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Regulation of conidiation in Botrytis cinerea involves the light-responsive transcriptional regulators BcLTF3 and BcREG1. Curr Genet 2017; 63:931-949. [PMID: 28382431 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a plant pathogenic fungus with a broad host range. Due to its rapid growth and reproduction by asexual spores (conidia), which increases the inoculum pressure, the fungus is a serious problem in different fields of agriculture. The formation of the conidia is promoted by light, whereas the formation of sclerotia as survival structures occurs in its absence. Based on this observation, putative transcription factors (TFs) whose expression is induced upon light exposure have been considered as candidates for activating conidiation and/or repressing sclerotial development. Previous studies reported on the identification of six light-responsive TFs (LTFs), and two of them have been confirmed as crucial developmental regulators: BcLTF2 is the positive regulator of conidiation, whose expression is negatively regulated by BcLTF1. Here, the functional characterization of the four remaining LTFs is reported. BcLTF3 has a dual function, as it represses conidiophore development by repressing bcltf2 in light and darkness, and is moreover essential for conidiogenesis. In bcltf3 deletion mutants conidium initials grow out to hyphae, which develop secondary conidiophores. In contrast, no obvious functions could be assigned to BcLTF4, BcLTF5 and BcLTF6 in these experiments. BcREG1, previously reported to be required for virulence and conidiogenesis, has been re-identified as light-responsive transcriptional regulator. Studies with bcreg1 overexpression strains indicated that BcREG1 differentially affects conidiation by acting as a repressor of BcLTF2-induced conidiation in the light and as an activator of a BcLTF2-independent conidiation program in the dark.
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Horwitz BA, Gloria M, Berrocal T. A Spectroscopic View of Some Recent Advances in the Study of Blue Light Photoreception*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Babitha S, Carvahlo JC, Soccol CR, Pandey A. Effect of light on growth, pigment production and culture morphology of Monascus purpureus in solid-state fermentation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Moriwaki A, Katsube H, Ueno M, Arase S, Kihara J. Cloning and Characterization of the BLR2, the Homologue of the Blue-Light Regulator of Neurospora crassa WC-2, in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris oryzae. Curr Microbiol 2008; 56:115-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-9080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kihara J, Moriwaki A, Tanaka N, Ueno M, Arase S. Characterization of theBLR1gene encoding a putative blue-light regulator in the phytopathogenic fungusBipolaris oryzae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 266:110-8. [PMID: 17233721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolaris oryzae is a filamentous ascomycetous fungus that causes brown leaf spot disease in rice. We isolated and characterized BLR1, a gene that encodes a putative blue-light regulator similar to Neurospora crassa white-collar 1 (WC-1). The deduced amino acid sequence of BLR1 showed high degrees of similarity to other fungal blue-light regulator protein. Disruption of the BLR1 gene demonstrated that this gene is essential for conidial development after conidiophore formation and for near-UV radiation-enhanced photolyase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kihara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan.
