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Choi J, Ahn M, Wee K, Cho DW. Photophysical properties of anti‐inflammatory piroxicam and its Cu(
II
) complex. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungkweon Choi
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions Institute for Basic Science Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Daegu University Gyeongsan Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Ryang Wee
- Department of Chemistry Daegu University Gyeongsan Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Cho
- Department of Advanced Materials Chemistry Korea University, Sejong Campus Sejong Korea
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2
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Courrol LC, Vallim MA. Spectroscopic Analysis of Chicken Meat Contaminated with E. coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Transcriptomic analysis for elucidating the physiological effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid accumulation on Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:292-299. [PMID: 27664748 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the committed intermediate of the heme biosynthetic pathway, attracts close attention among researchers because of its potential applications to cancer treatment and agriculture. Overexpression of heterologous hemA and hemL, which encode glutamyl-tRNA reductase and glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase, respectively, in Corynebacterium glutamicum produces ALA, although whether ALA accumulation causes unintended effects on the host is unknown. Here we used an integrated systems approach to compare global transcriptional changes induced by the expression of hemA and hemL. Metabolic pathway such as glycolysis was inhibited, but tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, and respiratory metabolism were stimulated. Moreover, the transcriptional levels of certain genes involved in heme biosynthesis were up-regulated, and the data implicate the two-component system (TCS) HrrSA was involved in the regulation of heme synthesis. With these understandings, it is proposed that ALA accumulation stimulates heme synthesis pathway and respiratory metabolism. Our study illuminates the physiological effects of overexpressing hemA and hemL on the phenotype of C. glutamicum and contributes important insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the heme biosynthetic pathways.
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4
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Yu X, Jin H, Liu W, Wang Q, Qi Q. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum to produce 5-aminolevulinic acid from glucose. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:183. [PMID: 26577071 PMCID: PMC4650169 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corynebacterium glutamicum is generally regarded as a safe microorganism and is used to produce many biochemicals, including L-glutamate. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is an L-glutamate derived non-protein amino acid, and is widely applied in fields such as medicine and agriculture. RESULTS The products of the gltX, hemA, and hemL genes participate in the synthesis of ALA from L-glutamate. Their annotated C. glutamicum homologs were shown to be functional using heterologous complementation and overexpression techniques. Coexpression of hemA and hemL in native host led to the accumulation of ALA, suggesting the potential of C. glutamicum to produce ALA for research and commercial purposes. To improve ALA production, we constructed recombinant C. glutamicum strains expressing hemA and hemL derived from different organisms. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the dissolved oxygen level and Fe(2+) concentration had major effects on ALA synthesis. The downstream pathway of heme biosynthesis was inhibited using small molecules or introducing genetic modifications. Small-scale flask cultures of engineered C. glutamicum produced 1.79 g/L of ALA. CONCLUSION Functional characterization of the key enzymes indicated complex regulation of the heme biosynthetic pathway in C. glutamicum. Systematic analysis and molecular genetic engineering of C. glutamicum may facilitate its development as a system for large-scale synthesis of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haiying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Turlin E, Heuck G, Simões Brandão MI, Szili N, Mellin JR, Lange N, Wandersman C. Protoporphyrin (PPIX) efflux by the MacAB-TolC pump in Escherichia coli. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:849-59. [PMID: 25257218 PMCID: PMC4263509 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In most organisms, heme biosynthesis is strictly controlled so as to avoid heme and heme precursor accumulation, which is toxic. Escherichia coli regulates heme biosynthesis by a feedback loop involving heme-induced proteolytic cleavage of HemA, glutamyl-tRNA reductase, which is the first enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. We show here that heme homeostasis can be disrupted by overproduction of YfeX, a cytoplasmic protein that captures iron from heme that we named deferrochelatase. We also show that it is disrupted by iron chelation, which reduces the intracellular iron concentration necessary for loading iron into protoporphyrin IX (PPIX, the immediate heme precursor). In both cases, we established that there is an increased PPIX concentration and we demonstrate that this compound is expelled by the MacAB-TolC pump, an efflux pump involved in E. coli and Salmonella for macrolide efflux. The E. coli macAB and tolC mutants accumulate PPIX and are sensitive to photo-inactivation. The MacAB-TolC pump is required for Salmonella typhimurium survival in macrophages. We propose that PPIX is an endogenous substrate of the MacAB-TolC pump in E. coli and S. typhimurium and that this compound is produced inside bacteria when natural heme homeostasis is disrupted by iron shortage, as happens when bacteria invade the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Turlin
