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Jia K, Ionescu RE. Measurement of Bacterial Bioluminescence Intensity and Spectrum: Current Physical Techniques and Principles. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 154:19-45. [PMID: 25981856 DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
: Bioluminescence is light production by living organisms, which can be observed in numerous marine creatures and some terrestrial invertebrates. More specifically, bacterial bioluminescence is the "cold light" produced and emitted by bacterial cells, including both wild-type luminescent and genetically engineered bacteria. Because of the lively interplay of synthetic biology, microbiology, toxicology, and biophysics, different configurations of whole-cell biosensors based on bacterial bioluminescence have been designed and are widely used in different fields, such as ecotoxicology, food toxicity, and environmental pollution. This chapter first discusses the background of the bioluminescence phenomenon in terms of optical spectrum. Platforms for bacterial bioluminescence detection using various techniques are then introduced, such as a photomultiplier tube, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) based integrated circuit. Furthermore, some typical biochemical methods to optimize the analytical performances of bacterial bioluminescent biosensors/assays are reviewed, followed by a presentation of author's recent work concerning the improved sensitivity of a bioluminescent assay for pesticides. Finally, bacterial bioluminescence as implemented in eukaryotic cells, bioluminescent imaging, and cancer cell therapies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jia
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay, Université de Technologie de Troyes, UMR CNRS 6281, 12 rue Marie Curie CS 42060, TROYES, 10004 Cedex, France
| | - Rodica Elena Ionescu
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay, Université de Technologie de Troyes, UMR CNRS 6281, 12 rue Marie Curie CS 42060, TROYES, 10004 Cedex, France.
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Karatani H, Namikawa Y, Mori N, Nishikawa Y, Imai S, Ihara Y, Kinoshita A, Kitadokoro K, Oyama H. Visualization of mitochondria in living cells with a genetically encoded yellow fluorescent protein originating from a yellow-emitting luminous bacterium. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:944-56. [PMID: 23493994 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp25360k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have visualized redox and structural changes in the mitochondria of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a eukaryotic cell model using a genetically encoded yellow fluorescent protein (Y1-Yellow) and conventional fluorescence microscopy. Y1-Yellow originating from a yellow emitting luminous bacterium Aliivibrio sifiae Y1 was fused with a mitochondria-targeted sequence (mt-sequence). Y1-Yellow fluorescence arising only from the mitochondrial site and the color of yellow fluorescence could be easily differentiated from cellular autofluorescence and from that of conventional probes. Y1-Yellow expressing S. cerevisiae made the yellow fluorescence conspicuous at the mitochondrial site in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) transiently derived in the wake of pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide. Based on our observation with Y1-Yellow fluorescence, we also showed that mitochondria rearrange to form a cluster structure surrounding chromosomal DNA via respiratory inhibition by cyanide, followed by the generation of ROS. In contrast, uptake of an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation is not responsible for mitochondrial rearrangement. These results indicate the utility of Y1-Yellow for visualization of mitochondrial vitality and morphology in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Karatani
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashigami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Ke D, Tu SC. Activities, kinetics and emission spectra of bacterial luciferase-fluorescent protein fusion enzymes. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:1346-53. [PMID: 21913926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to alter bacterial bioluminescence color was developed by fusing Vibrio harveyi luciferase with the coral Discosoma sp. fluorescent protein mOrange, a homolog of the Aequorea green fluorescent protein. Attachment of mOrange to the N- or C-terminus of luciferase α or β subunit, via a 5 or 10 residue linker, produced fully active fusion enzymes. However, only the fusion of mOrange to the N-terminus of luciferase α produced a new 560 nm emission. The differences in emission color by two such fusion enzymes from that of the wild-type luciferase (λ(max) 490 nm) were evident by eye or photographically with the aid of cut-off optical filters. In nonturnover reactions, light decay rates of fusion enzyme remained the same when monitored as the full-spectrum light or at 480 nm (from the luciferase emitter) or 570 nm (from mOrange). No 560 nm emission component was observed with a mixture of luciferase and free mOrange. These findings support that the 560 nm emission by the fusion enzyme was due to bioluminescence resonance energy transfer from luciferase to mOrange. We believe that the same approach could also alter the bacterial bioluminescence color by covalent attachment of other suitable fluorescent proteins or chromophores to luciferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachuan Ke
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
The biosynthesis of one riboflavin molecule requires one molecule of GTP and two molecules of ribulose 5-phosphate. The imidazole ring of GTP is hydrolytically opened, yielding a 2,5-diaminopyrimidine that is converted to 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione by a sequence of deamination, side chain reduction, and dephosphorylation. Condensation of 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate obtained from ribulose 5-phosphate affords 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine. Dismutation of the lumazine derivative yields riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione, which is recycled in the biosynthetic pathway. The enzymes of the riboflavin pathway are potential targets for antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Fischer
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747, Garching, Germany.
