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Al Mohamad Z, Hamed M, Abdellatif A, Eldoumani H, Elshafaey E, Abouelnasr K. Topographical anatomy of the mandibular foramen in the dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedarius): an extraoral approach for the inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1303810. [PMID: 38125682 PMCID: PMC10730936 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1303810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the clinical anatomy of the head is essential for performing proper inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block anesthesia to facilitate invasive dental procedures in camels. However, osteometric data related to the IAN in camels are lacking. This study was carried out to accurately locate the mandibular foramen (MF) and the course of the IAN in the camel head and to establish an approach for its localization in clinical practice. To achieve these aims, eight osteometric measurements were used to determine the location of the MF in relation to its surrounding structures in six cadaveric skulls of adult camels. Four camel heads were dissected, and the course of the IAN inside the mandibular canal was studied. In addition, four heads were used as a trial for the extraoral approach to the IAN block using contrast radiographs based on established metric indices. Dissection of the four camel heads revealed that the MF was located near the intersection of two lines passing through the occlusal surface of the mandibular cheek teeth and at the midpoint of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. Significant differences were not observed between the right and left mandibles. Successful deposition of the contrast medium near the MF was observed in all examined specimens. This study reports a new, simple approach to reaching the IAN at the MF. However, further clinical validation of the proposed technique is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakriya Al Mohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hamed
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Haitham Eldoumani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Elshafaey
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Salam Veterinary Group, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Abouelnasr
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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JOHNSON JP, VINARDELL T, DAVID F. Ultrasound-guided injections of the equine head and neck: review and expert opinion. J Equine Sci 2021; 32:103-115. [PMID: 35023988 PMCID: PMC8731684 DOI: 10.1294/jes.32.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-guided injections can be used for a wide variety of conditions in the horse, including both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Benefits of ultrasound guidance include more accurate deposition of injectate compared with blind approaches. Improved identification of vital structures, including nerves and blood vessels, allows their avoidance and thus reduces procedure-associated complications. Validation of such ultrasound-guided techniques has shown that they can be easily learnt by inexperienced veterinarians, assuming a proper knowledge of the sonographic anatomy. In many cases they can be employed in the field with a high level of accuracy, using widely available equipment, and with complete adherence to the sterility principles. Many ultrasound-guided injection techniques of the axial skeleton in the horse have been described in past years, enabling the equine veterinarian to perform more accurate treatments of specific anatomical areas. The goal of this review is to discuss diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound-guided injection techniques of the skull and cervical spine in the horse, including those for the retrobulbar space, maxillary and inferior alveolar nerves, atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial junctions, and cervical articular process joints, as well as the 1st cervical nerve, the C2 and C3 nerve plexus, and the 6th, 7th, and 8th cervical nerve roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P. JOHNSON
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, A Member of
Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 6788, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tatiana VINARDELL
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, A Member of
Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 6788, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Science, Hamad Bin
Khalifa University, A Member of Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha,
Qatar
| | - Florent DAVID
- Equine Veterinary Medical Center, A Member of
Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 6788, Doha, Qatar
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Campoy L, Sedgwick SR. Standing Sedation and Iocoregional Analgesia in Equine Dental Surgery. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 36:477-499. [PMID: 33189231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Procedural sedation has become popular for describing a semiconscious state that allows patients to be comfortable during certain surgical or diagnostic procedures. Sedation may be enhanced by locoregional anesthetic techniques to produce sufficient analgesia and muscle relaxation for surgery to occur. Sedation and local anesthesia for standing diagnostic and surgical procedures on the horse's head circumvents the potential complications of general anesthesia (particularly, complications related to recovery). However, the implementation of a locoregional anesthetic technique requires a thorough understanding of the anatomy to maximize success and minimize possible complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Campoy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Mailbox 32, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samantha R Sedgwick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Mailbox 32, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Tanner RB, Hubbell JAE. A Retrospective Study of the Incidence and Management of Complications Associated With Regional Nerve Blocks in Equine Dental Patients. J Vet Dent 2019; 36:40-45. [PMID: 31138048 DOI: 10.1177/0898756419848165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Regional anesthesia of the equine head is commonly performed to allow oral extraction of diseased teeth in the standing horse. The use of 4 blocks (infraorbital nerve, maxillary nerve, mental nerve, and mandibular nerve) is well documented for desensitization of dental quadrants for oral surgery for exodontia, but descriptions of associated complications are limited. A total of 270 regional nerve blocks were performed on 162 equine patients in a second opinion referral hospital setting. Criteria for inclusion in the study included a 24-hour stay in hospital, that the blocks be performed by one clinician and at minimum, a 2-week follow-up examination be performed. A total of 8 complications were identified in 7 patients representing a 2.96% incidence of complication. Complications included supraorbital hematoma (3), local hematoma (2), lingual self-trauma (2), and nerve block failure to desensitize (1). Treatment and management of complications are discussed. Complications associated with regional anesthesia may be reduced by reducing anesthetic volumes, precise needle placement, familiarity with the facial anatomy relevant to nerve blocks, adequate restraint, aseptic technique, postprocedural muzzling, and the use of a newly opened bottle of local anesthetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brad Tanner