- Unité des Membranes Bactériennes, Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
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6
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Ramaiah D, Eckert I, Arun KT, Weidenfeller L, Epe B. Squaraine Dyes for Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanism of Cytotoxicity and DNA Damage Induced by Halogenated Squaraine Dyes Plus Light (>600 nm)¶. Photochem Photobiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb09863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Menon IA, Prasanta KB, Syed MH, Suruj DP. Effects of uv-visible irradiation of rabbit cornea in the presence of chlorpromazine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569528709052180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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García C, Piñero L, Oyola R, Arce R. Photodegradation of 2-chloro substituted phenothiazines in alcohols. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 85:160-70. [PMID: 18673321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that trigger the phototoxic response to 2-chlorophenothiazine derivatives are still unknown. To better understand the relationship between the molecular structure of halogenated phenothiazines and their phototoxic activity, their photophysics and photochemistry were studied in several alcohols. The photodestruction quantum yields were determined under anaerobic conditions using monochromatic light (313 nm). Absorption- and emission-spectroscopy, (1)H- and (13)C-NMR and GC-MS were used to characterize the photoproducts and reference compounds. An electron transfer mechanism had been previously proposed by Bunce et al. (J. Med. Chem. 22, 202-204) to explain the large difference between the photodestruction quantum yield of 2-chlorpromazine (phi = 0.46) and 2-chlorphenothiazine (phi = 0.20). According to these authors, the alkylamino chain transfers an electron to the phenothiazine moiety. Our results demonstrate that this mechanism is incorrect, because the photodestruction quantum yields of all chlorinated derivatives of this study are the same under the same conditions of solvent and irradiation wavelength. The quantum yield has no dependence on the 10-substituent, but it depends on the solvent. The percentage of each photoproduct, on the other hand, strongly depends on that substituent, but not very much on the solvent. Finally, it is demonstrated that the phototoxic effect of chlorinated phenothiazines is not related to the photodechlorination, although both processes share the same transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo García
- Department of Chemistry, Humacao Campus, University of Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico.
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9
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PEAK MEYRICKJ, PEAK JENNIFERG. HYDROXYL RADICAL QUENCHING AGENTS PROTECT AGAINST DNA BREAKAGE CAUSED BY BOTH 365-nm UVA AND BY GAMMA RADIATION. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/php.1990.51.6.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Kochevar IE, Garcia C, Geacintov NE. Photoaddition to DNA by Nonintercalated Chlorpromazine Molecules. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb02531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Ramaiah D, Eckert I, Arun KT, Weidenfeller L, Epe B. Squaraine Dyes for Photodynamic Therapy: Study of Their Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Bacteria and Mammalian Cells¶‡. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760672sdfpts2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions. Contact Dermatitis 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31301-x_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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García C, Oyola R, Piñero LE, Arce R, Silva J, Sánchez V. Substitution and Solvent Effects on the Photophysical Properties of Several Series of 10-Alkylated Phenothiazine Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3360-71. [PMID: 16833671 DOI: 10.1021/jp044530j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of several 2-substituted, 10-alkylated phenothiazines were measured in several solvents to investigate the relevance of the molecular structure in their photophysics and consequent photochemistry. Because the interaction modes of each drug and its corresponding species strongly depend on the variety of microenvironments in the cells, the properties of each one of these species must also be determined separately to understand fully the mechanism of action of the drug and the mechanism of its side effects. Information on the chemical interactions of the different species at the cellular level can be inferred from the corresponding electronic properties. In this work, we present absorption, steady-state, and time-resolved emission, laser flash photolysis, and quantum theoretical results for the ground state, the first excited singlet and triplet states, and the cation radical of promazine hydrochloride (PZ), 2-chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ), 2-trifluoromethylpromazine hydrochloride (TFMPZ), 2-trifluoromethylperazine dihydrochloride (TFMP), 2-thiomethylpromazine (TMPZ), and thioridazine hydrochloride (TR). The corresponding nonalkylated phenothiazines are included as references. The photophysical properties of this drug family depend more on the solvent and the 2-substituents than on the dialkylaminopropyl chain. The largest effect was found for the triplet state of the 2-halogenated derivatives in phosphate buffer (PBS). Both the quantum yield and the lifetime of this intermediate drop to less than 5% of the corresponding value in organic solvents. The triplet state of halogenated promazines is efficiently quenched by a proton-transfer mechanism, and the rate of this quenching correlates very well with the phototoxicity of the promazine drugs. Therefore, we postulate that this species is directly related to the phototoxic side effect of neuroleptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo García
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Humacao, Humacao, Puerto Rico.
