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Davis AE, Kennelley GE, Amaye-Obu T, Jowdy PF, Ghadersohi S, Nasir-Moin M, Paragh G, Berman HA, Huss WJ. The phenomenon of phototoxicity and long-term risks of commonly prescribed and structurally diverse drugs. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2024; 19:100221. [PMID: 38389933 PMCID: PMC10883358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2023.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Photosensitivity to structurally diverse drugs is a common but under-reported adverse cutaneous reaction and can be classified as phototoxic or photoallergic. Phototoxic reactions occur when the skin is exposed to sunlight after administering topical or systemic medications that exhibit photosensitizing activity. These reactions depend on the dose of medication, degree of exposure to ultraviolet light, type of ultraviolet light, and sufficient skin distribution volume. Accurate prediction of the incidence and phototoxic response severity is challenging due to a paucity of literature, suggesting that phototoxicity may be more frequent than reported. This paper reports an extensive literature review on phototoxic drugs; the review employed pre-determined search criteria that included meta-analyses, systematic reviews, literature reviews, and case reports freely available in full text. Additional reports were identified from reference sections that contributed to the understanding of phototoxicity. The following drugs and/or drug classes are discussed: amiodarone, voriconazole, chlorpromazine, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones, hydrochlorothiazide, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and vemurafenib. In reviewing phototoxic skin reactions, this review highlights drug molecular structures, their reactive pathways, and, as there is a growing association between photosensitizing drugs and the increasing incidence of skin cancer, the consequential long-term implications of photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Davis
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle E Kennelley
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48858, USA
| | - Tatiana Amaye-Obu
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Peter F Jowdy
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Ghadersohi
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mehr Nasir-Moin
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Gyorgy Paragh
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Harvey A Berman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Romanell Center for the Philosophy of Medicine and Bioethics, Park Hall University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Wendy J Huss
- Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
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2
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Canaparo R, Foglietta F, Barbero N, Serpe L. The promising interplay between sonodynamic therapy and nanomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114495. [PMID: 35985374 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a non-invasive approach for cancer treatment in which chemical compounds, named sonosensitizers, are activated by non-thermal ultrasound (US), able to deeply penetrate into the tissues. Despite increasing interest, the underlying mechanisms by which US triggers the sonosensitizer therapeutic activity are not yet clearly elucidate, slowing down SDT clinical application. In this review we will discuss the main mechanisms involved in SDT with particular attention to the sonosensitizers involved for each described mechanism, in order to highlight how much important are the physicochemical properties of the sonosensitizers and their cellular localization to predict their bioeffects. Moreover, we will also focus our attention on the pivotal role of nanomedicine providing the sonodynamic anticancer approach with the ability to shape US-responsive agents to enhance specific sonodynamic effects as the sonoluminescence-mediated anticancer effects. Indeed, SDT is one of the biomedical fields that has significantly improved in recent years due to the increased knowledge of nanosized materials. The shift of the nanosystem from a delivery system for a therapeutic agent to a therapeutic agent in itself represents a real breakthrough in the development of SDT. In doing so, we have also highlighted potential areas in this field, where substantial improvements may provide a valid SDT implementation as a cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Canaparo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Foglietta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Nadia Barbero
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Loredana Serpe
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Choi J, Ahn M, Wee K, Cho DW. Photophysical properties of anti‐inflammatory piroxicam and its Cu(
II
) complex. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungkweon Choi
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions Institute for Basic Science Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Daegu University Gyeongsan Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Ryang Wee
