central Queensland University, Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Wayville, South Australia, Australia
| | - C B Riley
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M van den Berg
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.,MB Equine Services, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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13
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Thompson KR, Clarkson L, Riley CB, van den Berg M. Horse Husbandry and Preventive Health Practices in Australia: An Online Survey of Horse Guardians. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2018; 21:347-361. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1428099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirrilly R. Thompson
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Wayville, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Christopher B. Riley
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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14
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A Preliminary Review of Equine Hoof Management and the Client–Farrier Relationship in the United Kingdom. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Potter SJ, Bamford NJ, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Incidence of laminitis and survey of dietary and management practices in pleasure horses and ponies in south-eastern Australia. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:370-374. [PMID: 28948628 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to (1) report the incidence of laminitis among a population of horses and ponies attending Pony Clubs in Victoria, Australia, and (2) describe the dietary and management practices of the sample population. METHODS Researchers visited 10 Pony Clubs over a 10-month period. Horse and pony owners completed a questionnaire to provide information on management relating to diet and exercise. Owners were also asked to report their animal's history of laminitis, if any. RESULTS From a survey population of 233 horses and ponies, 15.0% of animals (35 individuals) were reported to have suffered from at least one episode of laminitis. Of the animals that had suffered from laminitis, more than half had experienced multiple episodes. The majority of previously laminitic horses and ponies (71.4%) had not experienced an episode of laminitis within the past 12 months; however, 14.2% had experienced an incident within the past month. The proportion of ponies affected by laminitis (31/142; 21.8%) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the proportion of horses affected by laminitis (4/91; 4.4%). The incidence of laminitis within the pony group sampled was 6.5 cases per 100 pony years, while the incidence in horses was 0.55 cases per 100 horse years. CONCLUSION This study provided information on the incidence of laminitis in the general population of pleasure horses and ponies in south-eastern Australia. It also provided an overview of dietary and management practices. Given the high incidence of animals that had been affected by laminitis (and the associated welfare implications), this study highlights the importance of owner education regarding appropriate feeding and management strategies to reduce the risk of laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Potter
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - N J Bamford
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - P A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - S R Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Murray RC, Walker VA, Tranquille CA, Spear J, Adams V. A Randomized Blinded Crossover Clinical Trial to Determine the Effect of an Oral Joint Supplement on Equine Limb Kinematics, Orthopedic, Physiotherapy, and Handler Evaluation Scores. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ireland JL. Demographics, Management, Preventive Health Care and Disease in Aged Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2016; 32:195-214. [PMID: 27449388 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gerontology has become increasingly important in equine veterinary medicine, with aged animals representing a significant proportion of the equine population. Horses are defined as geriatric or aged from age 15 years onwards but can have a life span of more than 40 years. Despite a high level of owner concern for the well-being of their geriatric animal, provision of preventive health care may be suboptimal. Owners seem to under-recognize some of the most prevalent diseases identified in geriatric horses. This review focuses on the demographic characteristics of the equine geriatric population and management and preventive care practices of older horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Ireland
- Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
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Lopes MAF, Dearo ACO, Lee A, Reed SK, Kramer J, Pai PF, Yonezawa Y, Maki H, Morgan TL, Wilson DA, Keegan KG. An attempt to detect lameness in galloping horses by use of body-mounted inertial sensors. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1121-31. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.10.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Visser EK, Neijenhuis F, de Graaf-Roelfsema E, Wesselink HGM, de Boer J, van Wijhe-Kiezebrink MC, Engel B, van Reenen CG. Risk factors associated with health disorders in sport and leisure horses in the Netherlands. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:844-55. [PMID: 24352963 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses are used for a wide variety of purposes from being used for recreational purposes to competing at an international level. With these different uses, horses have to adapt to numerous challenges and changes in their environment, which can be a challenge itself in continuously safeguarding their welfare. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of health disorders with clinical examination and identify possible risk factors of health disorders affecting horse welfare in professional husbandry systems in the Netherlands. With the use of fixed protocols for recording health aspects in horses, 150 horse farms voluntarily participating in the study were assessed by trained assessors. On each farm, 20 horses were clinically examined, in total almost 3,000 animals. This study recorded on the basis of the clinical examinations: the respiratory system (i.e., abnormal breathing [1%], coughing [1%], nasal discharge [1.9%]), body condition (i.e., 18.8% fat body condition and 6.4% poor body condition), locomotion (14.5% exhibited irregularity of locomotion and 4.8% were lame), back palpation (a light response [22.6%] and moderate to severe response [8.4%]), mouth (i.e., irregularities on mouth corners [3.4%] and bars [3.4%]), and ocular discharge (12%). Risk factor analysis, stepwise using mixed model regression, demonstrated several risk factors for health aspects. Horses used for instruction (riding lessons) were almost two times more at risk to develop moderate to severe back pain compared to horses used for recreation (odds ratios [OR] = 0.54) or for competition (OR = 0.61). Horses used for instruction (riding school lessons), breeding, or recreation all had a higher risk for irregular locomotion or lameness compared to competition horses (OR = 0.42, OR = 0.55, OR = 2.14, respectively). Horses used for recreation were more prone to have a higher BCS compared to horses used for breeding (OR = 3.07) and instruction (OR = 2.06). The prevalence of health problems and the identified risk factors are valid for the horses in the present study in which farms voluntarily participated. Furthermore, the results may provide the basis for horse welfare and health programs on farm and horse industry levels. With the development of a valid welfare monitoring system for the horse industry, the welfare of horses can be increased through improving awareness and stimulating changes in management.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Visser
- Livestock Research, Department of Animal Welfare, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 65, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, the Netherlands
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Lesimple C, Fureix C, Biquand V, Hausberger M. Comparison of clinical examinations of back disorders and humans' evaluation of back pain in riding school horses. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:209. [PMID: 24128080 PMCID: PMC4015870 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Questionnaires are a common tool to assess people's opinion on a large scale or to sound them out about their subjective views. The caretakers' opinion about animals' "personality" has been used in many studies. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the owners' subjective evaluation was effective to detect back disorders. Back disorders have been shown to have a high prevalence in working horses. Caretakers from 17 riding schools (1 caretaker/school, 161 horses) were given a questionnaire about their horses' health status, including back disorders. Out of these 161 horses, 59 were subjected to manual palpation of the spine and 102 were subjected to sEMG examination all along the spine. RESULTS The results showed that subjective caretaker-reported evaluation via questionnaire survey was not efficient to detect back disorders: only 19 horses (11.8%) were reported as suffering from back pain, whereas the experimenters' evaluation detected 80 of them (49.7%) as suffering from back disorders. While most caretakers under-evaluated back disorders, a few "over-evaluated" it (more horses reported as affected than found via clinical evaluations). Horses were less prone to present back disorders when under the care of these "over-attentive" caretakers. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that back pain is difficult to evaluate, even for professionals, and that subjective evaluations using a questionnaire is not valid in this case. The results also highlighted the real need for observational training (behaviours, postures) outside and during riding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Lesimple
- Université de Rennes1, UMR CNRS 6552 Ethologie Animale et Humaine 263 avenue du général Leclerc, Rennes cedex 35042, France.
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Wylie C, Ireland J, Collins S, Verheyen K, Newton J. Demographics and management practices of horses and ponies in Great Britain: A cross-sectional study. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:410-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharma R, Barakzai SZ, Taylor SE, Donadeu FX. Epidermal-like architecture obtained from equine keratinocytes in three-dimensional cultures. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:627-36. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- The Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| | - Safia Z. Barakzai
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| | - Sarah E. Taylor
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| | - F. Xavier Donadeu
- The Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
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Ireland JL, Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KLP, Newton JR. Preventive health care and owner-reported disease prevalence of horses and ponies in Great Britain. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:418-24. [PMID: 23768693 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe the provision of preventive health care and owner-reported disease prevalence in horses and ponies within Great Britain (GB), and to assess geographical variations in health care provision. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, using a postal questionnaire administered to a random sample of veterinary-registered owners of horses and ponies in GB (n=797). The majority of animals received regular preventive health care: 95.6% had regular hoof care; 71.3% were vaccinated for both influenza and tetanus and median time since last anthelmintic administration was 8.7 weeks. Thirty-one percent of owners indicated their animal was overweight/obese. A new health problem within the previous 7 days was reported for 7.4% of animals, 59.3% of which were veterinary-diagnosed. Thirty-two percent of animals were reported to have a long-term/recurrent condition, of which osteoarthritis (13.9%) was the most prevalent. Obesity, musculoskeletal disorders, and dermatological conditions were the most prevalent conditions affecting veterinary-registered horses/ponies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ireland
- Epidemiology Department, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
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24
