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Duan X, Zhang GQ, Ji S, Zhang Y, Li J, Ou H, Gao Z, Feng G, Ding D. Activatable Persistent Luminescence from Porphyrin Derivatives and Supramolecular Probes with Imaging-Modality Transformable Characteristics for Improved Biological Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116174. [PMID: 35030286 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Persistent luminescence without excitation light and tissue autofluorescence interference holds great promise for biological applications, but is limited by available materials with long-wavelength emission and excellent clinical potential. Here, we report that porphyrin derivatives can emit near-infrared persistent luminescence over 60 min after cessation of excitation light or on interaction with peroxynitrite. A plausible mechanism of the successive oxidation of vinylene bonds was demonstrated. A supramolecular probe with a β-sheet structure was constructed to enhance the tumor targeting ability and the photoacoustic and persistent luminescence signals. Such probes featuring light-triggered function transformation from photoacoustic imaging to persistent luminescence imaging permit advanced image-guided cancer surgery. Furthermore, peroxynitrite-activated persistent luminescence of the supramolecular probe also enables rapid and precise screening of immunogenic cell death drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Duan
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shenglu Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jun Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hanlin Ou
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guangxue Feng
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300041, China
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2
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Duan X, Zhang G, Ji S, Zhang Y, Li J, Ou H, Gao Z, Feng G, Ding D. Activatable Persistent Luminescence from Porphyrin Derivatives and Supramolecular Probes with Imaging‐Modality Transformable Characteristics for Improved Biological Applications**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Duan
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Guo‐Qiang Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shenglu Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jun Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Hanlin Ou
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Zhiyuan Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Guangxue Feng
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Dan Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction Tianjin Stomatological Hospital The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University Tianjin 300041 China
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3
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Peng B, Liu XM, Tseng HR, Li LL, Wang H. A ratiometric photoacoustic imaging approach for semi-quantitative determination of aggregation efficiency in vivo. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:18654-18662. [PMID: 32618993 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03218b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vivo self-assembly not only endows dynamic supramolecules with various biological functions, but also realizes metabolic differences, and improves the level of diagnosis and treatment. However, the method of measuring aggregation efficiency in vivo is still challenging. In this work, we first proposed a ratiometric photoacoustic imaging method to measure the aggregation efficiency of molecules in vivo in real time and semi-quantitatively. Similar to the traditional fluorescence method, the ratiometric photoacoustic signal has a typical exponential relationship with the aggregation efficiency, which is defined as the percentage of aggregation molecules in the total molecules. Then, we proposed a ratiometric photoacoustic (PA) probe, which can be tailored by cathepsin E and self-assembled into nanofibers in situ inside pancreatic cancer cells. The maximum aggregation efficiency of 10-5 M PA probe was 58% after 2 hours of incubation. After intratumoral administration in xenografted pancreatic tumor mice, the highest aggregation efficiency was found to be 36% 6 hours after the injection. The ratiometric PA probe provides us with a real-time method to detect the aggregation efficiency in vivo, which is helpful to deepen the understanding of the dynamic assembly process and optimize the design of supramolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.