- Department of Chemistry Daegu University Gyeongsan Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry Korea University, Sejong Campus Sejong Korea
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Choi V, Rajora MA, Zheng G. Activating Drugs with Sound: Mechanisms Behind Sonodynamic Therapy and the Role of Nanomedicine. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:967-989. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Choi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, United Kingdom WC1N 1AX
| | - Maneesha A. Rajora
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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Miyano R, Matsuo H, Nonaka K, Mokudai T, Niwano Y, Shiomi K, Takahashi Y, Ōmura S, Nakashima T. Pochoniolides A and B, new antioxidants from the fungal strain Pochonia chlamydosporia var. spinulospora FKI-7537. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:661-666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ismael A, Borba A, Henriques MSC, Paixão JA, Fausto R, Cristiano MLS. Structure and photochemistry of a saccharyl thiotetrazole. J Org Chem 2014; 80:392-400. [PMID: 25438067 DOI: 10.1021/jo502419u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular structure and photochemistry of 5-thiosaccharyl-1-methyltetrazole (TSMT) were studied by means of matrix-isolation FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and theoretical calculations. The calculations predicted two conformers of TSMT that differ in energy by more than 15 kJ mol(-1). The infrared spectrum of TSMT isolated in solid argon was fully assigned on the basis of the spectrum calculated (O3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd)) for the most stable conformer. In the crystal, TSMT molecules were found to assume the same conformation as for the isolated molecule, with each molecule forming four hydrogen bonds with three neighboring molecules, leading to a network of TSMT oligomers. Upon UV (λ = 265 nm) irradiation of the matrix-isolated TSMT, two photodegradation pathways were observed, both arising from cleavage of the tetrazolyl ring. Pathway a involves cleavage of the N1-N2 and N3-N4 bonds with extrusion of N2, leading to photostable diazirine and thiocarbodiimide derivatives. The photostability of the photoproduced diazirine under the conditions used precluded its rearrangement to the nitrile imine, as reported for 5-phenyltetrazole by Bégué et al. ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012 , 134 , 5339 ). Pathway b involves cleavage of the C5-N1 and N4-N3 bonds, leading to a thiocyanate and methyl azide, the latter undergoing subsequent fragmentation to give CNH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ismael
- †CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, F.C.T., University of Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal.,‡Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A Borba
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M S C Henriques
- §CEMDRX, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J A Paixão
- §CEMDRX, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Fausto
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, P-3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M L S Cristiano
- †CCMAR and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, F.C.T., University of Algarve, P-8005-039 Faro, Portugal
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Abu-Eittah RH, Zordok WA. A molecular orbital treatment of piroxicam and its M2+-complexes: The change of the drug configuration in a time of bond formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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de Souza KF, Martins JA, Pessine FBT, Custodio R. A theoretical and spectroscopic study of conformational structures of piroxicam. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 75:901-907. [PMID: 20044301 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Piroxicam (PRX) has been widely studied in an attempt to elucidate the causes and mechanisms of its side effects, mainly the photo-toxicity. In this paper fluorescence spectra in non-protic solvents and different polarities were carried out along with theoretical calculations. Preliminary potential surfaces of the keto and enol forms were obtained at AM1 level of theory providing the most stable conformers, which had their structure re-optimized through the B3LYP/CEP-31G(d,p) method. From the optimized structures, the electronic spectra were calculated using the TD-DFT method in vacuum and including the solvent effect through the PCM method and a single water molecule near PRX. A new potential surface was constructed to the enol tautomer at DFT level and the most stable conformers were submitted to the QST2 calculations. The experimental data showed that in apolar media, the solution fluorescence is raised. Based on conformational analysis for the two tautomers, keto and enol, the results indicated that the PRX-enol is the main tautomer related to the drug fluorescence, which is reinforced by the spectra results, as well as the interconvertion barrier obtained from the QST2 calculations. The results suggest that the PRX one of the enol conformers presents great possibility of involvement in the photo-toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kely Ferreira de Souza
