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Lee JM, Park MH, Park BS, Oh MK. Production of S-methyl-methionine using engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae sake K6. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad026. [PMID: 37653437 PMCID: PMC10495038 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
S-methyl-methionine (SMM), also known as vitamin U, is an important food supplement produced by various plants. In this study, we attempted to produce it in an engineered microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by introducing an MMT gene encoding a methionine S-methyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. The S. cerevisiae sake K6 strain, which is a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) strain, was chosen as the host because it produces a significant amount of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a precursor of SMM. To increase SMM production in the host, MHT1 and SAM4 genes encoding homocysteine S-methyltransferase were knocked out to prevent SMM degradation. Additionally, MMP1, which encodes S-methyl-methionine permease, was deleted to prevent SMM from being imported into the cell. Finally, ACS2 gene encoding acetyl-CoA synthase was overexpressed, and MLS1 gene encoding malate synthase was deleted to increase SAM availability. Using the engineered strain, 1.92 g/L of SMM was produced by fed-batch fermentation. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Introducing a plant-derived MMT gene encoding methionine S-methyltransferase into engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae sake K6 allowed microbial production of S-methyl-methionine (SMM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Min Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-763, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Park
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-763, Korea
| | - Bu-Soo Park
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-763, Korea
- Samyang Corp. 295 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-763, Korea
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Beneficial impact of dietary methyl methionine sulfonium chloride and/or L-carnitine supplementation on growth performance, feed efficiency, and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chicken: role of IGF-1 and MSTN genes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:98. [PMID: 35141787 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dietary supplementation with methyl methionine sulfonium chloride (MMSC), and L-carnitine (L-CAR) alone or in combination on the growth performance of broilers through their impact on the expression of IGF-1 and MSTN genes associated with growth in broilers. One-day-old female Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated into four groups, each of which received a broiler starter diet and water daily ad libitum. The control group (group 1) was given drinking water without any additives. Group 2 received 0.25 g L-carnitine per liter of drinking water, group 3 received 0.25 g MMSC per liter of drinking water, and group 4 received 0.25 g of both L-carnitine and MMSC per liter of drinking water. Birds were given a starter diet to 21 days after which they received a broiler grower diet to 35 days when the experiment ended. There were five replicate groups of 12 birds per treatment. Body weights and feed intake were recorded weekly. Compared to the control group of birds, supplementation with MMSC either alone or in combination with L-carnitine resulted in an increase in growth rate or feed utilization efficiency; L-carnitine by itself had no effect. MMSC supplementation, again either alone or in combination with L-carnitine, increased jejunal and ileal villi height, increased serum total proteins and globulins, downregulated myostatin (MSTN) mRNA, and upregulated insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) mRNA expression. Supplementation with L-carnitine alone showed none of these effects. We conclude that MMSC supplementation improved growth performance through the upregulation of IGF-1 mRNA expression and downregulation of MSTN mRNA expression.
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Antitumor and Antioxidant Activity of S-Methyl Methionine Sulfonium Chloride against Liver Cancer Induced in Wistar Albino Rats by Diethyl Nitrosamine and Carbon Tertrachloride. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189726. [PMID: 34574650 PMCID: PMC8466341 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease, especially liver cancer, has become a threat facing the world. Now, antioxidant products are garnering great attention for the treatment and prevention of many diseases. S-Methyl methionine sulfonium chloride (MMSC) is a methionine derivative and is present in many vegetables and has anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidants. This is the first study aiming to investigate the antitumor activity of the MMSC. This study was carried out on 60 male Wistar albino rats (4–6 weeks old age) and divided into four groups, with the first group as normal control, second group as hepatocarcinoma induced by diethyl nitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride (DEN/CCL4) group, third group as normal rats treated with MMSC, and fourth group as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced rats treated with MMSC. Our findings revealed that MMSC administration after HCC induction significantly improved (p < 0.05) the liver function biomarkers, including AST, GGT, albumin, globulin, and albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), in comparison with those in the HCC group. Moreover, the histopathological changes of the liver tissue in the HCC group were improved by MMSC treatment. Likewise, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transforming growth factor (TGF-1β), and glypican 3 (GP3) were downregulated by MMSC treatment after HCC induction in comparison with those in the HCC-induced group. In conclusion, MMSC showed antitumor activity against HCC induction by DEN/CCl4 through decreasing lipid peroxide formation, the expression level of an inflammatory cytokines such as (TNF-α), immunoregulatory cytokines such as (TGF-1β), induced nitric oxide synthase, and glypican 3.