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Ramaiah D, Eckert I, Arun KT, Weidenfeller L, Epe B. Squaraine Dyes for Photodynamic Therapy: Mechanism of Cytotoxicity and DNA Damage Induced by Halogenated Squaraine Dyes Plus Light (>600 nm)¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)79<99:sdfptm>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Ramaiah D, Eckert I, Arun KT, Weidenfeller L, Epe B. Squaraine dyes for photodynamic therapy: study of their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in bacteria and mammalian cells. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:672-7. [PMID: 12511049 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0672:sdfpts>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated squaraine dyes are characterized by long wavelength absorption (>600 nm) and high triplet yields and therefore represent new types of photosensitizers that could be useful for photodynamic therapy. We have analyzed the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the bromo derivative 1, the iodo derivative 2 and the corresponding nonhalogenated dye 3 in the absence and presence of visible light. At concentrations of 1-2 microM, 1 and 2 reduced the cloning efficiency of AS52 Chinese hamster ovary cells to less than 1% under conditions that were well tolerated in the dark. Similarly, the proliferation of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells was inhibited by photoexcited 1 and 2 with high selectivity. The squaraine 3 was much less efficient. Both 1 and 2 induced only few mutations in the gpt locus of the AS52 cells in the presence of light and were not mutagenic in the dark. No mutagenicity with and without irradiation was observed in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA2638. However, both 1 and 2 plus light increased the frequency of micronuclei in AS52 cells. The results indicate that halogenated squaraines exhibit photobiological properties in vitro that are favorable for photodynamic therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danaboyina Ramaiah
- Photochemistry Research Unit, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum, India
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16
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Ramaiah D, Eckert I, Arun KT, Weidenfeller L, Epe B. Squaraine Dyes for Photodynamic Therapy: Study of Their Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Bacteria and Mammalian Cells¶‡. Photochem Photobiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076%3c0672:sdfpts%3e2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Wainwright M. Methylene blue derivatives--suitable photoantimicrobials for blood product disinfection? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 16:381-94. [PMID: 11118846 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(00)00207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial agents based on the well-established phenothiazinium biological stain methylene blue offer a simple method for the inactivation or destruction of pathogens contained in donated blood and blood products. The technique is currently concentrated on viruses and the disinfective procedure can be carried out in blood bags using basic low-power light sources. Pathogens of the bacterial, yeast and protozoal classes are also susceptible to phenothiaziniums. The photoantimicrobial mode of action is usually via oxidative damage to cellular components, either due to redox reactions between the agent and a biomolecular target or by the action of reactive oxygen species generated in situ by photodynamic action. The targeting of various microbial species is discussed in relation to the physicochemical make-up of the photosensitizers, and future directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wainwright
- Photochemotherapy Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stary
- UPR 2169-CNRS, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Villejuif, France
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The only early surgical therapy of rheumatoid arthritis is synovectomy. But even an arthroscopic synovectomy is restricted to more or less big joints. It has been shown recently that for smaller joints a laser synovectomy is possible but more time-consuming than with mechanical instruments. An alternative method may be photodynamic therapy. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, possible photodynamic effects of Chloroquine, Methotrexate, Piroxicam, and Sodium Morrhuate were examined using a cell culture model of human synovial fibroblasts from patients having rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS Incubation with Chloroquine or Methotrexate and subsequent laser irradiation at a wavelength of 351 nm resulted in an at least twenty-fold enhanced cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Both substances therefore may serve for a photodynamic therapy of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hendrich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Würzburg, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Photosensitivity may be phototoxic or photoallergic. Phototoxicity is much more common. There are 2 types of phototoxicity: photodynamic, which requires oxygen, and nonphotodynamic, which does