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4
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Zhou J, Gao ZJ, Cai JQ, Li LL, Wang H. Synthesis and Self-Assembly Behavior of Chlorophyll Derivatives for Ratiometric Photoacoustic Signal Optimization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1559-1568. [PMID: 32030985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly provides researchers powerful tools for creating ordered functional structures and complex architectures. Investigation of in vivo self-assembly reveals the assembly/aggregation-induced retention (AIR) effect and enhanced targeting effect, which can be applied to promising biomedical applications by enhancing molecular accumulation in the target region. These unique bioeffects inspire the interest of researchers in construction of self-assembled nanomaterials in biological systems. Although many efforts have been achieved, the in-depth analysis of the relationship between assemblies and functions is rarely reported. Here, we focus on the relationship of chlorophyll-derivative assemblies and their photoacoustic signals and attempt to establish a method for monitoring the aggregation efficiency in vivo based on photoacoustic signals. Three arginine-rich peptide-purpurin molecules were designed and synthesized. The assembled capabilities and assembly processes of these molecules were characterized and monitored by UV, fluorescence, and CD spectra images of gradually changing polarities in mixed solvents, and the morphologies of the assemblies were observed by TEM. Furthermore, the relationship between the aggregation ratios of the molecules and the ratiometric photoacoustic signals was systemically studied. We prospect that the fundamental research in revealing objective laws will be useful for future guidance in optimizing photoacoustic detection windows and assembled molecule design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Zi-Jun Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jun-Quan Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
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5
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Blankenship RE, Brune DC, Olson JC. Remembering John M. Olson (1929-2017). PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 137:161-169. [PMID: 29460034 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we provide reflections of and a tribute to John M. Olson, a pioneering researcher in photosynthesis. We trace his career, which began at Wesleyan University and the University of Pennsylvania, and continued at Utrech in The Netherlands, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and Odense University in Denmark. He was the world expert on pigment organization in the green photosynthetic bacteria, and discovered and characterized the first chlorophyll-containing protein, which has come to be known as the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein. He also thought and wrote extensively on the origin and early evolution of photosynthesis. We include personal comments from Brian Matthews, Raymond Cox, Paolo Gerola, Beverly Pierson and Jon Olson.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Blankenship
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Daniel C Brune
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Jon C Olson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
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6
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Watt J, Collins AM, Vreeland EC, Montano GA, Huber DL. Magnetic Nanocomposites and Their Incorporation into Higher Order Biosynthetic Functional Architectures. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:503-508. [PMID: 31457908 PMCID: PMC6641278 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A magnetically active Fe3O4/poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(butadiene) (PEO-b-PBD) nanocomposite is formed by the encapsulation of magnetite nanoparticles with a short-chain amphiphilic block copolymer. This material is then incorporated into the self-assembly of higher order polymer architectures, along with an organic pigment, to yield biosynthetic, bifunctional optical and magnetically active Fe3O4/bacteriochlorophyll c/PEO-b-PBD polymeric chlorosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Watt
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Aaron M. Collins
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern New Hampshire University, 2500 North River Road, Hooksett, New Hampshire 03106, United States
| | - Erika C. Vreeland
- Imagion
Biosystems, 800 Bradbury
Drive SE, Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87106, United
States
| | - Gabriel A. Montano
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Northern
Arizona University, South
San Francisco Street, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, United
States
| | - Dale L. Huber
- Center
for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia
National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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7
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Shoji S, Mizoguchi T, Tamiaki H. In vitro self-assemblies of bacteriochlorophylls-c from Chlorobaculum tepidum and their supramolecular nanostructures. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Collins AM, Timlin JA, Anthony SM, Montaño GA. Amphiphilic block copolymers as flexible membrane materials generating structural and functional mimics of green bacterial antenna complexes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:15056-15063. [PMID: 27481550 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe the ability of a short-chain amphiphilic block copolymer to self-assemble to form an artificial supramolecular light-harvesting system. Specifically, we demonstrate that the 2.5 kDa, poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(butadiene) (PEO-b-PBD), exhibits sufficient morphological flexibility as a membrane material and enables generation of mimics of three-dimensional chlorosomes as well as supported membrane bilayers containing energy acceptors. This overall architecture replicates green bacterial light-harvesting function whereby these assemblies exhibit long-range order and three-dimensional morphology similar to native chlorosomes and are capable of energy transfer internally and to external acceptors, located in a supporting biomimetic polymer membrane. Unlike native green bacterial systems that use multiple lipids as a matrix to generate the appropriate environment for chlorosome assembly and function, the described system matrix is comprised entirely of a single polymer amphiphile. This work demonstrates the potential of short-chain amphiphilic block copolymers in generating self-assembled, bio-mimetic membrane architectures, and in doing so, generates scalable, spatial-energetic landscapes for photonic applications. Finally, the results presented provide evidence of minimal requirements to induce chlorosome-like organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Collins
