1
|
Struts AV, Barmasov AV, Brown MF. SPECTRAL METHODS FOR STUDY OF THE G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR RHODOPSIN. I. VIBRATIONAL AND ELECTRONIC SPECTROSCOPY. OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 118:711-717. [PMID: 28260815 PMCID: PMC5334778 DOI: 10.1134/s0030400x15050240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the application of modern spectral methods for the study of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) using rhodopsin as a prototype. Because X-ray analysis gives us immobile snapshots of protein conformations, it is imperative to apply spectroscopic methods for elucidating their function: vibrational (Raman, FTIR), electronic (UV-visible absorption, fluorescence) spectroscopies, and magnetic resonance (electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR), and nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR). In the first of the two companion articles, we discuss the application of optical spectroscopy for studying rhodopsin in a membrane environment. Information is obtained regarding the time-ordered sequence of events in rhodopsin activation. Isomerization of the chromophore and deprotonation of the retinal Schiff base leads to a structural change of the protein involving the motion of helices H5 and H6 in a pH-dependent process. Information is obtained that is unavailable from X-ray crystallography, which can be combined with spectroscopic studies to achieve a more complete understanding of GPCR function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A V Struts
- St. Petersburg State Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - A V Barmasov
- St. Petersburg State Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M F Brown
- University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tanaka K, Struts AV, Krane S, Fujioka N, Salgado GFJ, Martínez-Mayorga K, Brown MF, Nakanishi K. Synthesis of CD3-Labeled 11-cis-Retinals and Application to Solid-State Deuterium NMR Spectroscopy of Rhodopsin. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
3
|
A 35-fs time-resolved absorption study of all-trans retinal in a nonpolar solvent: Ultrafast photophysics revisited. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
4
|
Moroni L, Ceppatelli M, Gellini C, Salvi PR, Bini R. Excitation of crystalline all–trans retinal under pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b207312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
5
|
Heyn MP, Borucki B, Otto H. Chromophore reorientation during the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin: experimental methods and functional significance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1460:60-74. [PMID: 10984591 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Light-induced isomerization leads to orientational changes of the retinylidene chromophore of bacteriorhodopsin in its binding pocket. The chromophore reorientation has been characterized by the following methods: polarized absorption spectroscopy in the visible, UV and IR; polarized resonance Raman scattering; solid-state deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance; neutron and X-ray diffraction. Most of these experiments were performed at low temperatures with bacteriorhodopsin trapped in one or a mixture of intermediates. Time-resolved measurements at room temperature with bacteriorhodopsin in aqueous suspension can currently only be carried out with transient polarized absorption spectroscopy in the visible. The results obtained to date for the initial state and the K, L and M intermediates are presented and discussed. The most extensive data are available for the M intermediate, which plays an essential role in the function of bacteriorhodopsin. For this intermediate the various methods lead to a consistent picture: the curved all-trans polyene chain in the initial state straightens out in the M intermediate (13-cis) and the chain segment between C(5) and C(13) tilts upwards in the direction of the cytoplasmic surface. The kink at C(13) allows the positions of beta-ionone ring and Schiff base nitrogen to remain approximately fixed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Heyn
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Haran G, Morlino EA, Matthes J, Callender RH, Hochstrasser RM. Femtosecond Polarized Pump−Probe and Stimulated Emission Spectroscopy of the Isomerization Reaction of Rhodopsin. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9832847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Haran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Elisabeth A. Morlino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Jens Matthes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Robert H. Callender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Robin M. Hochstrasser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, New York 10461
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yamaguchi S, Hamaguchi HO. Femtosecond ultraviolet-visible absorption study of all-trans→13-cis⋅9-cis photoisomerization of retinal. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
8
|
Sahyun M, Serpone N. Photophysics of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) chemisorbed to nanoparticulate TiO2: Evidence for TiO2* to ATRA energy transfer and reverse electron transfer sensitisation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00250-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Jäger S, Lewis JW, Zvyaga TA, Szundi I, Sakmar TP, Kliger DS. Chromophore structural changes in rhodopsin from nanoseconds to microseconds following pigment photolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:8557-62. [PMID: 9238015 PMCID: PMC23009 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin is a prototypical G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by photoisomerization of its 11-cis-retinal chromophore. Mutant forms of rhodopsin were prepared in which the carboxylic acid counterion was moved relative to the positively charged chromophore Schiff base. Nanosecond time-resolved laser photolysis measurements of wild-type recombinant rhodopsin and two mutant pigments then were used to determine reaction schemes and spectra of their early photolysis intermediates. These results, together with linear dichroism data, yielded detailed structural information concerning chromophore movements during the first microsecond after photolysis. These chromophore structural changes provide a basis for understanding the relative movement of rhodopsin's transmembrane helices 3 and 6 required for activation of rhodopsin. Thus, early structural changes following isomerization of retinal are linked to the activation of this G protein-coupled receptor. Such rapid structural changes lie at the heart of the pharmacologically important signal transduction mechanisms in a large variety of receptors, which use extrinsic activators, but are impossible to study in receptors using diffusible agonist ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Jäger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Rhodopsin is the seven transmembrane helix receptor responsible for dim light vision in vertebrate rod cells. The protein has structural homology with the other G protein-coupled