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Daniel AJ, Thachil A, Savory‐Davis M. Severe cryptococcal granulomas of the nasopharynx in a horse treated with standing endoscopic laser surgery and oral fluconazole. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Thachil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center Ithaca New York USA
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Schmertmann LJ, Stalder K, Hudson D, Martin P, Makara M, Meyer W, Malik R, Krockenberger MB. Cryptococcosis in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): pathogenesis and treatment in the context of two atypical cases. Med Mycol 2019. [PMID: 29529308 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus gattii (molecular type VGI) was diagnosed in an adult free-ranging female koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Subclinical cryptococcosis was later diagnosed in this koala's joey. In the adult koala, a pathological fracture of the tibia was associated with the bone lysis of marked focal cryptococcal osteomyelitis. Limb-sparing orthopedic intervention, in the setting of disseminated cryptococcosis, was judged to have a poor prognosis, and the adult koala was euthanized. The joey was removed and hand-reared. Serological testing revealed persistent and increasing cryptococcal capsular antigenemia in the absence of clinical signs of disease and it was subsequently treated with oral fluconazole for approximately 16 months, rehabilitated and released into the wild. It was sighted 3 months post-release in a good state of health and again at 18 months post-release but was not recaptured on either occasion. This is the first published report of cryptococcal appendicular osteomyelitis in a koala. It is also the first report of concurrent disease in a dependent juvenile and the successful treatment of subclinical cryptococcosis to full resolution of the cryptococcal antigenemia in a free-ranging koala. This paper provides a discussion of cryptococcal osteomyelitis in animals, host-pathogen-environment interactions and treatment and monitoring protocols for cryptococcosis in koalas. Published reports describing the treatment of cryptococcosis in koalas are also collated and summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Schmertmann
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn Stalder
- Noah's Ark Veterinary Services, Nelson Bay, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Donald Hudson
- Noah's Ark Veterinary Services, Nelson Bay, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia Martin
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, B14, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006
| | - Mariano Makara
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark B Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services, B14, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2006.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Equine Pulmonary Cryptococcosis: A Comparative Literature Review and Evaluation of Fluconazole Monotherapy. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:413-423. [PMID: 27655152 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus is the most common fungal respiratory pathogen in Australian horses, manifesting primarily as pulmonary granulomas. Disease severity at presentation is dependent on the athletic use of the horse. The diagnosis and estimation of disease severity are centred around clinical findings, cytological evaluation of respiratory tract secretions, diagnostic imaging, and antigen titre testing. Both the lateral flow assay and the latex cryptococcal antigen titre are used, and important similarities and differences between species are discussed. Cryptococcus gattii occurs with greater frequency than Cryptococcus neoformans in equine pulmonic cryptococcosis and can be successfully treated with enteral fluconazole monotherapy, with disease severity determining treatment length.
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Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii-Induced Arthritis with Encephalitic Dissemination in a Dog and Review of Published Literature. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:595-601. [PMID: 27126588 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Amri Saroukolaei S, Ghabaee M, Shokri H, Khosravi A, Badiei A. Evaluation of APR1 Gene Expression in Candida albicans Strains Isolated From Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e33292. [PMID: 27540458 PMCID: PMC4976647 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.33292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular aspartic proteinase A enzyme is expressed by the APR1 gene and is one of the important factors in the development of systemic candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the APR1 gene in C. albicans isolates obtained from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and from controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS The samples were obtained from 135 MS patients with candidiasis and 100 matched controls of healthy individuals during 2010 - 2011. The clinical and control isolates of C. albicans obtained from individuals were cultured onto sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). The evaluation of APR1 gene expression was performed using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in APR1 gene expression of C. albicans strains between MS patients (mean ± SD: 0.5208 ± 0.11518) and the control group (mean ± SD: 0.7603 ± 0.11405) (P = 0.000). Significant correlations were found between the APR1 gene expression of C. albicans strains from MS patients with regard to age and the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) (P = 0.000). The mean values of EDSS were 1.6074 ± 0.1081 after antifungal treatment and 2.2519 ± 0.1323 before antifungal treatment (P = 0.000). No significant correlation was observed between the APR1 gene expression with regard to sex and MS subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that APR1 gene expression in C. albicans strains isolated from MS patients may be an important factor for invasive C. albicans strains in the progression of MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Amri Saroukolaei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mojdeh Ghabaee
