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Samuels A, Burns TA. Lymphoma & Myeloproliferative Disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024:S0749-0739(24)00058-0. [PMID: 39266412 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma and myeloproliferative diseases in horses are relatively uncommon. The clinical signs, prognosis, and treatment options depend upon the anatomic location and subtype. Significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding prevalence, pathogenesis of different subtypes, antemortem diagnostic tests, response to treatment, and standardized treatment protocols. However, treatment options are available, accessible on the farm, and could improve quality of life and prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Samuels
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Teresa A Burns
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Satué K, Fazio E, Gardón JC, Medica P. Contribution of Hemogram Plan in the Horse's Clinical Evaluation. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104292. [PMID: 36958411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The interpretation of the blood count is essential to help the equine clinician in the diagnosis, prognosis, patient management, and control of equine diseases. Hematologic alterations often reflect the condition of the individual or an overall response to a pathological situation. A thorough clinical examination of the patient is essential to correctly interpret the hematological results. The most common abnormalities in the erythrogram are mainly anemia and polycythemia. The frequent causes of anemia in horses are acute and chronic blood loss, hemolytic anemia, and anemia caused by chronic disease. Evaluation of leukogram, including a total white cell count, a differential cell count, absolute numbers of specific leukocytes can help identify abnormalities that may suggest specific diseases such as a viral or bacterial infection, inflammatory disorders or even a neoplastic process. The platelet count is most often used to monitor or diagnose conditions that cause too much bleeding related with thrombocytopenia; it can be due to multiple mechanisms such as reduction of thrombopoiesis (myeloptisis, myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative disease, and idiopathic medullary aplasias or due to the effect of mielosuppresive drugs), increased peripheral destruction of platelets (immune mediated thrombocytopenia), consumption (dissemined intravascular coagulation) sequestration of the spleen and loss of platelets by idiopathic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Juan Carlos Gardón
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Catholic University of Valencia (San Vicente Mártir), Valencia, Spain
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
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Satué K, Gardon JC, Muñoz A. A review of current knowledge of myeloproliferative disorders in the horse. Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:8. [PMID: 33622355 PMCID: PMC7903742 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid disorders are conditions being characterized by abnormal proliferation and development of myeloid lineage including granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils), monocytes, erythroids, and megakaryocytes precursor cells. Myeloid leukemia, based on clinical presentation and proliferative rate of neoplastic cells, is divided into acute (AML) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The most commonly myeloid leukemia reported in horses are AML-M4 (myelomonocytic) and AML-M5 (monocytic). Isolated cases of AML-M6B (acute erythroid leukemia), and chronic granulocytic leukemia have also been reported. Additionally, bone marrow disorders with dysplastic alterations and ineffective hematopoiesis affecting single or multiple cell lineages or myelodysplastic diseases (MDS), have also been reported in horses. MDSs have increased myeloblasts numbers in blood or bone marrow, although less than 20%, which is the minimum level required for diagnosis of AML. This review performed a detailed description of the current state of knowlegde of the myeloproliferative disorders in horses following the criteria established by the World Health Organization.
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Bienzle D. Bone Marrow Examination: Why, How, and What to Expect from the Pathologist. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020; 36:35-52. [PMID: 31954548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes the indications for sampling of bone marrow, the technical aspects of obtaining marrow core biopsies and aspirates, and the preparation of marrow smears. All aspects are illustrated with clinical cases. The information that can be expected from the pathologist's report of marrow samples is outlined, and the clinical features and prognosis of different types of leukemia are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Ogasawara F, Kumagai Y, Mikami O, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K. Erythroblastic sarcoma in the thoracic cavity of a cow. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:134-137. [PMID: 30449823 PMCID: PMC6361642 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythroblastic sarcoma in a 10-year-old Japanese Black cow with anemia is described. Tumor masses or nodules were located mainly in the thoracic cavity, and some lymph nodes were slightly
enlarged. Although neoplastic involvement of the bone marrow was detected, the cow was not leukemic. The diagnosis was made based on the localized distribution of neoplastic lesions, no
increase of intravascular nucleated cell number, deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm in some tumor cells, and frequent immunoreactivity of the tumor cells for hemoglobin. The tumor cells were
characterized by marked pleomorphism and atypia; such morphological deviation from their normal counterparts may be connected with functional deviation resulting in the sarcomatous growth of
these erythroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusae Ogasawara
- Iwate Prefecture Southern Regional Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 41-1 Higashidate, Sakurakawa, Mizusawa, Oushu, Iwate 023-0003, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kumagai