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Elghamry I, Döpp D, Henkel G. A novel photoisomerzation of 1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxides to 1,3-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxides. J Heterocycl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Mohamed GG. Structural and thermal characterization of ternary complexes of piroxicam and alanine with transition metals: uranyl binary and ternary complexes of piroxicam. Spectroscopic characterization and properties of metal complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 62:1165-71. [PMID: 15951234 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ternary Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and UO2(II) complexes with piroxicam (Pir) drug (H2L1) and dl-alanine (Ala) (HL2) and also the binary UO2(II) complex with Pir were studied. The structures of the complexes were elucidated using elemental, IR, molar conductance, magnetic moment, diffused reflectance and thermal analyses. The UO2(II) binary complex was isolated in 1:2 ratio with the formula [UO2(H2L)2](NO3)2. The ternary complexes were isolated in 1:1:1 (M:H2L1:L2) ratios. The solid complexes were isolated in the general formulae [M(H2L)(L2)(Cl)n(H2O)m].yH2O (M=Fe(III) (n=2, m=0, y=1), Co(II) (n=1, m=1, y=2) and Ni(II) (n=1, m=1, y=0)); [M(H2L)(L2)](X)z.yH2O (M=Cu(II) (X=AcO, z=1, y=0), Zn(II) (X=AcO, z=1, y=3) and UO2(II) (X=NO3, z=1, y=2)). Pir behaves as a neutral bidentate ligand coordinated to the metal ions via the pyridine-N and carbonyl-O groups, while Ala behaves as a uninegatively bidentate ligand coordinated to the metal ions via the deprotonated carboxylate-O and amino-N. The magnetic and reflectance spectral data show that the complexes have octahedral geometry except Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes have tetrahedral structures. The thermal decomposition of the complexes was discussed in relation to structure, and the thermodynamic parameters of the decomposition stages were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehad G Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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11
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Zayed MA, Nour El-Dien FA, Mohamed GG, El-Gamel NEA. Structure investigation, spectral, thermal, X-ray and mass characterization of piroxicam and its metal complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2004; 60:2843-2852. [PMID: 15350921 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2003.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
[M(H2L)2](A)2.yH2O (where H2L: neutral piroxicam (Pir), A: Cl- in case of Ni(II) or acetate anion in case of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions and y=0-2.5) and [M(H2L)3](A)z.yH2O (A: SO4(2-) in case of Fe(II) ion (z=1) or Cl(-) in case of Fe(III) (z=3) and Co(II) ions (z=2) and y=1-4) chelates are prepared and characterized using elemental analyses, IR, magnetic and electronic reflectance measurements, mass spectra and thermal analyses. IR spectra reveal that Pir behaves a neutral bidentate ligand coordinated to the metal ions through the pyridyl-N and carbonyl-O of the amide moiety. The reflectance and magnetic moment measurements reveal that these chelates have tetrahedral, square planar and octahedral geometrical structures. Mass spectra and thermal analyses are also used to confirm the proposed formulae and the possible fragments resulted from fragmentation of Pir and its chelates. The thermal behaviour of the chelates (TGA and DTA) are discussed in detail and the thermal stability of the anhydrous chelates follow the order Ni(II) congruent with Cu(II) Fe(II)<Zn(II)<Fe(III)<Co(II) chelates. The water molecules are removed in the first step while the Pir molecule is removed in the second and subsequent steps. X-ray powder diffraction was also used as a confirmatory tool to elucidate the crystallinity of the chelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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12
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Andrade SM, Costa SMB. Fluorescence quenching of Acridine Orange in microemulsions induced by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Piroxicam. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2003; 2:605-10. [PMID: 12803085 DOI: 10.1039/b300097d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The singlet excited-state quenching of Acridine Orange (AO) by methyl viologen (MV2+) and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Piroxicam (Prx), incorporated in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)/isooctane/water and Triton X-100 (Trx-100)/cyclohexane-hexanol/water (w/o) microemulsions, was followed by steady- and transient-state fluorescence. The water content was varied by using different values of omega 0 (omega 0 = [H2O]/[S]) at fixed AOT (0.1 M) and Trx-100 (0.2 M) concentrations. In AOT, MV2+ resides at the interface, while Prx partitions between the interface and bulk water, but considerably biased towards the latter compared to AO. The quenching process efficiency increases with increasing omega 0, but reaches a diffusional value similar to that of free water only for the case of Prx, underlining the electrostatic effect of the AOT interface. The quenching process in Trx-100 microemulsions is more efficient for Prx than for MV2+, pointing to a similar polyoxyethylene intra-chain location for the former and AO. In both cases, data obtained allowed the microviscosity of the aqueous interior at different omega 0 to be extrapolated and indicate an increase in eta w values with water content, reflecting changes in the shape of Trx-100 microemulsions, which occur at omega 0 = 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana M Andrade