- Neurology Department, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hojjatollah Shokri, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-1144271054, Amol, E-mail:
| | - Alireza Khosravi
- Mycology Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Badiei
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Del Fava C, Levy FL, Scannapieco EM, Lara MDCC, Villalobos EM, Nassar AF, Cunha MS, Cunha EM. Cryptococcal Pneumonia and Meningitis in a Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Riet-Correa F, Krockenberger M, Dantas AFM, Oliveira DM. Bovine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:1056-60. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711416624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis and encephalitis is reported in a 5-year-old bull. The clinical signs included multifocal neurological deficits manifested by hypermetria, ataxia, depression, circling, impaired vision, head pressing, low head carriage, wide-based stance, and falling to the side or backwards. At necropsy, 6 cavities with a gelatinous content were observed in the brain and brain stem, and the meninges were thickened and off white. Numerous yeasts, with a nonstaining capsule, and associated mild inflammatory reaction were observed histologically. Specimens for culture were not collected at necropsy, but the identity of the yeast in tissue sections as Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii was supported by immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Riet-Correa
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Hospital Veterinário, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Dantas, Oliveira)
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Krockenberger)
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Hospital Veterinário, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Dantas, Oliveira)
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Krockenberger)
| | - Antônio F. M. Dantas
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Hospital Veterinário, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Dantas, Oliveira)
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Krockenberger)
| | - Diego M. Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Hospital Veterinário, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (Riet-Correa, Dantas, Oliveira)
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Krockenberger)
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Pisa D, Alonso R, Carrasco L. Fungal infection in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 30:1173-80. [PMID: 21533622 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, whose causes are still unknown. We have proposed that MS, as well as some ophthalmologic diseases, are associated with fungal infection. In the present study, we closely monitored a patient with MS over a three-year period. Antibodies against different Candida spp. were detected in peripheral blood serum, although the titer of these antibodies fluctuated. The presence of fungal macromolecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and DNA, was also tested. In several sera samples, antigens related to C. famata were evidenced by the slot-blot test using a rabbit polyclonal antibody against these species, while high levels of β-1,3 glucan were detected with the commercial Fungitell assay. Despite the variations by sample, we concluded that all fungal macromolecules, that is, proteins, polysaccharides, and DNA, were present in blood from the MS patient which was analyzed. Several fungal species were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing. Antibodies against Candida spp. as well as C. famata-related antigens were also detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Our findings provide support for the notion that disseminated mycosis is present in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pisa
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Lester SJ, Malik R, Bartlett KH, Duncan CG. Cryptococcosis: update and emergence of Cryptococcus gattii. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:4-17. [PMID: 21244455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease that occurs throughout the world. Recent reclassification of Cryptococcus species along with a change in the distribution pattern has prompted reevaluation of the organism and the diseases caused by this pathogen. This review highlights the emergence of Cryptococcus gattii as a primary pathogen in North America and summarizes our current understanding of the disease in mammals and birds.
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Lin CC, Chen TH, Shyu CL, Su NY, Chan JPW. Disseminated abscessation complicated with bone marrow abscess caused by Arcanobacterium pyogenes in a goat. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1089-92. [PMID: 20467209 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-month-old, Nubian wether with a history of systemic illness was euthanatized for a pathological examination. At necropsy, the presence of disseminated abscessation and cellulitis in the limbs was noted. Other postmortem findings associated with the visceral disease in this animal included multiple abscess lesions, mainly in the lungs, kidneys, phalanxes and vertebrae. Histopathologically, lesions of arteriolitis were found as evidenced by bacterial embolisms in pulmonary and renal arteriola, indicating a bacteremia in the patient. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was consistently isolated from 8 lesions of abscessations, including the lesions of subcutaneous abscesses as well as bone marrow abscess in phalanxes and thoracic vertebrae. This is the first published report of disseminated arcanobacterial infection with bone marrow abscess of both the phalanxes and vertebrae in goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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McGill S, Malik R, Saul N, Beetson S, Secombe C, Robertson I, Irwin P. Cryptococcosis in domestic animals in Western Australia: a retrospective study from 1995-2006. Med Mycol 2010; 47:625-39. [PMID: 19306217 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802512519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective study of cryptococcosis in domestic animals residing in Western Australia was conducted over an 11-year-period (from 1995 to 2006) by searching the data base of Murdoch University Veterinary Teaching hospital and the largest private clinical pathology laboratory in Perth. Cryptococcosis was identified in 155 animals: 72 cats, 57 dogs, 20 horses, three alpacas, two ferrets and a sheep. There was no seasonal trend apparent from the dates of diagnosis. Taking into account the commonness of accessions to Murdoch University, cats were five to six times more likely to develop this disease than dogs, and three times more likely than horses, while horses were almost twice as likely as dogs to become infected. Amongst the feline cohort, Ragdoll and Birman breeds were over-represented, while in dogs several pedigree breeds were similarly overrepresented. Dogs and horses tended to develop disease at an early age (one to five years), while cats were presented over a much wider range of ages. In cats and dogs the upper respiratory tract was the most common primary site of infection, while horses and alpacas tended to have lower respiratory involvement. The most striking finding of the study was the high frequency with which C. gattii was identified, with infections attributable to this species comprising 5/9 cats, 11/22 dogs, 9/9 horses and 1/1 alpaca, where appropriate testing was conducted. Preliminary molecular genotyping suggested that most of the C. gattii infections in domestic animals (9/9 cases) were of the VGII genotype. This contrasts the situation on the eastern seaboard of Australia, where disease attributable to C. gattii is less common and mainly due to the VGI genotype. C. gattii therefore appears to be an important cause of cryptococcosis in Western Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S McGill
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Blanco JL, Garcia ME. Immune response to fungal infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:47-70. [PMID: 18565595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms of defence against fungal infections are numerous, and range from protective mechanisms that were present early in evolution (innate immunity) to sophisticated adaptive mechanisms that are induced specifically during infection and disease (adaptive immunity). The first-line innate mechanism is the presence of physical barriers in the form of skin and mucous membranes, which is complemented by cell membranes, cellular receptors and humoral factors. There has been a debate about the relative contribution of humoral and cellular immunity to host defence against fungal infections. For a long time it was considered that cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was important, but humoral immunity had little or no role. However, it is accepted now that CMI is the main mechanism of defence, but that certain types of antibody response are protective. In general, Th1-type CMI is required for clearance of a fungal infection, while Th2 immunity usually results in susceptibility to infection. Aspergillosis, which is a disease caused by the fungus Aspergillus, has been the subject of many studies, including details of the immune response. Attempts to relate aspergillosis to some form of immunosuppression in animals, as is the case with humans, have not been successful to date. The defence against Aspergillus is based on recognition of the pathogen, a rapidly deployed and highly effective innate effector phase, and a delayed but robust adaptive effector phase. Candida albicans, part of the normal microbial flora associated with mucous surfaces, can be present as congenital candidiasis or as acquired defects of cell-mediated immunity. Resistance to this yeast is associated with Th1 CMI, whereas Th2 immunity is associated with susceptibility to systemic infection. Dermatophytes produce skin alterations in humans and other animals, and the essential role of the CMI response is to destroy the fungi and produce an immunoprotective status against re-infection. The resolution of the disease is associated with a delayed hypersensitive response. There are many effective veterinary vaccines against dermatophytoses. Malassezia pachydermatis is an opportunistic yeast that needs predisposing factors to cause disease, often related to an atopic status in the animal. Two species can be differentiated within the genus Cryptococcus with immunologic consequences: C. neoformans infects predominantly immunocompromised hosts, and C. gattii infects non-immunocompromised hosts. Pneumocystis is a fungus that infects only immunosupressed individuals, inducing a host defence mechanism similar to that induced by other fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Blanco
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Zoppa A, Crispim R, Sinhorini I, Benites N, Silva L, Baccarin R. Obstrução nasal por granuloma fúngico em eqüino: relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352008000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Um eqüino de nove anos de idade apresentou ausência de ar expirado e secreção serossanguinolenta na narina direita, associado a ruído respiratório. Os exames endoscópico e radiológico mostraram uma formação de aproximadamente seis centímetros de diâmetro recoberta por mucosa amarelada, que obstruía a cavidade nasal direita e insinuava-se para a cavidade nasal esquerda. Tal massa foi ressecada por meio de sinusotomia frontal direita. O exame histológico e a cultura revelaram lesão granulomatosa causada por fungos. O tratamento pós-operatório compreendeu associação de antibiótico e antiinflamatório, assim como de lavagens com água destilada e chá de camomila.
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