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Kim WS, Kim WK, Choi N, Suh W, Lee J, Kim DD, Kim I, Sung JH. Development of S-Methylmethionine Sulfonium Derivatives and Their Skin-Protective Effect against Ultraviolet Exposure. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:306-312. [PMID: 29129045 PMCID: PMC5933898 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we have demonstrated that S-methylmethionine sulfonium (SMMS) confers wound-healing and photoprotective effects on the skin, suggesting that SMMS can be used as a cosmetic raw material. However, it has an unpleasant odor. Therefore, in the present study, we synthesized odor-free SMMS derivatives by eliminating dimethyl sulfide, which is the cause of the unpleasant odor and identified two derivatives that exhibited skin-protective effects: one derivative comprised (2S,4S)- and (2R,4S)-2-phenylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and the other comprised (2S,4R)-, (2S,4S)-, (2R,4R)-, and (2R,4S)-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazinane-4-carboxylic acid. We performed in vitro proliferation assays using human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) and an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The two SMMS derivatives were shown to increase hDF and HaCaT cell proliferation as well as improve their survival by protecting against ultraviolet exposure. Moreover, the derivatives regulated the expression of collagen type I and MMP mRNAs against ultraviolet exposure in hDFs, suggesting that these derivatives can be developed as cosmetic raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Serk Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang-Kyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Nahyun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Choongang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikyon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyuk Sung
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
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Mushonga B, Yabaragiye B, Kandiwa E, Habarugira G, Samkange A. A 3-year prospective study of the incidence of gastric ulcers in pigs slaughtered at Base Abattoir in Rwanda. Vet World 2017; 10:873-879. [PMID: 28919676 PMCID: PMC5591472 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.873-879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Determination of the incidence of gastric ulcers in pigs slaughtered at Base Abattoir in Rwanda. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stomachs from all 5040 pigs that were slaughtered at Base Abattoir in Rwanda from August 2012 to August 2015 were examined for the presence and location of gastric ulcers. The results of the inspections were recorded and analyzed. Statistical analysis for Chi-square values was performed using the Software Package for Social Sciences version 16.0. The Z test for comparison of proportions was used and p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Overall as well as per district, significantly more male pigs than female pigs were slaughtered (p<0.05). The incidence of gastric ulcers in slaughter pigs was 12.86%. The incidence of gastric ulcers in males (13.36%) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from that in female pigs (12.84%) in all three districts. A significantly greater proportion of these ulcers (69.03%) was located in the esophageal region than in the glandular region of the stomach (30.97%) in slaughtered males (p<0.05). A significantly greater proportion of these ulcers (79.59%) was located in the esophageal region than in the glandular region of the stomach (20.41%) in slaughtered females (p<0.05). The overall incidence of esophageal ulcers (9.44%) in the slaughtered pigs was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of glandular region ulcers (3.41%). Pigs with carcass weight over 60 kg showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher (44.44%) incidence of ulcers than those between 40 and 60 kg (33.33%) and those below 40 kg (22.22%). CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the incidence of gastric ulceration in slaughter pigs at Base Abattoir was not associated with source (district) or sex of pigs but was associated with the carcass weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borden Mushonga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, P. Bag 13301, Pioneerspark, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Bernard Yabaragiye
- School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 57 Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Erick Kandiwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, P. Bag 13301, Pioneerspark, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Gervais Habarugira
- School of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 57 Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Alaster Samkange
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Namibia, P. Bag 13301, Pioneerspark, Windhoek, Namibia
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Kim KT, Kim JS, Kim MH, Park JH, Lee JY, Lee W, Min KK, Song MG, Choi CY, Kim WS, Oh HK, Kim DD. Effect of Enhancers on in vitro and in vivo Skin Permeation and Deposition of S-Methyl- L-Methionine. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:434-440. [PMID: 28274096 PMCID: PMC5499623 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