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Rodríguez-Romero J, Corrochano LM. Regulation by blue light and heat shock of gene transcription in the fungus Phycomyces: proteins required for photoinduction and mechanism for adaptation to light. Mol Microbiol 2006; 61:1049-59. [PMID: 16879653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene hspA for the heat-shock protein HSP100 is induced by blue light and heat shock in the zygomycete fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. We have investigated the molecular details of the regulation of hspA gene transcription. We have cloned 1.9 kb of hspA upstream DNA sequence and identified many DNA segments possibly involved in heat-shock and blue-light regulation. We have identified several gene products required for hspA photoactivation and found that they are also required for mycelial photoresponses, a suggestion for a common signal transduction pathway. In addition, we have found that beta-carotene, or a chemical derivative, is required for hspA gene photoactivation. The activation of hspA after blue light-exposure or a heat shock is transient, suggesting the adaptation to the stimulus. The adaptation of hspA photoactivation seems to be the result of a novel mechanism causing a light-dependent loss of gene transcription. We propose that a reduction in the amount of MADA, a putative flavin-binding zinc-finger protein, in light-exposed mycelia may cause a reduced hspA photoactivation, providing a simple explanation for adaptation to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rodríguez-Romero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, Apartado 1095, E-41080 Sevilla, Spain
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Rodríguez-Romero J, Corrochano LM. The gene for the heat-shock protein HSP100 is induced by blue light and heat-shock in the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Curr Genet 2005; 46:295-303. [PMID: 15526206 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-004-0534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We cloned and sequenced the Phycomyces hspA gene. The hspA gene product is a 901-amino-acid protein member of the clpB/HSP100 family. HSP100 proteins are ATPases involved in high-temperature tolerance, proteolysis, and protein disaggregation. Phycomyces HSP100 is composed of a domain presumably involved in protein-protein interactions and two ATP-binding domains. The hspA promoter contains three heat-shock elements that are presumably involved in the activation of hspA after heat-shock. In addition, four short sequences are present in the hspA promoter and in the promoter of the photoinducible genes carB and carRA; and these are candidates as binding sites for light-regulated transcription factors. Blue light can increase transcription of the hspA gene 10-fold, with a threshold of 1 J/m2. The threshold for hspA photoactivation is 10(4) times higher than the thresholds for blue-light regulation of sporangiophore development and photocarotenogenesis, which suggests that there are differences in the photosensory systems for gene photoactivation and mycelial photoresponses. A heat-shock of 30 min at 34 degrees C or 42 degrees C increased hspA gene activity 160-fold. The differences in maximum hspA gene transcription by blue light and heatshock suggest the presence of different regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rodríguez-Romero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, Apartado 1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
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Kihara J, Moriwaki A, Ito M, Arase S, Honda Y. Expression of THR1, a 1,3,8-Trihydroxynaphthalene Reductase Gene Involved in Melanin Biosynthesis in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Bipolaris oryzae, is Enhanced by Near-Ultraviolet Radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 17:15-23. [PMID: 14717841 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-0749.2003.00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1,3,8-Trihydroxynaphthalene (1,3,8-THN) reductase is involved in the production of fungal dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin. We isolated and characterized THR1, a gene encoding 1,3,8-THN reductase, from the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris oryzae. Sequence analysis showed that THR1 encodes a putative protein of 267 amino acids having a molecular weight of 28.5 kDa and 68-98% sequence identity to other fungal 1,3,8-THN reductases. Targeted disruption of the THR1 gene showed that it is essential for melanin biosynthesis in B. oryzae. Northern blot analysis showed that THR1 transcripts are constitutively expressed during normal growth but are specifically enhanced by near-ultraviolet (NUV) radiation in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that THR1 expression is transcriptionally enhanced by NUV radiation in B. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kihara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane, Japan.
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Sánchez-Murillo RI, de la Torre-Martínez M, Aguirre-Linares J, Herrera-Estrella A. Light-regulated asexual reproduction in Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:311-319. [PMID: 14766909 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus has been successfully used in the control of several insect pests. Asexually produced spores (conidia) are the means for dispersal and transmission of the entomopathogen; upon contact with the insect cuticle they germinate and penetrate the host. In model fungal systems it has been found that phototropism, resetting of the circadian rhythm, the induction of carotenogenesis and the development of reproductive structures are controlled by blue light. The effect of light quality on conidial yield of P. fumosoroseus was investigated. Incubation in total darkness resulted in continued vegetative growth and lack of reproductive structures. In contrast, growth of the fungus in continuous illumination or under a night–day regime resulted in prolific formation of conidiophores bearing abundant mature conidia. Conidiation was photoinduced in competent mycelia by a single pulse of blue light and colonies were competent only after they had grown at least 72 h under total darkness. The fluence–response curves generated with blue light indicated that the minimal fluence required for the photomorphogenetic response was 180 μmol m−2 and the half-maximal response was at 400 μmol m−2. A fluence of 540 μmol m−2 was enough to saturate the system, inducing the maximum production of 2·12×108 conidia per colony. Higher light intensities markedly decreased conidiation, suggesting the occurrence of a process of adaptation. The authors propose the existence of a dual light-perception system with at least two photoreceptors in P. fumosoroseus, one promoting and one inhibiting conidiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Icela Sánchez-Murillo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, AP 629, 36500 Irapuato Gto., Mexico
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2308, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México DF, Mexico
| | - Mayra de la Torre-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2308, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México DF, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre-Linares
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-242, 04510 México DF, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, AP 629, 36500 Irapuato Gto., Mexico
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Kihara J, Moriwaki A, Ueno M, Tokunaga T, Arase S, Honda Y. Cloning, functional analysis and expression of a scytalone dehydratase gene ( SCD1) involved in melanin biosynthesis of the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris oryzae. Curr Genet 2004; 45:197-204. [PMID: 14716498 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-003-0477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Revised: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Scytalone dehydratase is involved in the production of fungal dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. We isolated and characterized SCD1, a gene encoding scytalone dehydratase, from the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris oryzae. Sequence analysis showed that SCD1 encodes a putative protein that has 185 amino acids, a molecular weight of 21 kDa and 51-75% sequence identity to other fungal scytalone dehydratases. Targeted disruption of SCD1 showed that this gene is necessary for melanin biosynthesis in B. oryzae. Northern blot analysis showed that SCD1 transcripts are specifically enhanced by near-ultraviolet (300-400 nm) radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kihara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, 690-8504, Shimane, Japan.