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A description of the demographic characteristics of the New Zealand non-commercial horse population with data collected using a generalised random-tessellation stratified sampling design. Prev Vet Med 2012; 107:242-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Weaver MP, Wilant L. Owner survey of tarsocrural effusion (bog spavin) in Clydesdale horses. Vet Rec 2012; 170:286. [PMID: 22262698 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A postal survey of the owners of Clydesdale horses in the UK and USA was conducted to obtain information on tarsocrural effusion ('bog spavin') as an indicator of osteochondrosis from 935 horses. Additional information requested included details of how this condition was investigated and treated. The reported tarsocrural effusion incidence was 10 per cent. The majority of respondents believed the condition to be of concern to Clydesdale owners, but only a minority were aware of the implications of tarsocrural effusion, suggesting that owner education would be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Weaver
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Large Animal Hospital, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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MORTON AJ, VARNEY CR, EKIRI AB, GROSCHE A. Cardiovascular effects of N-butylscopolammonium bromide and xylazine in horses. Equine Vet J 2011:117-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, McKane SA, Chandler KJ, Pinchbeck GL. Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:94-100. [PMID: 21696434 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Previous studies suggest that owners underestimate or incorrectly recognise or report health problems in geriatric horses. However, few studies have directly compared owner-reported and veterinary assessed disease. OBJECTIVES To compare the findings of veterinary clinical examination of geriatric horses with owner-reported clinical signs and disease. METHODS A total of 200 horses aged ≥ 15 years were randomly selected to receive a veterinary examination, from responses to a cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey. Veterinary examinations were performed within 2 months of questionnaire return, and agreement between owner-reported data and veterinary clinical findings was assessed. RESULTS Owners under-reported many clinical signs and disease conditions detected on veterinary clinical examination. For example, dental abnormalities (detected in 95.4% of horses, reported by 24.5% of owners); cardiac murmurs (detected in 20% of horses, reported by 0.5% of owners); lameness (present in 50% of horses, reported by 23% of owners) and hoof abnormalities (detected in 80% of horses, reported by 27% of owners). Agreement between owner-reported and veterinary assessed respiratory disease (Kappa 0.02-0.2), body condition score (Kappa 0.24) and coat abnormalities (Kappa 0.42) was poor, fair and moderate, respectively. Range of motion (ROM) of the tarsal and metacarpophalangeal joints was lower in horses with owner-reported osteoarthritis (P = 0.005 and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE The low prevalence and relatively poor agreement of owner-reported disease compared to that detected on veterinary examination suggests inaccurate or under-recognition, or inaccurate reporting of health problems by owners of geriatric horses, which could lead to a delay in presentation for veterinary treatment. Increased veterinary involvement and improved owner education in the care of geriatric horses should facilitate earlier identification of disease, particularly that which is not readily detectable by owners, and aid management of health and welfare problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ireland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, UK.
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IRELAND JL, CLEGG PD, McGOWAN CM, McKANE SA, CHANDLER KJ, PINCHBECK GL. Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: Veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:101-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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McGowan TW, Pinchbeck G, Phillips CJC, Perkins N, Hodgson DR, McGowan CM. A survey of aged horses in Queensland, Australia. Part 2: clinical signs and owners' perceptions of health and welfare. Aust Vet J 2010; 88:465-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McGowan TW, Pinchbeck G, Phillips CJC, Perkins N, Hodgson DR, McGowan CM. A survey of aged horses in Queensland, Australia. Part 1: management and preventive health care. Aust Vet J 2010; 88:420-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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IRELAND JL, CLEGG PD, McGOWAN CM, McKANE SA, PINCHBECK GL. A cross-sectional study of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom. Part 2: Health care and disease. Equine Vet J 2010; 43:37-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Penell JC, Bonnett BN, Pringle J, Egenvall A. Validation of computerized diagnostic information in a clinical database from a national equine clinic network. Acta Vet Scand 2009; 51:50. [PMID: 20003256 PMCID: PMC2801496 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-51-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computerized diagnostic information offers potential for epidemiological research; however data accuracy must be addressed. The principal aim of this study was to evaluate the completeness and correctness of diagnostic information in a computerized equine clinical database compared to corresponding hand written veterinary clinical records, used as gold standard, and to assess factors related to correctness. Further, the aim was to investigate completeness (epidemiologic sensitivity), correctness (positive predictive value), specificity and prevalence for diagnoses for four body systems and correctness for affected limb information for four joint diseases. METHODS A random sample of 450 visits over the year 2002 (nvisits=49,591) was taken from 18 nation wide clinics headed under one company. Computerized information for the visits selected and copies of the corresponding veterinary clinical records were retrieved. Completeness and correctness were determined using semi-subjective criteria. Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with correctness for diagnosis. RESULTS Three hundred and ninety six visits had veterinary clinical notes that were retrievable. The overall completeness and correctness were 91% and 92%, respectively; both values considered high. Descriptive analyses showed significantly higher degree of correctness for first visits compared to follow up visits and for cases with a diagnostic code recorded in the veterinary records compared to those with no code noted. The correctness was similar regardless of usage category (leisure/sport horse, racing trotter and racing thoroughbred) or gender.For the four body systems selected (joints, skin and hooves, respiratory, skeletal) the completeness varied between 71% (respiration) and 91% (joints) and the correctness ranged from 87% (skin and hooves) to 96% (respiration), whereas the specificity was >95% for all systems. Logistic regression showed that correctness was associated with type of visit, whether an explicit diagnostic code was present in the veterinary clinical record, and body system. Correctness for information on affected limb was 95% and varied with joint. CONCLUSION Based on the overall high level of correctness and completeness the database was considered useful for research purposes. For the body systems investigated the highest level of completeness and correctness was seen for joints and respiration, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C Penell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brenda N Bonnett
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John Pringle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agneta Egenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Toribio JALM, Norris JM, White JD, Dhand NK, Hamilton SA, Malik R. Demographics and husbandry of pet cats living in Sydney, Australia: results of cross-sectional survey of pet ownership. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 11:449-61. [PMID: 19070524 PMCID: PMC7130031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to collect baseline data on the age, gender, breed, reproductive status and husbandry (housing, diet, vaccination, veterinary attention) of pet cats living in Sydney. Accordingly, a cross-sectional survey of 2768 households was conducted using a postal questionnaire. The 2006 Sydney residential phone book was used as the sampling frame. Non-responders were re-mailed the questionnaire on two further occasions, 2 and 4 weeks after the first posting. Completed questionnaires were received from 884 households. No pets were kept by 387 (43.8%) respondents. Dogs and cats were owned by 295 (33.4%) and 198 (22.5%) of households, respectively, with 7.8% of households having both cat(s) and dog(s). Fish and birds were the next most popular pets. Of the 198 cat-owning households, 54.0% kept only cat(s), while 46.5% kept cats with other pets. The distribution of cat ownership across Sydney was non-uniform. Each cat-owning household kept 1.3 cats on average, with the majority keeping one (75.8% households) or two (18.7%). For the 260 cats, the mean age was 7.1 years, the median 6 years, with a range of 3 months to 22 years. There were significantly more female (143; 55%) than male cats (117; 45%). Only seven cats (2.7%) were sexually entire, and these were all ≤6 years. Crossbred cats outnumbered pedigree cats by a ratio of 3.3:1. The Burmese was the most common breed, followed by the Persian. The median age of pedigree cats (5.5 years) was significantly lower than for domestic crossbred cats (7.0 years). Most cats were housed both indoors and outdoors (72.6%), with 19.7% being restricted to indoors and/or ‘pet park enclosures’. Pedigree cats were significantly more likely than crossbreds to be housed indoors. Most owners fed their cats a combination of commercial dry and canned food (38.1%), although fresh meat was popular also and either fed alone (1.6%) or in combination with dry food (14.4%), tinned food (1.6%) or canned and dry food (25.8%). A diet consisting of dry food alone was fed to cats in 13.4% of households. Ninety percent of cats had been vaccinated at least once, while 72.2% received a vaccination in the last 3 years. Older cats were less likely to have been vaccinated recently than younger cats. Only 5.8% of cats had never visited a veterinarian. For the 243 cats that had received veterinary attention, the average number of years since the last visit was 1.5.
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Sanchez LC, Elfenbein JR, Robertson SA. Effect of acepromazine, butorphanol, or N-butylscopolammonium bromide on visceral and somatic nociception and duodenal motility in conscious horses. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:579-85. [PMID: 18447787 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.5.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate effects of butorphanol, acepromazine, and N-butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) on visceral and somatic nociception and duodenal motility in conscious, healthy horses. ANIMALS 6 adult horses. PROCEDURES Visceral nociception was evaluated by use of colorectal distention (CRD) and duodenal distention (DD) threshold. Somatic nociception was evaluated via thermal threshold (TT). Nose-to-ground height, heart rate, and respiratory rate were also measured. Each horse received each treatment in randomized order; investigators were not aware of treatments. Butorphanol was administered IV as a bolus (18 microg/kg) followed by constant rate infusion at 13 microg/kg/h for 2 hours, whereas acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg), NBB (0.3 mg/kg), and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (2 mL) were administered IV as a bolus followed by constant rate infusion with saline solution (10 mL/h) for 2 hours. Variables were measured before and for 3 hours after treatment. Data were analyzed by use of a 3-factor ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni t test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Nose-to-ground height decreased after acepromazine. Respiratory rate decreased after acepromazine and increased after butorphanol. Heart rate increased briefly after NBB. Some horses had an increase in TT after butorphanol and acepromazine, but there was not a significant treatment effect over time. Drug effect on DD or motility was not evident. The CRD threshold increased significantly at 5, 65, 155, and 185 minutes after acepromazine and from 5 to 65 minutes after NBB. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Each drug caused predictable changes in sedation and vital signs, but consistent anti-nociceptive effects were not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chris Sanchez
- Island Whirl Equine Colic Research Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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