not. Reactions induced by porphyrin molecules, coal tar derivatives, and many drugs are photodynamic. The reaction induced by psoralens, for the most part, is nonphotodynamic. Acute phototoxic reactions are characterized by erythema and edema followed by hyperpigmentation. Long-term ultraviolet phototoxicity results in chronic sun damage and skin cancer formation. Also, certain chemicals such as psoralen molecules and coal tar are photocarcinogenic. Phototoxic reactions to certain drugs produce unusual clinical patterns, that is lichenoid eruptions, dyschromia, photo-onycholysis, and pseudoporphyria. Photoallergy is an uncommon acquired altered reactivity dependent on an immediate antibody or a delayed cell mediated reaction. Solar urticaria is an example of the former, whereas photoallergy to exogenous chemicals is an example of the latter. Photoallergy to systemic drugs does occur but is difficult to characterize. The action spectrum for photoreactions to exogenous agents usually at least includes the ultraviolet A rays for both phototoxicity and photoallergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Epstein
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Will O, Gocke E, Eckert I, Schulz I, Pflaum M, Mahler HC, Epe B. Oxidative DNA damage and mutations induced by a polar photosensitizer, Ro19-8022. Mutat Res 1999; 435:89-101. [PMID: 10526220 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(99)00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative DNA damage induced by the polar photosensitizer Ro19-8022 in the presence of light was studied and correlated with the associated mutagenicity. Both in isolated DNA and AS52 Chinese hamster ovary cells, photoexcited Ro19-8022 gave rise to a DNA damage profile that was similar to that caused by singlet oxygen: base modifications sensitive to the repair endonuclease Fpg protein, which according to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were predominantly 8-hydroxyguanine (8-oxoG) residues, were generated in much higher yield than single-strand breaks, sites of base loss (AP sites) and oxidative pyrimidine modifications sensitive to endonuclease III. Fifty percent of the Fpg-sensitive modifications were repaired within 2 h. Under conditions that induced 10 Fpg-sensitive modifications per 10(6) bp (six 8-oxoG residues per 10(6) bp), approximately 60 mutations per 10(6) cells were induced in the gpt locus of the AS52 cells. A rather similar mutation frequency was observed when a plasmid carrying the gpt gene was exposed to Ro19-8022 plus light under cell-free conditions and subsequently replicated in bacteria. Sequence analysis revealed that GC-->TA and GC-->CG transversions accounted for 90% of the base substitutions. A significant generation of micronuclei was detectable in AS52 cells exposed to the photosensitizer plus light as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Will
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Germany
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22
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Daniels JS, Chatterji T, MacGillivray LR, Gates KS. Photochemical DNA Cleavage by the Antitumor Agent 3-Amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-Dioxide (Tirapazamine, WIN 59075, SR4233). J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo981314w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Scott Daniels
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Tonika Chatterji
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Leonard R. MacGillivray
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kent S. Gates
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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23
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Makareyeva EN, Makedonov YV, Lozovskaya EL. Photosensitization and photoprotection properties of nicotinic acid derivatives. Russ Chem Bull 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02496116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Selvaag E, Anholt H, Moan J, Thune P. Inhibiting effects of antioxidants on drug-induced phototoxicity in cell cultures. Investigations with sulphonamide-derived oral antidiabetics and diuretics. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1997; 38:88-93. [PMID: 9134756 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(96)07433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The sulphonamide-derived oral antidiabetics chlorpropamide, glibenclamide, glipizide, gliquidone, glymidine, tolazamide and tolbutamide, and the diuretics bemetizide, bendroflumethiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, butizide, chlortalidone, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, indapamide, piretanide, polythiazide, trichlormethiazide and xipamide were investigated for phototoxicity in a cell culture model. Cell death dependent on ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation fluence and test substance concentration was observed in the presence of the oral antidiabetics glibenclamide and gliquidone, as well as the diuretics bemetizide, bendroflumethiazide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide, butizide, hydrochlorothiazide, hydroflumethiazide, piretanide, polythiazide and trichlormethiazide. Bendroflumethiazide