S-methyl-l-methionine (SMM), also known as vitamin U, is commercially available as skin care cosmetic products for its wound healing and photoprotective effects. However, the low skin permeation expected of SMM due to its hydrophilic nature with a log P value of −3.3, has not been thoroughly addressed. The purpose of this study thus was to evaluate the effect of skin permeation enhancers on the skin permeation/deposition of SMM. Among the enhancers tested for the in vitro skin permeation and deposition of SMM, oleic acid showed the most significant enhancing effect. Moreover, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol further enhanced in vitro permeation and deposition of SMM through hairless mouse skin. Furthermore, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol significantly increased the in vivo deposition of SMM in the epidermis/dermis for 12 hr, which was high enough to exert a therapeutic effect. Therefore, based on the in vitro and in vivo studies, the combination of oleic acid and ethanol was shown to be effective in improving the topical skin delivery of SMM, which may be applied in the cosmetic production process for SMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Taek Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - WooIn Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Kuk Min
- CUSKIN Cosmeceutical and Biotechnology, Seoul 06530, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Song
- CUSKIN Cosmeceutical and Biotechnology, Seoul 06530, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Young Choi
- CUSKIN Cosmeceutical and Biotechnology, Seoul 06530, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Serk Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Jangan University, Hwaseong 18331, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Song JH, Lee HR, Shim SM. Determination of S-methyl-L-methionine (SMM) from Brassicaceae Family Vegetables and Characterization of the Intestinal Transport of SMM by Caco-2 Cells. J Food Sci 2016; 82:36-43. [PMID: 27883364 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the current study were to determine S-methyl-L-methionine (SMM) from various Brassicaceae family vegetables by using validated analytical method and to characterize the intestinal transport mechanism of SMM by the Caco-2 cells. The SMM is well known to provide therapeutic activity in peptic ulcers. The amount of SMM from various Brassicaceae family vegetables ranged from 89.08 ± 1.68 μg/g to 535.98 ± 4.85 μg/g of dry weight by using validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry method. For elucidating intestinal transport mechanism, the cells were incubated with or without transport inhibitors, energy source, or a metabolic inhibitor. Phloridzin and verapamil as inhibitors of sodium glucose transport protein (SGLT1) and P-glycoprotein, respectively, were not responsible for cellular uptake of SMM. Glucose and sodium azide were not affected by the cellular accumulation of SMM. The efflux ratio of SMM was 0.26, implying that it is not effluxed through Caco-2 cells. The apparent coefficient permeability (Papp ) of SMM was 4.69 × 10-5 cm/s, indicating that it will show good oral absorption in in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Song
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Sejong Univ, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Rim Lee
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Sejong Univ, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Sejong Univ, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
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Tunali S, Kahraman S, Yanardag R. Vitamin U, a novel free radical scavenger, prevents lens injury in rats administered with valproic acid. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 34:904-10. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327114561665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (2-propyl-pentanoic acid, VPA) is the most widely prescribed antiepileptic drug due to its ability to treat a broad spectrum of seizure types. VPA exhibits various side effects such as organ toxicity, teratogenicity, and visual disturbances. S-Methylmethioninesulfonium is a derivative of the amino acid methionine and it is widely referred to as vitamin U (Vit U). This study was aimed to investigate the effects of Vit U on lens damage parameters of rats exposed to VPA. Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Group I comprised control animals. Group II included control rats supplemented with Vit U (50 mg/kg/day) for 15 days. Group III was given only VPA (500 mg/kg/day) for 15 days. Group IV was given VPA + Vit U (in same dose and time). Vit U was given to rats by gavage and VPA was given intraperitoneally. On the 16th day of experiment, all the animals which were fasted overnight were killed. Lens was taken from animals, homogenized in 0.9% saline to make up to 10% (w/v) homogenate. The homogenates were used for protein, glutathione, lipid peroxidation levels, and antioxidant enzymes activities. Lens lipid peroxidation levels and aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in VPA group. On the other hand, glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione- S-transferase, and paraoxonase activities were decreased in VPA groups. Treatment with Vit U reversed these effects. This study showed that Vit U exerted antioxidant properties and may prevent lens damage caused by VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tunali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Kahraman