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo 1, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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13
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Abstract
The interaction of sunlight with drug medication leads to photosensitivity responses in susceptible patients, and has the potential to increase the incidence of skin cancer. Adverse photosensitivity responses to drugs occur predominantly as a phototoxic reaction which is more immediate than photoallergy, and can be reversed by withdrawal or substitution of the drug. The bias and inaccuracy of the reporting procedure for these adverse reactions is a consequence of the difficulty in distinguishing between sunburn and a mild drug photosensitivity reaction, together with the patient being able to control the incidence by taking protective action. The drug classes that currently are eliciting a high level of adverse photosensitivity are the diuretic, antibacterial and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Photosensitising chemicals usually have a low molecular weight (200 to 500 Daltons) and are planar, tricyclic, or polycyclic configurations, often with heteroatoms in their structures enabling resonance stabilisation. All absorb ultraviolet (UV) and/or visible radiation, a characteristic that is essential for the chemical to be regarded as a photosensitiser. The photochemical and photobiological mechanisms underlying the adverse reactions caused by the more photoactive drugs are mainly free radical in nature, but reactive oxygen species are also involved. Drugs that contain chlorine substituents in their chemical structure, such as hydrochlorthiazide, furosemide and chlorpromazine, exhibit photochemical activity that is traced to the UV-induced dissociation of the chlorine substituent leading to free radical reactions with lipids, proteins and DNA. The photochemical mechanisms for the NSAIDs that contain the 2-aryl propionic acid group involve decarboxylation as the primary step, with subsequent free radical activity. In aerated systems, the reactive excited singlet form of oxygen is produced with high efficiency. This form of oxygen is highly reactive towards lipids and proteins. NSAIDs without the 2-arylpropionic acid group are also photoactive, but with differing mechanisms leading to a less severe biological outcome. In the antibacterial drug class, the tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most photoactive. Photocontact dermatitis due to topically applied agents interacting with sunlight has been reported for some sunscreen and cosmetic ingredients, as well as local anaesthetic and anti-acne agents. Prevention of photosensitivity involves adequate protection from the sun with clothing and sunscreens. In concert with the preponderance of free radical mechanisms involving the photosensitising drugs, some recent studies suggest that diet supplementation with antioxidants may be beneficial in increasing the minimum erythemal UV radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E Moore
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Lemp E, Zanocco AL, Günther G. Sensitized photoxygenation of piroxicam in neat solvents and solvent mixtures. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2001; 65:165-70. [PMID: 11809375 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(01)00265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of O(2)(1Delta(g)) phosphorescence emission, lambda(max)=1270 nm, following laser excitation and steady state methods were employed to determine the total rate constant, k(T), for the reaction between the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam (PRX) and singlet oxygen in several solvents. Values of k(T) ranged from 0.048+/-0.003 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) in chloroform to 71.2+/-2.2 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) in N,N-dimethylformamide. The chemical reaction rate constant, k(R), was determined by using thermal decomposition of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene endoperoxide as the singlet oxygen source. In acetonitrile, the k(R) value is equal to 5.0+/-0.4 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), very close to the k(T) value. This result indicates that, in this solvent, the chemical reaction corresponds to the main reaction path. Dependence of total rate constant on the solvent parameters pi* and beta can be explained in terms of a reaction mechanism that involves the formation of a perepoxide intermediate. Rearrangement of the perepoxide to dioxetane followed by ring cleavage and transacylation accounts for the formation of N-methylsaccharine and N-(2-pyridyl)oxamic acid, the main reaction products. Data obtained in dioxane-water (pH 4) mixtures with neutral enolic and zwitterionic tautomers of piroxicam in equilibrium show that the zwitterionic tautomer reacts with singlet oxygen faster than the enolic tautomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lemp
- Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Sasaki T, Shimizu H, Tokuyama S, Hariya T, Soh I, Sueki H, Iijima M, Yamamoto T, Kuroiwa Y. Antigenic characterization in ampiroxicam-induced photosensitivity using an in vivo model of contact hypersensitivity. J Dermatol Sci 1999; 21:170-5. [PMID: 10527378 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(99)00036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ampiroxicam (APX), a prodrug of piroxicam (PXM), has been reported to induce photosensitivity. Antigenic characterization of these photosensitivities, however, is still insufficient. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate further mechanism of photosenstivity induced by APX and PXM using an in vivo model of contact hypersensitivity in guinea pigs. Animals sensitized with ultraviolet-A (UVA)-irradiated 1% APX showed positive reaction in the patch testing to UVA-irradiated 1% APX and 1% thiosalicylate (TOS), while they were negative in challenge with UVA-irradiated 1% PXM, non-irradiated APX and PXM, whereas none of UVA-irradiated or non-irradiated APX and PXM showed positive patch test reaction in animals sensitized with UVA-irradiated 1% PXM or control vehicles. Animals sensitized with 1% TOS were successfully challenged by 1% TOS and cross-reacted with UVA-irradiated 1% APX; however, they failed to react with UVA-irradiated PXM, non-irradiated APX and PXM. Indeed, the in vitro study revealed that the concentration of APX was easily reduced by the increase of UVA irradiation dose, as compared with that of PXM. Interestingly, absorption spectrum of UVA-irradiated APX was similar to that of TOS, which is thought to be an active hapten of PXM. In the present study, we succeeded in the development of a novel animal model reflecting the clinical observations. Furthermore, these results suggested that contact hypersensitivity induced by UVA-irradiated APX is developed by photoproducts of APX itself, but not by the biotransformation of APX to PXM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Redmond RW, Gamlin JN. A Compilation of Singlet Oxygen Yields from Biologically Relevant Molecules. Photochem Photobiol 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb08240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Pape W, Brandt M, Pfannenbecker U. Combined in vitro assay for photohaemolysis and haemoglobin oxidation as part of a phototoxicity test system assessed with various phototoxic substances. Toxicol In Vitro 1994; 8:755-7. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(94)90060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Nascimento AL, Escobar JA, Cilento G. The peroxidative metabolism of tenoxicam produces excited species. Photochem Photobiol 1993; 57:362-6. [PMID: 8451298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The peroxidative metabolism of the nonsteroid anti-inflammatory oxicams generates metabolites of the type expected from a dioxetane intermediate. Therefore, electronically excited metabolites may be expected. Consistent with this possibility, both direct and sensitized light emission are observed when tenoxicam is exposed to horseradish peroxidase or when added to leukocytes, where it undergoes a myeloperoxidase-catalyzed aerobic oxidation. The similarity between peroxidative metabolism with concomitant oxygen uptake and photodegradation brought about by singlet oxygen addition to the substrate is pointed out. As a whole, the results strengthen the view that electronically excited species should also be considered when analyzing the effect(s) of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Serrano G, Fortea JM, Latasa JM, SanMartin O, Bonillo J, Miranda MA. Oxicam-induced photosensitivity. Patch and photopatch testing studies with tenoxicam and piroxicam photoproducts in normal subjects and in piroxicam-droxicam photosensitive patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26:545-8. [PMID: 1597539 DOI: 10.1016/0190-9622(92)70077-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of piroxicam-induced photosensitivity is unknown. It was first attributed to metabolites of the drug produced in vivo but further photochemical studies disclosed that piroxicam was not stable to light, forming at least two photoproducts. Photosensitivity reactions to droxicam and tenoxicam have been not reported. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether piroxicam photoproducts contribute to the light reactions induced by this drug, to describe a case of droxicam-induced photosensitivity and to study the in vivo photosensitizing potential of tenoxicam. METHODS Patch and photopatch tests with two major photoproducts of piroxicam, with different preparations of UVA-preirradiated piroxicam, and with low and high concentrations of tenoxicam were performed in normal volunteers and in piroxicam-photosensitive patients. Phototesting studies were also performed before and after the oral administration of tenoxicam in both groups of subjects. RESULTS Positive patch test responses were obtained in piroxicam-photosensitive patients only with the preirradiated piroxicam preparations. Phototesting studies with tenoxicam were normal in both groups. CONCLUSION Minor or intermediate piroxicam photoproducts are more likely to be responsible for the photosensitivity reactions induced by this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Serrano