was phototoxic at concentrations of 0.05 mM and above; bemetizide, benzylhydrochlorothiazide, bumetanide and hydroflumethiazide were phototoxic at concentrations of 0.25 mM or more; the oral antidiabetics glibenclamide and gliquidone, as well as the diuretics butizide, hydrochlorothiazide, piretanide, polythiazide and trichlormethiazide were phototoxic at concentrations of 0.5 mM. To evaluate the effects of antioxidants, ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene or ubiquinone was added to the tissue culture flasks before irradiation. The phototoxic inhibition of the colony-forming ability was largely reduced by the addition of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherole, indicating the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the phototoxic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Selvaag
- Department of Dermatology, Ullevaal Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Lim
- Dermatology Service, New York Veterans Affairs Medical Center, NY 10010, USA
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26
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Beijersbergen van henegouwen GM. Medicinal Photochemistry: Phototoxic and Phototherapeutic Aspects of Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2490(97)80014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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27
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Selvaag E, Anholt H, Moan J, Thune P. NHIK 3025 Cell Culture: A New in Vitro Test for Phototoxicity Screening. Altern Lab Anim 1996. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used NHIK (Norsk Hydro's Institutt for Kreftforskning) 3025 cells, derived from a human carcinoma of the cervix, to screen for phototoxicity. Previously, NHIK 3025 cells have been used in porphyrin research. A number of sulphonamide-derived oral anti-diabetics and diuretics were incubated together with the NHIK cells for one hour and irradiated with broad band UV and UVA radiation. Cell death was observed in the presence of two oral anti-diabetic drugs and ten diurectic drugs, and was dependent on UVA exposure and the concentration of the test substance. This model proved valuable for the detection of known phototoxic substances, and, in addition, phototoxic properties were demonstrated for a number of substances not previously shown to exert these effects. Electron microscopy of the cells, in the presence of the diuretic bemetizide, showed that biomembranes are the main target for phototoxicity, although nuclear damage was also demonstrated. The addition of antioxidants reduced the amount of phototoxic cell death, indicating the participation of reactive oxygen species in the process. These procedures show that this model can be useful both in screening procedures and in mechanistic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Selvaag
- Department of Dermatology, Ullevaal Hospital, University of Oslo, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Helle Anholt
- Department of Biophysics, Norwegian Radiumhospital, Montebbelo, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Moan
- Department of Biophysics, Norwegian Radiumhospital, Montebbelo, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Thune
- Department of Dermatology, Ullevaal Hospital, University of Oslo, 0407 Oslo, Norway
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González E, González S. Drug photosensitivity, idiopathic photodermatoses, and sunscreens. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996; 35:871-85; quiz 886-7. [PMID: 8959945 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitization may be defined as a process in which a reaction to normally innocuous radiation is induced by the introduction of a specific radiation-absorbing substance (the photosensitizer) that causes another component (the substrate) to be changed by the radiation. This review focuses on photosensitization produced by exogenous chemicals. Idiopathic photodermatoses, including polymorphous light eruption and its variants, solar urticaria and chronic actinic dermatitis, are also discussed. Clinical recognition patterns of the photodermatoses are stressed as well as several diagnostic procedures available for confirmation of the condition. Finally, descriptions, therapeutic uses, and adverse reactions of sunscreens are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- E González
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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Tokura Y, Yagi H, Ihda H, Takigawa M. Evaluation of ultraviolet-A protection by sunscreen agents using a mouse model of contact photoallergy. J Dermatol Sci 1994; 7:39-44. [PMID: 8193083 DOI: 10.1016/0923-1811(94)90020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate in vivo evaluation of protectiveness by sunscreens in the UVA range using a mouse model of contact photoallergy (CPS) to 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA). Mice were sensitized with TCSA painting plus UVA irradiation (TCSA/UVA) on the abdomen and, 5 days later, challenged with TCSA/UVA on the earlobe. Each of four sunscreen agents, benzophenone-3, Parsol 1789, p-aminobenzoic acid, and 2-ethyl-hexyl-p-methoxycinnamate, was applied to the earlobes before