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul Aydin University, Kucukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - R Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lee HR, Cho SD, Lee WK, Kim GH, Shim SM. Digestive recovery of sulfur-methyl-L-methionine and its bioaccessibility in Kimchi cabbages using a simulated in vitro digestion model system. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:109-112. [PMID: 23633413 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur-methyl-L-methionine (SMM) has been known to provide various biological functions such as radical scavenging effect, inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, and prevention of gastric mucosal damage. Kimchi cabbages are known to be a major food source providing SMM but its bioaccessibility has not been studied. The objective of current study was to determine both the digestive stability of SMM and the amount released from Kimchi cabbages under a simulated in vitro digestion model system. RESULTS The in vitro digestion model system simulating a human gastrointestinal tract was carried out for measuring digestive recovery and bioaccessibility of SMM. SMM was quantified by using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. Recovery of an SMM standard after digestion was 0.68 and 0.65% for fasted and fed conditions, respectively, indicating that the digestive stability of the SMM standard was not affected by dietary energy or co-ingested food matrix. The SMM standard was also significantly stable in acidic pH (P < 0.05). The bioaccessibility of SMM from Kimchi cabbages was measured under a fasted condition, resulted in 8.83, 14.71 and 10.88%, for salivary, gastric and small intestinal phases, respectively. CONCLUSION Results from our study suggest that SMM from Kimchi cabbages, a component of food sources, is more bioavailable than SMM by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Rim Lee
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea
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Sokmen BB, Tunali S, Yanardag R. Effects of vitamin U (S-methyl methionine sulphonium chloride) on valproic acid induced liver injury in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3562-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
S-methylmethionine (SMM), a naturally occurring, biologically active compound, is a free amino acid derivative, which is increasingly recognised as playing an important part in the plant metabolism. SMM, which is synthesised from methionine, is involved in crucial processes in the S metabolism, such as the regulation of methionine and S-adenosyl methionine levels, the methylation processes taking place in cells, and the transport and storage of sulphur in certain phases of development. It is of great importance in the development of resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors, as it is a direct precursor in the biosynthesis of the osmoprotectants and other S-containing compounds involved in defence mechanisms, while also influencing the biosynthesis of major plant hormones such as polyamines and ethylene. The present paper discusses our increasing understanding of the role played by SMM in the plant metabolism and its possible role in the improvement of traits that enable plants to overcome stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Szegő
- 1 Eötvös Loránd University Department of Plant Physiology Budapest Hungary
| | - E. Kósa
- 2 Pannon University Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Georgikon Faculty Keszthely Hungary
| | - E. Horváth
- 3 Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Martonvásár Hungary
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a visual guide for oesophagogastric ulcer scoring and recognition of different morphological changes in the pars oesophagea. DESIGN Pig stomachs were collected at slaughter and visually evaluated and scored for parakeratosis, erosion and ulceration in the pars oesophagea. RESULTS A visual and descriptive guide is presented that will aid in the objective assessment and scoring of oesophagogastric ulceration in pigs within the pig health monitoring system (PHMS), namely to the four categories of 0 = normal stomach, 1 = parakeratosis and thickened epithelium, 2 = erosions and 3 = developed ulcers with and without stenosis. CONCLUSION A visual guide has been developed that illustrates the full range of morphological changes that can occur in the pars oesophagea of the stomach within the few currently recognised stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kopinski
- Animal Science, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, QLD 4105, Australia.
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