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - J A Timlin
- Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - S M Anthony
- Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - G A Montaño
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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9
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Li LL, Zeng Q, Liu WJ, Hu XF, Li Y, Pan J, Wan D, Wang H. Quantitative Analysis of Caspase-1 Activity in Living Cells Through Dynamic Equilibrium of Chlorophyll-Based Nano-assembly Modulated Photoacoustic Signals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:17936-17943. [PMID: 27341352 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In situ construction of self-assemblies with unique property in living systems is a promising direction in the biomedical field. The noninvasive methods for significant enzyme activity in living cells or living subjects are imperative and meantime challenge tasks. The dynamic process of self-assembly of chlorophyll-based molecules in complex biological systems can be monitored by photoacoustic signals, which supports a noninvasive way to understand and quantitatively measure the activity of caspase-1. Furthermore, the activity of caspase-1 enables reflection of the bacterial infection in the early stage. Here, we present a biocompatible self-assembly from chlorophyll-peptide derivatives and first correlate the dynamic equilibrium with ratiometric photoacoustic signals. The intracellular equilibrium was managed by a bacterial infection precaution protein, i.e., caspase-1. This system offers a trial of noninvasive method to quantitative detection and real-time monitoring of bacterial infection in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Department Institution , No. 11 Beiyitiao, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zeng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Department Institution , No. 11 Beiyitiao, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jiao Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Department Institution , No. 11 Beiyitiao, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianin, China
| | - Xue-Feng Hu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Department Institution , No. 11 Beiyitiao, Beijing, China
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianin, China
| | - Dong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University , Tianin, China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Department Institution , No. 11 Beiyitiao, Beijing, China
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10
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Li LL, Ma HL, Qi GB, Zhang D, Yu F, Hu Z, Wang H. Pathological-Condition-Driven Construction of Supramolecular Nanoassemblies for Bacterial Infection Detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:254-262. [PMID: 26568542 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A pyropheophorbide-α-based building block (Ppa-PLGVRG-Van) can be used to construct self-aggregated superstructures in vivo for highly specific and sensitive diagnosis of bacterial infection by noninvasive photoacoustic tomography. This in vivo supramolecular chemistry approach opens a new avenue for efficient, rapid, and early-stage disease diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Li
- Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huai-Lei Ma
- Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Guo-Bin Qi
- Key Lab for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 693 Xiongchu Ave, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Faquan Yu
- Key Lab for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, 693 Xiongchu Ave, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
- Yangtze River Delta Academy of Nanotechnology and Industry Development Research, Jiaxing, 314000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
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11
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Strong coupling between chlorosomes of photosynthetic bacteria and a confined optical cavity mode. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5561. [PMID: 25429787 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong exciton-photon coupling is the result of a reversible exchange of energy between an excited state and a confined optical field. This results in the formation of polariton states that have energies different from the exciton and photon. We demonstrate strong exciton-photon coupling between light-harvesting complexes and a confined optical mode within a metallic optical microcavity. The energetic anti-crossing between the exciton and photon dispersions characteristic of strong coupling is observed in reflectivity and transmission with a Rabi splitting energy on the order of 150 meV, which corresponds to about 1,000 chlorosomes coherently coupled to the cavity mode. We believe that the strong coupling regime presents an opportunity to modify the energy transfer pathways within photosynthetic organisms without modification of the molecular structure.
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12
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Ocakoglu K, Joya KS, Harputlu E, Tarnowska A, Gryko DT. A nanoscale bio-inspired light-harvesting system developed from self-assembled alkyl-functionalized metallochlorin nano-aggregates. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9625-9631. [PMID: 24909123 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01661k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular organization of nano-structured biomimetic light-harvesting modules inside solid-state nano-templates can be exploited to develop excellent light-harvesting materials for artificial photosynthetic devices. We present here a hybrid light-harvesting system mimicking the chlorosomal structures of the natural photosynthetic system using synthetic zinc chlorin units (ZnChl-C6, ZnChl-C12 and ZnChl-C18) that are self-aggregated inside the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nano-channel membranes. AAO nano-templates were modified with a TiO2 matrix and functionalized with long hydrophobic chains to facilitate the formation of supramolecular Zn-chlorin aggregates. The transparent Zn-chlorin nano-aggregates inside the alkyl-TiO2 modified AAO nano-channels have a diameter of ∼120 nm in a 60 μm length channel. UV-Vis studies and fluorescence emission spectra further confirm the formation of the supramolecular ZnChl aggregates from monomer molecules inside the alkyl-functionalized nano-channels. Our results prove that the novel and unique method can be used to produce efficient and stable light-harvesting assemblies for effective solar energy capture through transparent and stable nano-channel ceramic materials modified with bio-mimetic molecular self-assembled nano-aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasim Ocakoglu
- Advanced Technology Research & Application Center, Mersin University, Ciftlikkoy Campus, TR-33343 Mersin, Turkey.