irradiation. Their protective efficacy was evaluated in the degree of inhibition of both ear swelling responses and TCSA-epidermal cell photoadduct formation. Two UVA-absorbing sunscreens, benzophenone-3 and Parsol 1789, dramatically inhibited the ear swelling response, while the two UVB-absorbers exhibited a much less suppressive effect. The UVA-absorbing agents functioned via inhibiting the formation of TCSA-epidermal cell photoadducts. This method is thought to be useful for in vivo estimation of UVA protection provided by sunscreens against the exquisite sensitivity involved in photoallergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Laser-flash photolysis studies of benoxaprofen and its analogues 1. Yields of triplet states and singlet oxygen in acetonitrile solutions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(93)80038-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Legrand-Poels S, Hoebeke M, Vaira D, Rentier B, Piette J. HIV-1 promoter activation following an oxidative stress mediated by singlet oxygen. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1993; 17:229-37. [PMID: 8492240 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80020-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Various biological processes, such as photosensitization or inflammatory reactions, can generate singlet oxygen (1O2) as one of the major oxidative species. Because this oxidant can be generated either extracellularly or intracellularly, it can cause severe damage to various biological macromolecules, even to those deeply embedded inside the cells such as DNA. Sublethal biological modifications induced by different DNA-damaging agents can promote various cellular responses initiated by the activation of various cellular genes and certain heterologous viruses. Since 1O2 fulfils essential prerequisites for a genotoxic substance, we have examined the effects of an oxidative stress, mediated by this species, on cells harbouring a heterologous promoter-leader sequence derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Our results demonstrate that HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR), integrated into the cellular DNA of epithelial cells, can be transactivated following an oxidative stress mediated by 1O2. In addition, using HIV-1 latently infected promonocytes or lymphocytes, it can be shown that virus reactivation can be induced through a sublethal dose of 1O2 generated intracellularly. An extracellular generation of 1O2 can promote a substantial lethal effect without HIV-1 reactivation. These data may be relevant to the understanding of the events converting a latent infection into a productive one and to the appearance of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Legrand-Poels
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Pathology, University of Liège, Belgium
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32
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Beijersbergen van Henegouwen GM. (Systemic) phototoxicity of drugs and other xenobiotics. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1991; 10:183-210. [PMID: 1779276 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)85002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotics extensively used in drugs, cosmetics, food and agricultural chemicals can produce adverse biological effects. These toxic effects are separated into classes, e.g. hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Skin allergy, part of immunotoxicity, is also a subdivision of toxicology. When light is an essential condition for toxicity, the xenobiotic is called phototoxic. Thus it fits into the logic of toxicology that photoallergic compounds are a subdivision of phototoxic compounds. Phototoxicons as a group do not differ from the group of phototherapeutics with regard to their eventual biological effects. The primary photoreactions, secondary molecular processes, biomolecules involved and cellular and tissue damage are similar. The difference between the two groups is in the appreciation of the photobiological effects: adverse vs. desired. The aim of research is to determine the part of the molecular structure which makes a given compound phototoxic. With that knowledge the structure of the phototoxicon can be changed. This can result in a derivative which still has the desired properties of the parent compound, but is no longer phototoxic. This aim can be reached by combining data from both in vitro and in vivo research. The variety and number of phototoxic compounds is large. This, together with the limited research effort devoted to this subject so far, means that for most phototoxic xenobiotics a relationship between structure and in vivo photoreactivity is not available. In this review, emphasis is placed on xenobiotics whose in vitro and in vivo photochemistry have been studied. Furthermore, possible phototoxic effects which do not concern the skin but involve inner organs (systemic effects) are considered. References in this review mostly concern investigations over the last 10 years. For older literature or for additional information, references to other reviews are given. Important groups of phototoxic xenobiotics not dealt with in this article were already sufficiently covered in the reviews referred to.
