2
|
Ranaghan MJ, Shima S, Ramos L, Poulin DS, Whited G, Rajasekaran S, Stuart JA, Albert AD, Birge RR. Photochemical and thermal stability of green and blue proteorhodopsins: implications for protein-based bioelectronic devices. J Phys Chem B 2011; 114:14064-70. [PMID: 20964279 DOI: 10.1021/jp106633w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical and thermal stability of the detergent-solubilized blue- and green-absorbing proteorhodpsins, BPR and GPR, respectively, are investigated to determine the viability of these proteins for photonic device applications. Photochemical stability is studied by using pulsed laser excitation and differential UV-vis spectroscopy to assign the photocyclicity. GPR, with a cyclicity of 7 × 10(4) photocycles protein(-1), is 4-5 times more stable than BPR (9 × 10(3) photocycles protein(-1)), but is less stable than native bacteriorhodopsin (9 × 10(5) photocycles protein(-1)) or the 4-keto-bacteriorhodopsin analogue (1 × 10(5) photocycles protein(-1)). The thermal stabilities are assigned by using differential scanning calorimetry and thermal bleaching experiments. Both proteorhodopsins display excellent thermal stability, with melting temperatures above 85 °C, and remain photochemically stable up to 75 °C. The biological relevance of our results is also discussed. The lower cyclicity of BPR is found to be adequate for the long-term biological function of the host organism at ocean depths of 50 m or more.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ranaghan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wolperdinger M, Hampp N. Bacteriorhodopsin variants as versatile media in optical processing. Biophys Chem 2007; 56:189-92. [PMID: 17023323 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(95)00032-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The photochromic properties of bacteriorhodopsin (BR), in addition to its longevity and excellent reversibility, are attractive features for the construction of light-sensitive media for optical information processing. However, the various optical techniques require media with specifically adapted and widely differing properties. Genetic engineering of BR and biotechnological production of mutated BRs is the key for the utilization of this photochromic compound in optical applications. Mutated BRs, generated by single and double amino acid exchanges, have been used as recording media for optical applications such as phase conjugation or long-term data storage at room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wolperdinger
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sophienstr. 11, D-80333 Muenchen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gillespie NB, Ren L, Ramos L, Daniel H, Dews D, Utzat KA, Stuart JA, Buck CH, Birge RR. Characterization and Photochemistry of 13-Desmethyl Bacteriorhodopsin. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:16142-52. [PMID: 16853051 PMCID: PMC1513633 DOI: 10.1021/jp052124+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of the 13-desmethyl (DM) analogue of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) is examined by using spectroscopy, molecular orbital theory, and chromophore extraction followed by conformational analysis. The removal of the 13-methyl group permits the direct photochemical formation of a thermally stable, photochemically reversible state, P1(DM) (lambda(max) = 525 nm), which can be generated efficiently by exciting the resting state, bR(DM) with yellow or red light (lambda > 590 nm). Chromophore extraction analysis reveals that the retinal configuration in P1(DM) is 9-cis, identical to that of the retinal configuration in the native BR P1 state. Fourier transform infrared and Raman experiments on P1(DM) indicate an anti configuration around the C15=N bond, as would be expected of an O-state photoproduct. However, low-temperature spectroscopy and ambient, time-resolved studies indicate that the P1(DM) state forms primarily via thermal relaxation from the L(D)(DM) state. Theoretical studies on the BR binding site show that 13-dm retinal is capable of isomerizing into a 9-cis configuration with minimal steric hindrance from surrounding residues, in contrast to the native chromophore in which surrounding residues significantly obstruct the corresponding motion. Analysis of the photokinetic experiments indicates that the Arrhenius activation energy of the bR(DM) --> P1(DM) transition in 13-dm-BR is less than 0.6 kcal/mol (vs 22 +/-5 kcal/mol measured for the bR --> P (P1 and P2) reaction in 85:15 glycerol:water suspensions of wild type). Consequently, the P1(DM) state in 13-dm-BR can form directly from all-trans, 15-anti intermediates (bR(DM) and O(DM)) or all-trans, 15-syn (K(D)(DM)/L(D)(DM)) intermediates. This study demonstrates that the 13-methyl group, and its interactions with nearby binding site residues, is primarily responsible for channeling one-photon photochemical and thermal reactions and is limited to the all-trans and 13-cis species interconversions in the native protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B. Gillespie
- Departments of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100
| | - Lei Ren
- Departments of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100
| | - Lavoisier Ramos
- Departments of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
| | - Heather Daniel
- Departments of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
| | - Deborah Dews
- Departments of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
| | - Karissa A. Utzat
- Departments of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
| | - Jeffrey A. Stuart
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100
| | - Charles H. Buck
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100
| | - Robert R. Birge
- Departments of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060
- *Address correspondence to this author (
) corresponding author: Robert R. Birge, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060: 860-486-6720; Fax(860-486-2981);
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Frydrych M, Silfsten P, Parkkinen S, Parkkinen J, Jaaskelainen T. Color sensitive retina based on bacteriorhodopsin. Biosystems 2000; 54:131-40. [PMID: 10774556 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-2647(99)00074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriorhodopsin (BR), a membrane protein of a microorganism Halobacterium salinarium has been studied since the 80's as a potential material for information technology. The information processing applications of BR employ either photochromic or photoelectric properties of the protein. In this study we discuss about design principles and describe our study of the use of bacteriorhodopsin as a sensor material for a color sensitive artificial retina. This retina includes low-level processing of input information. The design of a color sensitive matrix element, the self-organizing color adaptation algorithm and a system model for the retina are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Frydrych
- Department of Information Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Birge RR, Gillespie NB, Izaguirre EW, Kusnetzow A, Lawrence AF, Singh D, Song QW, Schmidt E, Stuart JA, Seetharaman S, Wise KJ. Biomolecular Electronics: Protein-Based Associative Processors and Volumetric Memories. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991883n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Birge
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Nathan B. Gillespie
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Enrique W. Izaguirre
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Anakarin Kusnetzow
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Albert F. Lawrence
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Deepak Singh
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Q. Wang Song
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Edward Schmidt
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Jeffrey A. Stuart
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Sukeerthi Seetharaman
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| | - Kevin J. Wise
- W. M. Keck Center for Molecular Electronics and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beischel CJ, Knapp DR, Govindjee R, Ebrey TG, Crouch RK. Azidotetrafluorophenyl retinal analogue: synthesis and bacteriorhodopsin pigment formation. Photochem Photobiol 1994; 60:64-8. [PMID: 7794419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb03944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The retinal derivative, all-trans-9-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)-3,7- dimethyl-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenal, was synthesized by two routes as a potential photoactivatable cross-linking agent for studies in bacteriorhodopsin (BR) of the chromophore interaction with its apoprotein. The retinal analogue formed a stable, moderately functional BR pigment confirming that the ring cavity of the retinal binding site has a significant tolerance for derivatization on that portion of the molecule. Attempts to cross-link the azido chromophore to the protein by photoactivation were unsuccessful. The electron delocalization effect of the conjugated polyene side chain of the retinal appears to interfere with the formation or reactivity of the nitrene intermediate to the extent that photoactivated cross-linking is not achieved. These results demonstrate a limitation to the use of fluorinated aryl azides as photoaffinity reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Beischel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|