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Petushkov VN, van Stokkum IHM, Gobets B, van Mourik F, Lee J, van Grondelle R, Visser AJWG. Ultrafast Fluorescence Relaxation Spectroscopy of 6,7-Dimethyl-(8-ribityl)-lumazine and Riboflavin, Free and Bound to Antenna Proteins from Bioluminescent Bacteria. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034266e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin N. Petushkov
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo H. M. van Stokkum
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Gobets
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van Mourik
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John Lee
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonie J. W. G. Visser
- MicroSpectroscopy Centre, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Su JH, Chuang YC, Tsai YC, Chang MC. Cloning and characterization of a blue fluorescent protein from Vibrio vulnificus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:359-65. [PMID: 11554735 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The blue fluorescent protein (BFPVV) gene bfpvv from Vibrio vulnificus CKM-1 was cloned and sequenced. The transformants exhibited blue fluorescence when irradiated by UV source. Nucleotide sequence analysis predicted an ORF of 717 bp encoding a 239-amino-acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 25.8 kDa. The nucleotide sequence of the bfpvv gene and its deduced amino acid sequence showed significant homology to those of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family proteins from various organisms. Some functionally important residues in SDR were strictly conserved in BFPVV, such as an active-site Tyr145, a catalytic site Lys149, and a common GlyXXXGlyXGly pattern in the N-terminal part of the molecule. By changing three amino acid residues, Tyr145, Lys149, and Gly9 to Phe, Ile, and Val, respectively, it was found that the G9V mutant did not generate blue fluorescence, while mutants Y145F and K149I have 126 and 68.5% fluorescence compared with the wild-type BFPVV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Su
- Department of Industrial Safety and Hygiene, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Republic of China
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Bacher A, Eberhardt S, Eisenreich W, Fischer M, Herz S, Illarionov B, Kis K, Richter G. Biosynthesis of riboflavin. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2001; 61:1-49. [PMID: 11153262 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(01)61001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of one riboflavin molecule requires one molecule of GTP and two molecules of ribulose 5-phosphate. The imidazole ring of GTP is hydrolytically opened, yielding a 4,5-diaminopyrimidine that is converted to 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione by a sequence of deamination, side chain reduction, and dephosphorylation. Condensation of 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate obtained from ribulose 5-phosphate affords 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine. Dismutation of the lumazine derivative yields riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione, which is recycled in the biosynthetic pathway. Two reaction steps in the biosynthetic pathway catalyzed by 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase and riboflavin synthase are mechanistically very complex. The enzymes of the riboflavin pathway are potential targets for antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bacher
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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Petushkov VN, Lee J. Purification and characterization of flavoproteins and cytochromes from the yellow bioluminescence marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri strain Y1. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 245:790-6. [PMID: 9183020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several flavoproteins and cytochromes that occur as major components in extracts of the yellow bioluminescence Y1 strain of the marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri have been purified and characterized with respect to their mass (SDS/PAGE and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization MS), chromatographic properties, N-terminal sequence, and spectroscopy (absorption, fluorescence emission and anisotropy decay). The investigated proteins were as follows: yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) with bound riboflavin, FMN or 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine; a blue fluorescence protein (BFP) with bound 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, riboflavin, or 6-methyl-7-oxo-8-ribityllumazine; thioredoxin reductase with FAD as ligand; and two c-type diheme cytochromes, c551 and c554. We present evidence that the riboflavin-bound YFP has an N-terminal sequence corresponding to that published for the dimeric YFP. We show that an equilibrium replacement of the riboflavin can be made with excess lumazine derivative and that lumazine-bound YFP has different bioluminescence properties to those of the lumazine protein from Photobacterium leiognathi. BFP is a different protein again, and in the bacterial lysate it occurs in multiple forms, ligated to either riboflavin, lumazine, or the 7-oxolumazine derivative. The N-terminal sequence for BFP shows similarities to those of the YFP proteins and to lumazine protein and riboflavin synthase from Photobacterium. BFP in any form has no bioluminescence or riboflavin-synthase activity. A 70-kDa fluorescent flavoprotein with FAD as ligand has an N-terminal sequence highly similar to those of thioredoxin reductases from Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli. Cytochrome contaminations in previous preparations of YFP have been removed and are identified as the two c-type cytochromes c551 and c554. Both inhibit the NADH-induced bioluminescence in the reductase/luciferase system with the luciferases from P. leiognathi and V. fischeri. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the cytochrome (c551) corresponds to a diheme cytochrome c4. The spectral properties of c554 are similar to those of other c5 cytochromes, and both c554 and c551 have absorption spectra similar to those of the respective cytochromes from the gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas and Azotobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Petushkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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