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Abstract
Singlet oxygen, 1O2 (1 delta g), fulfills essential prerequisites for a genotoxic substance, like hydroxyl radicals and other oxygen radicals: it can react efficiently with DNA and it can be generated inside cells, e.g. by photosensitization and enzymatic oxidation. As might be anticipated from the non-radical character of singlet oxygen, the pattern of DNA modifications it produces is very different from that caused by hydroxyl radicals. While hydroxyl radicals produce DNA strand breaks and sites of base loss (AP sites) in high yield and react with all four bases of DNA, singlet oxygen generates predominantly modified guanine residues and few strand breaks and AP sites. There is now convincing evidence that a major product of base modification caused by singlet oxygen is 8-hydroxyguanine (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine). Indeed, the recently reported miscoding properties of 8-hydroxyguanine can explain the predominant type of mutations observed when DNA modified by singlet oxygen is replicated in cells. There are also strong indications that singlet oxygen generated by photosensitization can act as an ultimate DNA modifying species inside cells. However, indirect genotoxic mechanisms involving other reactive oxygen species produced from singlet oxygen are also possible and appear to predominate in some cases. The cellular defense system against oxidants consists of effective singlet oxygen scavengers such as carotenoids. The observation that carotenoids can inhibit neoplastic cell transformation when administered not only together with but also after the application of chemical or physical carcinogens might indicate a role of singlet oxygen in tumor promotion that could be independent of the direct or indirect DNA damaging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Epe
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Peak JG, Peak MJ. Comparison of initial yields of DNA-to-protein crosslinks and single-strand breaks induced in cultured human cells by far- and near-ultraviolet light, blue light and X-rays. Mutat Res 1991; 246:187-91. [PMID: 1986263 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(91)90121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The initial yields of DNA-to-protein crosslinks (dpc) caused by ionizing and nonionizing radiations were compared, with emphasis upon values within the biological dose ranges (D0). Induction of dpc in cold (0-0.5 degrees C) human P3 teratocarcinoma cells was measured by using alkaline elution techniques after exposure to monochromatic UVC (254 nm), UVB (313 nm), UVA (365 and 405 nm), and blue light (434 nm). UVC and UVB light induced detectable numbers (about 100 dpc per cell per D0). Monochromatic UVA radiations produced yields about 8 times higher than UVC or UVB (for 365 nm, about 1500 dpc per cell per D0) Similar results at low doses were obtained for measurements of single-strand breaks induced by the different radiations. The action spectra for dpc were closely similar. The biological significance of these relatively high numbers of DNA lesions caused by environmental nonionizing radiation that readily penetrates into human skin is not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Peak
- Molecular Photobiology Group, Biological, Environmental and Medical Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439
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35
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Miranda M, Morera I, Vargas F, Gómez-Lechón M, Castell J. In vitro assessment of the phototoxicity of anti-inflammatory 2-arylpropionic acids. Toxicol In Vitro 1991; 5:451-5. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(91)90071-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Salet C, Moreno G. Photosensitization of mitochondria. Molecular and cellular aspects. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1990; 5:133-50. [PMID: 2111395 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(90)80002-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Salet
- Laboratoire de Biophysique, INSERM U 201, CNRS UA 481, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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Abstract
Novel anticancer anthrapyrazoles and anthracenediones are available as alternatives to the cardiotoxic clinical agents, doxorubicin and daunorubicin. Certain representatives of these new classes of compounds possess photosensitizing properties. The structural features influencing the photophysical parameters of these agents are discussed. Photosensitizing reactions involving singlet oxygen production, free radical formation, decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides, oxidation of certain biochemical electron donors, DNA damage and killing of human leukemic cells in vitro in the presence of photoactive anthrapyrazoles, anthracenediones and anthracyclines are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Reszka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Becker RS, Chakravorti S, Yoon M. Photochemical and photophysical properties of piroxicam and benoxaprofen in various solvents. Photochem Photobiol 1990; 51:151-4. [PMID: 2333332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1990.tb01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Laser flash spectroscopy was used to examine the title compounds. Piroxicam has a triplet transient with a maximum near 450 and a lifetime of 3-21 microseconds depending on the solvent. The relative quantum yield is highly solvent dependent being maximum in toluene and greater than or equal to 14 fold lower in hydrogen bonding solvents. There is another transient which is assigned as a proton transferred ground state transient. Some permanent photoproduct also appears to be produced. Benoxaprofen also has a triplet transient with a maximum near 420 nm with a lifetime of 65 microseconds to greater than or equal to 250 microseconds depending on the solvent. In this case, the relative quantum yield only slightly varies among polar and hydrogen bonding solvents. This is in marked contrast to published data on the fluorescence yield. Some permanent photoproduct appears to be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Becker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, TX 77204-5641