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 390-5 Sunakomi, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0605, Japan
| | - Osamu Mikami
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Ishikawa
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Koichi Kadota
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
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Miglio A, Pepe M, Felippe MJB, Antognoni MT. Subleukaemic acute myeloid leukaemia with myelodysplasia in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - M. Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - M. J. B. Felippe
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - M. T. Antognoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo University of Perugia Perugia Italy
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Cooper CJ, Keller SM, Arroyo LG, Hewson J, Kenney D, Bienzle D. Acute Leukemia in Horses. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:159-172. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817720983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia is broadly divided into acute and chronic lymphocytic and myeloid types based on the proportion of blasts, morphology of cells, and expression of specific antigens on neoplastic cells. Classifying leukemia in horses can be challenging if blasts predominate and since few antibodies to identify cell types are available. The objective of this study was to describe in detail the clinical and pathologic features of acute leukemia in horses. Twelve horses ranging from 0.2 to 25.9 years of age were diagnosed with acute leukemia. Six cases were classified as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) based on predominance of blasts, lack of granulocytic or monocytic differentiation, and detection of CD3, CD20, and/or CD79a antigens by immunohistochemistry. Six other cases were classified as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with myelomonocytic ( n = 4), basophilic ( n = 1), and eosinophilic ( n = 1) differentiation based on > 20% bone marrow blasts and partial leukocytic differentiation. Reactivity with antibodies to Iba-1/AIF-1, CD172a, and CD163 was determined for all cases of AML. Eleven horses had thrombocytopenia, 10 had neutropenia, 8 had anemia, all had blasts on blood films, and none had leukocytosis. Ten horses had increased serum acute phase proteins. Bone marrow cellularity ranged from 30% to 100%, and the proportion of blasts ranged from 80% to 100% and 30% to 60% in ALL and AML, respectively. Horses were severely ill at diagnosis and euthanized within days or weeks. Unique features of acute leukemia in horses compared to other species were variable lymphocyte antigen expression (ALL) and frequent inflammation (ALL and AML).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina J. Cooper
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan M. Keller
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis G. Arroyo
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Hewson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Kenney
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Taintor
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn; Alabama; USA
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Mylonakis ME, Kritsepi-Konstantinou M, Vernau W, Valli VE, Pardali D, Koutinas AF. Presumptive pure erythroid leukemia in a dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:1004-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712452731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6.5-year-old, intact male Cocker Spaniel dog was referred with a history of depression and anorexia of 1-week duration. Mucosal pallor was prominent on physical examination. Complete blood cell count revealed pancytopenia and occasional blast cells. Bone marrow aspirate cytology indicated that individual particles were composed of approximately 60% hematopoietic cells and a monomorphic population of blast cells with perfectly round nuclei, consistent paranuclear clearing, and deeply basophilic cytoplasm devoid of granules dominating the marrow fields. The granulocytic lineage was severely decreased with a granulocytic-to-erythroid ratio of 0.15 and a blast cell percentage of at least 70% of all nucleated cells; the myeloblasts and monoblasts composed <5% of nonerythroid cells. Bone marrow cytology slides were submitted for immunocytochemical immunophenotyping using antibodies to myeloperoxidase, cluster of differentiation (CD)3, CD79a, CD11b, CD45, and CD34. The neoplastic cells did not express any of the antigens assessed. The combination of light microscopic cytomorphology and the immunophenotype were strongly suggestive of pure erythroid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathios E. Mylonakis
- Companion Animal Clinic (Mylonakis, Koutinas)
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Kritsepi-Konstantinou, Pardali)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA (Vernau)
- VDx Pathology, Davis, CA (Valli)
| | - Maria Kritsepi-Konstantinou
- Companion Animal Clinic (Mylonakis, Koutinas)
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Kritsepi-Konstantinou, Pardali)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA (Vernau)
- VDx Pathology, Davis, CA (Valli)
| | - William Vernau
- Companion Animal Clinic (Mylonakis, Koutinas)
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Kritsepi-Konstantinou, Pardali)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA (Vernau)
- VDx Pathology, Davis, CA (Valli)
| | - Victor E. Valli
- Companion Animal Clinic (Mylonakis, Koutinas)
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Kritsepi-Konstantinou, Pardali)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA (Vernau)
- VDx Pathology, Davis, CA (Valli)
| | - Dimitra Pardali
- Companion Animal Clinic (Mylonakis, Koutinas)
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Kritsepi-Konstantinou, Pardali)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA (Vernau)
- VDx Pathology, Davis, CA (Valli)
| | - Alexander F. Koutinas
- Companion Animal Clinic (Mylonakis, Koutinas)
- Diagnostic Laboratory (Kritsepi-Konstantinou, Pardali)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA (Vernau)
- VDx Pathology, Davis, CA (Valli)
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Jackson AE. In this issue - July 2011. Aust Vet J 2011; 89:237-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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