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13
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Paleček D, Dědic R, Alster J, Hála J. Low-temperature spectroscopy of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 119:331-338. [PMID: 24318566 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes from green photosynthetic bacteria belong to the most effective light-harvesting antennas found in nature. Quinones incorporated in bacterichlorophyll (BChl) c aggregates inside chlorosomes play an important redox-dependent photo-protection role against oxidative damage of bacterial reaction centers. Artificial BChl c aggregates with and without quinones were prepared. We applied hole-burning spectroscopy and steady-state absorption and emission techniques at 1.9 K and two different redox potentials to investigate the role of quinones and redox potential on BChl c aggregates at low temperatures. We show that quinones quench the excitation energy in a similar manner as at room temperature, yet the quenching process is not as efficient as for chlorosomes. Interestingly, our data suggest that excitation quenching partially proceeds from higher excitonic states competing with ultrafast exciton relaxation. Moreover, we obtained structure-related parameters such as reorganization energies and inhomogeneous broadening of the lowest excited state, providing experimental ground for theoretical studies aiming at designing plausible large-scale model for BChl c aggregates including disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Paleček
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic,
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14
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Linnanto JM, Korppi-Tommola JEI. Exciton Description of Chlorosome to Baseplate Excitation Energy Transfer in Filamentous Anoxygenic Phototrophs and Green Sulfur Bacteria. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11144-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4011394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha M. Linnanto
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.
Box 35, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40014, Finland
- University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, Riia 142,
EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Reconstruction of rod self-aggregates of natural bacteriochlorophylls-c from Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Shoji S, Hashishin T, Tamiaki H. Construction of Chlorosomal Rod Self-Aggregates in the Solid State on Any Substrates from Synthetic Chlorophyll Derivatives Possessing an Oligomethylene Chain at the 17-Propionate Residue. Chemistry 2012; 18:13331-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Self-aggregates of natural chlorophylls and their synthetic analogues in aqueous media for making light-harvesting systems. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Huber V, Sengupta S, Würthner F. Structure-Property Relationships for Self-Assembled Zinc Chlorin Light-Harvesting Dye Aggregates. Chemistry 2008; 14:7791-807. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Linnanto JM, Korppi-Tommola JEI. Investigation on chlorosomal antenna geometries: tube, lamella and spiral-type self-aggregates. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 96:227-245. [PMID: 18443917 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanics calculations and exciton theory have been used to study pigment organization in chlorosomes of green bacteria. Single and double rod, multiple concentric rod, lamella, and Archimedean spiral macrostructures of bacteriochlorophyll c molecules were created and their spectral properties evaluated. The effects of length, width, diameter, and curvature of the macrostructures as well as orientations of monomeric transition dipole moment vectors on the spectral properties of the aggregates were studied. Calculated absorption, linear dichroism, and polarization dependent fluorescence-excitation spectra of the studied long macrostructures were practically identical, but circular dichroism spectra turned out to be very sensitive to geometry and monomeric transition dipole moment orientations of the aggregates. The simulations for long multiple rod and spiral-type macrostructures, observed in recent high-resolution electron microscopy images (Oostergetel et al., FEBS Lett 581:5435-5439, 2007) gave shapes of circular dichroism spectra observed experimentally for chlorosomes. It was shown that the ratio of total circular dichroism intensity to integrated absorption of the Q(y) transition is a good measure of degree of tubular structures in the chlorosomes. Calculations suggest that the broad Q(y) line width of chlorosomes of sulfur bacteria could be due to (1) different orientations of the transition moment vectors in multi-walled rod structures or (2) a variety of Bchl-aggregate structures in the chlorosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M Linnanto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Arellano