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39
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Nishiwaki E, Lee H, Matsumoto T, Toyooka K, Sakurai H, Shibuya M. Synthesis of nitrated oligo-N-methylpyrrole carboxamide derivatives and their photochemical DNA cleaving activities. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)88790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Withrow TJ, Brown NT, Hitchins VM, Strickland AG. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of ophthalmic solution preservatives and UVA radiation in L5178Y cells. Photochem Photobiol 1989; 50:385-9. [PMID: 2780830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb04174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Four chemical preservatives commonly used in ophthalmic solutions were tested for their toxic and mutagenic potential in mouse lymphoma cells with and without exposure of the cells to ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. The preservatives tested were benzalkonium chloride (BAK), chlorhexidine, thimerosal and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Cell survival and mutagenesis were measured using the L5178Y mouse lymphoma (TK +/-) system. Cells were exposed to varying amounts of preservatives for 1 h at 37 degrees C, and then aliquots were irradiated with UVA radiation (during the exposure to preservative). Cells were then assayed for survival, and for mutagenesis at the thymidine kinase (TK) locus. In concentrations commonly found in ophthalmic solutions, BAK, chlorhexidine, and thimerosal were toxic to cells, and thimerosal was slightly mutagenic. When cells were exposed to preservative and UVA radiation, chlorhexidine was mutagenic and the mutagenic activity of thimerosal was enhanced.
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41
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Peak MJ, Pfaff M, Peraino C. Chlorpromazine reduces UV-induced squamous cell carcinogenesis in hairless mice and enhances UV-induced DNA damage in cultured cells. Br J Cancer 1989; 60:220-2. [PMID: 2765369 PMCID: PMC2247052 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1989.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of the photoactivable compound chlorpromazine (CPZ) to SKH-1 hairless mice via their drinking water (CPZ, 0.01%) significantly reduced the rates of accumulation and yields of squamous cell carcinomas induced by long-term repeated exposures of these animals to solar UV radiation. This protective effect of CPZ was partially reversed in mice given a single injection of ethyl nitrosourea at birth. In in vitro studies, the presence of CPZ (0.2 mM) in mammalian cell cultures enhanced the yield of DNA single-strand breaks induced in the cells by exposure to monochromatic UVA radiation at 334 nm. Collectively, the results suggest that CPZ may exert antineoplastic effects against UV-induced skin tumours by the induction of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Peak
- Biological, Environmental, and Medical Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439-4833
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Epstein
- Department of Dermatology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco
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43
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bickers
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
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45
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Fujita H, Matsuo I. UV-A induced DNA nicking activities of skin photosensitive drugs: phenothiazines, benzothiadiazines and afloqualone. Chem Biol Interact 1988; 66:27-36. [PMID: 3383286 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(88)90038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid pBR 322 was subjected to UV-A irradiation in the presence of photosensitive drugs, i.e., phenothiazines [chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPZ), promethazine hydrochloride (PMZ) and mequitazine (MQZ)], benzothiadiazines [penflutizide (PFZ), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and methyclothiazide (MCT)] and afloqualone (AQ). The distribution of the closed-circular and the open-circular form of the plasmid DNA was analyzed by means of neutral agarose gel electrophoresis. All the drugs used induced more or less DNA nicking to yield the open-circular form. The nicking activities of the phenothiazines were in the order: CPZ greater than PMZ greater than MQZ. CPZ elicited extensive degradation of the DNA by photosensitization. The nicking activities of the benzothiadiazines and AQ were much weaker than CPZ and PMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa-ken, Japan
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