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Paul ND, Gwynn-Jones D. Ecological roles of solar UV radiation: towards an integrated approach. Trends Ecol Evol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5347(02)00014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kihara J, Watanabe Y, Honda Y. Suppression and reactivation of UV-induced sporulation by blue light in Bipolaris oryzae. MYCOSCIENCE 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02463882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Islam SZ, Honda Y, Sonhaji M. Phototropism of Conidial Germ Tubes of Botrytis cinerea and Its Implication in Plant Infection Processes. PLANT DISEASE 1998; 82:850-856. [PMID: 30856909 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.1998.82.8.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The germ tubes of Botrytis cinerea showed negative phototropism to near ultraviolet (NUV) and blue (300 to 520 nm) light followed by far-red (700 to 810 nm), whereas red light (600 to 700 nm) induced positive phototropism significantly. Minimum germ tube growth occurred during exposure to negative phototropism-inducing wavelengths, whereas it was maximum under positive phototropism-inducing wavelengths. NUV radiation and blue light that induced negative phototropism of B. cinerea promoted infection-hypha formation on both onion scale and broad bean (Vicia faba) leaf epidermal strips, whereas positive phototropism-inducing red light suppressed it, resulting in a high proportion of germ tubes without infection hyphae. In broad bean leaf infection, the number of infection points and area of necrosis per drop of conidial suspension were higher under NUV radiation and blue light than that of a dark control or leaflets pretreated with NUV radiation and blue light. In contrast, lower numbers of infection points and very small necrotic lesions developed under red light. In the case of red-light-pretreated leaflets, the number of infection points developed were higher, but areas of necrosis did not increase significantly compared with leaflets kept under red light without pretreatment. These results show the importance of phototropism of conidium germ tubes in plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y Honda
- Professor, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science
| | - M Sonhaji
- Graduate Student, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Science and Engineering, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
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Flores R, Cerdá-Olmedo E, Corrochano LM. Separate Sensory Pathways for Photomorphogenesis in Phycomyces. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb05229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Distribution of photo-induced and non-photo-induced sporulator physiotypes of Bipolaris oryzae in Japan. MYCOSCIENCE 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02460850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Naito Y, Honda Y, Kumagai T. Effects of supplementary UV-B radiation on development of damping-off in spinach caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum. MYCOSCIENCE 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02461450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cell-bound cholinesterase inTrichoderma harzianum. Curr Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01577442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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UV-B-induced absorbance changes in the yeast Rhodotorula minuta. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(93)80005-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Baum D, Horwitz BA. Changes in synthesis and abundance of specific polypeptides at early and late stages of blue-light-induced sporulation of Trichoderma. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80254-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kumagai T. TEMPERATURE AND MYCOCHROME SYSTEM IN NEAR-UV LIGHT INDUCIBLE AND BLUE LIGHT REVERSIBLE PHOTOINDUCTION OF CONIDIATION IN Alternaria tomato. Photochem Photobiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1989.tb02910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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