receptors, which suggests that the tertiary structures and activation mechanisms are likely to be similar. However, rhodopsin is unique in several respects. The most striking is the fact that the receptor "ligand", 11-cis retinal, is covalently bound to the protein and is converted from an "antagonist" to an "agonist" upon absorption of light. NMR studies of rhodopsin and its primary photoproduct, bathorhodopsin, have generated structural constraints that enabled docking of the 11-cis and all-trans retinal chromophores into a low-resolution model of the protein proposed by Baldwin. These studies also suggest a mechanism for how retinal isomerization leads to rhodopsin activation. More recently, mutagenesis studies have extended these results by showing how the selectivity of the retinal-binding site can be modified to favor the all-trans over the 11-cis isomer. The structural constraints produced from these studies, when placed in the context of a high-resolution model of the protein, provide a coherent picture of the activation mechanism, which we show involves a direct steric interaction between the retinal chromophore and transmembrane helix 3 in the region of Gly121.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Shieh
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Merchán M, González-Luque R. Ab initiostudy on the low-lying excited states of retinal. J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.473207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
12
|
Song Q, Harms GS, Johnson CK. Chromophore Reorientation Relative to the Membrane Plane Detected by Time-Resolved Linear Dichroism during the Bacteriorhodopsin Photocycle in Oriented Purple Membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp961015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Greg S. Harms
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| | - Carey K. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Reversible photoinduced reorientations of bacteriorhodopsin have been detected in suspensions of the purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarium. The anisotropy in bacteriorhodopsin during the nanosecond through millisecond stages of the photocycle was measured by time-resolved linear dichroism and transient absorption measurements. From these measurements the anisotropies of the K, L, M, and O intermediates were determined and related to the chromophore orientation with respect to the initially selected orientation. The anisotropies of the K and L states are 0.38 +/- 0.01 and 0.35 +/- 0.01, respectively. Further anisotropy decay after formation of the M intermediate in about 0.5 ms is evidence of orientational motion at this stage in the photocycle. A constant anisotropy with a value of 0.39 +/- 0.02 in the O intermediate demonstrates a recovery of the initial protein orientation with the formation of the O state. These results demonstrate that reorientations in BR are photoinduced and reversible. Similar measurements for L and M were carried out for purple membrane in polyacrylamide gels, where the anisotropies in the L and M states are 0.38 +/- 0.014 and 0.36 +/- 0.01, respectively. These results show that reorientations also occur in BR immobilized in gels. Anisotropy decay in the M state after formation of the M intermediate was not detected in the gels, in contrast to the M intermediate in suspensions. Orientational changes are observed for BR in purple membrane suspensions in the K state, during the K-->L step, in the M state possibly related to an M1-->M2 transition, and in the O state, where an almost complete return to the original orientation occurs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heyn MP, Otto H. PHOTOSELECTION AND TRANSIENT LINEAR DICHROISM WITH ORIENTED IMMOBILIZED PURPLE MEMBRANES: EVIDENCE FOR MOTION OF THE C(20)-METHYL GROUP OF THE CHROMOPHORE TOWARDS THE CYTOPLASMIC SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE. Photochem Photobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb09734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Tallent JR, Birge JR, Zhang CF, Wenderholm E, Birge RR. Conformational energetics and excited state level ordering in 11-cis retinal. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 56:935-52. [PMID: 1492137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb09716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Semiempirical molecular orbital theory and semiclassical solvent effect theory are used to analyze the conformational and electronic properties of the 12-s-cis and 12-s-trans conformers of 11-cis retinal. The goal is to examine the influence of solvent environment on the equilibrium geometries of these conformers as well as to provide a perspective on the electronic transitions that contribute to the four band systems that are observed in the 200-500 nm region of the optical spectrum. We conclude that the 12-s-cis isomer is more stable in vacuum, but that the 12-s-trans conformer is preferentially stabilized in both polar and nonpolar solvent environment due to dispersive as well as electrostatic interactions. This observation is in substantial agreement with previous literature results. In contrast, our analysis of the excited state manifold indicates that the spectral features observed in the absorption spectrum are associated with a complex set of overlapping transitions. A total of 18 pi*<--pi transitions contribute to the four bands, and in some cases, conformation changes the relative contribution of the individual transitions that define the overall band shape. This study provides the first definitive assignments for all four band systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Tallent
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, NY 13244
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fahmy K, Siebert F, Großjean M, Tavan P. Photoisomerization in bacteriorhodopsin studied by FTIR, linear dichroism and photoselection experiments combined with quantum chemical theoretical analysis. J Mol Struct 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2860(89)80017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
17
|
Becker RS. The visual process: photophysics and photoisomerization of model visual pigments and the primary reaction. Photochem Photobiol 1988; 48:369-99. [PMID: 3065800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1988.tb02836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
18
|
Grossjean MF, Tavan P. Wavelength regulation in bacteriorhodopsin and halorhodopsin: A Pariser–Parr–Pople multireference double excitation configuration interaction study of retinal dyes. J Chem Phys 1988. [DOI: 10.1063/1.454701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
19
|
|
20
|
Bestmann HJ, Ermann P, Rüppel H, Sperling W. Retinoide und Carotinoide, V. Synthese von modifizierten Retinalen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198619860307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
Drikos G, Morys P, Rüppel H. POLARIZED ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF MONOCRYSTALLINE ALL-trans. AND 11-cis., 12-s-cis. RETINAL AT 4.2 K. Photochem Photobiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb04564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|