- Department of Dermatology, University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Robertson DG, Epling GA, Kiely JS, Bailey DL, Song B. Mechanistic studies of the phototoxic potential of PD 117596, a quinolone antibacterial compound. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 111:221-32. [PMID: 1659755 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(91)90026-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PD 117596 is a novel quinolone compound that is being investigated for use as an antibacterial agent. Early investigations demonstrated a significant phototoxic liability associated with this compound. These studies were undertaken to investigate the mechanism of phototoxicity using an in vitro model. In the UVA region, PD 117596 was found to be a more efficient producer of singlet oxygen than rose bengal, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, or PD 118879, another quinolone under investigation. The quantum yield of photoreaction for PD 117596 was relatively low (phi = 0.021); however, it was approximately 10-fold higher than other tested quinolones. In vitro studies using a mouse erythrocyte model were used to further investigate the mechanism of phototoxicity. PD 117596-induced photohemolysis was found to be oxygen dependent with a relatively rapid onset that progressed even after removal of light. Preirradiation of the compound prevented subsequent hemolytic or photohemolytic action. BHA, BHT, alpha-tocopherol, and the iron chelator DTPA were all found to be effective at ameliorating the photohemolytic response. The photohemolytic response was markedly enhanced when D2O was substituted for H2O in the incubation medium, indicating a singlet oxygen-mediated mechanism of action. A rise in thiobarbituric acid products was noted within 1 hr of irradiation and was maximal at the time of onset of overt photohemolysis. These data suggest that singlet oxygen production by irradiated PD 117596 is responsible for secondary changes in mouse red blood cells including lipid peroxidation and ultimately results in cellular lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Toxicology, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-1047
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Arai T, Nishimura Y, Sasaki M, Fujita H, Matsuo I, Sakuragi H, Tokumaru K. Mechanism of Production of Singlet Oxygen on Photoexcitation of Drugs Inducing Photosensitivity. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1991. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.64.2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Miranda M, Vargas F, Serrano G. Photodegradation or piroxicam under aerobic conditions. The photochemical keys of the piroxicam enigma? JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1991; 8:199-202. [PMID: 1904921 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80059-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Miranda
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
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A novel transition-metal catalyzed rearrangement of piroxicam, a benzothiazine carboxamide derivative. J Inorg Biochem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0162-0134(91)85009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Becker RS, Chakravorti S, Yoon M. Photochemical and photophysical properties of piroxicam and benoxaprofen in various solvents. Photochem Photobiol 1990; 51:151-4. [PMID: 2333332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Laser flash spectroscopy was used to examine the title compounds. Piroxicam has a triplet transient with a maximum near 450 and a lifetime of 3-21 microseconds depending on the solvent. The relative quantum yield is highly solvent dependent being maximum in toluene and greater than or equal to 14 fold lower in hydrogen bonding solvents. There is another transient which is assigned as a proton transferred ground state transient. Some permanent photoproduct also appears to be produced. Benoxaprofen also has a triplet transient with a maximum near 420 nm with a lifetime of 65 microseconds to greater than or equal to 250 microseconds depending on the solvent. In this case, the relative quantum yield only slightly varies among polar and hydrogen bonding solvents. This is in marked contrast to published data on the fluorescence yield. Some permanent photoproduct appears to be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Becker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, TX 77204-5641
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