- 1 Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY, USA
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Johnson JP, Peckham RK, Rowan C, Wolfe A, O'Leary JM. Ultrasound-Guided Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in the Horse: Assessment of the Extraoral Approach in Cadavers. J Vet Dent 2019; 36:46-51. [PMID: 31138051 DOI: 10.1177/0898756419844836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Blinded techniques to desensitize the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) include intraoral, angled, and vertical extraoral approaches with reported success rates of 100%, 73%, and 59%, respectively. It has not been determined whether an ultrasound-guided extraoral approach is feasible. Further, the fascicular nature of the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves of the horse has not been described. The objectives of this study were to describe a low-volume ultrasound-guided vertical extraoral inferior alveolar nerve block technique and to describe the fascicular nature of these nerves. An ultrasound-guided approach to the IAN was conducted with a microconvex transducer and an 18-G, 15-cm spinal needle using a solution containing iodinated-contrast and methylene blue dye. Accuracy was assessed by contrast visualized at the mandibular foramen on computed tomography (CT) and methylene blue dye staining of the nerves on gross dissection. Sections of inferior alveolar and lingual nerves were submitted for histological analysis. Assessment by CT and dissection determined success rates of 81.3% and 68.8%, respectively; 68.8% of injections had inadvertent methylene blue dye staining of the lingual nerve. Nerve histology revealed both the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves to be multifascicular in nature. Mean fascicle counts for the inferior alveolar and lingual nerves were 29 and 30.8, respectively. The technique is challenging and no more accurate than previously published blinded techniques. Any extraoral approach to the IAN is likely to also desensitize the lingual nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Conor Rowan
- 3 University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Wolfe
- 3 University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Mark O'Leary
- 3 University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Abstract
Regional nerve blocks are necessary to facilitate equine oral surgery in the standing sedated patient. Step-by-step instruction on how to perform common regional nerve blocks are discussed, including infraorbital, maxillary, middle mental, and inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Regional nerve blocks are critical when performing dental procedures in the standing horse.1 The infraorbital and maxillary nerve blocks provide anesthesia of the infraorbital nerve, which is a branch of the maxillary nerve. Both nerve blocks provide adequate anesthesia for all maxillary dental procedures.1 When the infraorbital nerve block is utilized, care must be taken to advance the needle into the infraorbital foramen in order to appropriately anesthetize the caudal maxillary teeth. Mandibular dental procedures require anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular nerve. Local anesthesia at the level of the mental foramen will result in anesthesia of ipsilateral incisors and canines, while anesthesia at the level of the mandibular foramen will anesthetize the entire ipsilateral mandibular dental quadrant. All nerve blocks should have the injection site aseptically prepared prior to the procedure. The 4 most common dental nerve blocks are described step by step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly K Rice
- 1 Midwest Veterinary Dental Services, Elkhorn, WI, USA
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Eckert RE, Griffin CE, Cohen ND, Marx S. Investigation into intraoral approach for nerve block injection at the mental foramen in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. E. Eckert
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TexasUSA
| | - C. E. Griffin
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TexasUSA
| | - N. D. Cohen
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station TexasUSA
| | - S. Marx
- Advance Equine Dentistry Parker Colorado USA
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Tremaine H. Local analgesia techniques for dental and head procedures in horses. IN PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/inp.l662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. J. Love
- School of Veterinary Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK
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Hermans H, Veraa S, Wolschrijn CF, van Loon JPAM. Local anaesthetic techniques for the equine head, towards guided techniques and new applications. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Hermans
- Department of Equine SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht UniversityUtrecht The Netherlands
| | - S. Veraa
- Division of Diagnostic ImagingFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht UniversityUtrecht The Netherlands
| | - C. F. Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. P. A. M. van Loon
- Department of Equine SciencesFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht UniversityUtrecht The Netherlands
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Cruz Benedetti I, Chenet B, Douay G, Portier K. Anaesthetic management of a Baringo giraffe (
Giraffa camelopardalis rotschildi
) undergoing mandibular fracture repair on two occasions. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga‐Catalina Cruz Benedetti
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive‐Care MedicineVeterinarmedizinische Universitat WienWienAustria
- Pôle EquinVetagro‐SupCampus vétérinaire de LyonMarcy l'EtoileFrance
| | | | | | - Karine Portier
- Pôle EquinVetagro‐SupCampus vétérinaire de LyonMarcy l'EtoileFrance
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du Toit N. Which nerve blocks will help me with a tooth extraction? EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. du Toit
- Tulbagh Equine Dentistry; Tulbagh South Africa
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13
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Henry T, Pusterla N, Guedes AGP, Verstraete FJM. Evaluation and clinical use of an intraoral inferior alveolar nerve block in the horse. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:706-10. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Henry
- William B. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
| | - N. Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
| | - A. G. P. Guedes
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
| | - F. J. M. Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
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14
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Advances in the Treatment of Diseased Equine Incisor and Canine Teeth. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:411-40, vi-vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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In this issue - April 2012. Aust Vet J 2012. [PMCID: PMC7159685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Financial effect of bovine Johne's disease · Detection of rotavirus and coronavirus in calf faeces · Canine vector‐borne diseases · Parvovirus in the bone marrow of cats · Toxoplasmosis in flying foxes · Poxvirus infection in common ringtails · Inferior alveolar nerve blocks in horses · Chewing disease in grazing horses
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