JB, Torkkeli M, Tuma R, Laurinmäki P, Melø TB, Ikonen TP, Butcher SJ, Serimaa RE, Psencík J. Hexanol-induced order-disorder transitions in lamellar self-assembling aggregates of bacteriochlorophyll c in Chlorobium tepidum chlorosomes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:2035-2041. [PMID: 18197717 DOI: 10.1021/la703024e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are light-harvesting complexes of green photosynthetic bacteria. Chlorosomes contain bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c, d, or e aggregates that exhibit strong excitonic coupling. The short-range order, which is responsible for the coupling, has been proposed to be augmented by pigment arrangement into undulated lamellar structures with spacing between 2 and 3 nm. Treatment of chlorosomes with hexanol reversibly converts the aggregated chlorosome chlorophylls into a form with spectral properties very similar to that of the monomer. Although this transition has been extensively studied, the structural basis remains unclear due to variability in the obtained morphologies. Here we investigated hexanol-induced structural changes in the lamellar organization of BChl c in chlorosomes from Chlorobium tepidum by a combination of X-ray scattering, electron cryomicroscopy, and optical spectroscopy. At a low hexanol/pigment ratio, the lamellae persisted in the presence of hexanol while the short-range order and exciton interactions between chlorin rings were effectively eliminated, producing a monomer-like absorption. The result suggested that hexanol hydroxyls solvated the chlorin rings while the aliphatic tail partitioned into the hydrophobic part of the lamellar structure. This partitioning extended the chlorosome along its long axis. Further increase of the hexanol/pigment ratio produced round pigment-hexanol droplets, which lost all lamellar order. After hexanol removal the spectral properties were restored. In the samples treated under the high hexanol/pigment ratio, lamellae reassembled in small domains after hexanol removal while the shape and long-range order were irreversibly lost. Thus, all the interactions required for establishing the short-range order by self-assembly are provided by BChl c molecules alone. However, the long-range order and overall shape are imposed by an external structure, e.g., the proteinaceous chlorosome baseplate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Arellano
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNASA-CSIC), Apdo. 257, 37071 Salamanca, Spain
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Alster J, Zupcanova A, Vacha F, Psencik J. Effect of quinones on formation and properties of bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 95:183-189. [PMID: 17922300 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes of green photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium tepidum contain aggregates of bacteriochlorophyll c (BChl c) with carotenoids and isoprenoid quinones. BChl aggregates with very similar optical properties can be prepared also in vitro either in non-polar solvents or in aqueous buffers with addition of lipids and/or carotenoids. In this work, we show that the aggregation of BChl c in aqueous buffer can be induced also by quinones (vitamin K(1 )and K(2)), provided they are non-polar due to a hydrophobic side-chain. Polar vitamin K(3, )which possess the same functional group as K(1 )and K(2), does not induce the aggregation. The results confirm a principal role of the hydrophobic interactions as a driving force for the aggregation of chlorosomal BChls. The chlorosomal quinones play an important role in a redox-dependent excitation quenching, which may protect the cells against damage under oxygenic conditions. We found that aggregates of BChl c with vitamin K(1 )and K(2) exhibit an excitation quenching as well. The amplitude of the quenching depends on quinone concentration, as determined from fluorescence measurements. No lipid is necessary to induce the quenching, which therefore originates mainly from interactions of BChl c with quinones incorporated in the aggregate structure. In contrast, only a weak quenching was observed for dimers of BChl c in buffer (either with or without vitamin K(3)) and also for BChl c aggregates prepared with a lipid (lecithin). Thus, the weak quenching seems to be a property of BChl c itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Alster
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Arellano JB, Bernt Melø T, Borrego CM, Naqvi KR. Bacteriochlorophyll e Monomers, but Not Aggregates, Sensitize Singlet Oxygen: Implications for a Self-photoprotection Mechanism in Chlorosomes¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760373bembna2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Klinger P, Arellano JB, Vácha F, Hála J, PšenčíK J. Effect of Carotenoids and Monogalactosyl Diglyceride on Bacteriochlorophyll c Aggregates in Aqueous Buffer: Implications for the Self-assembly of Chlorosomes¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kim H, Li H, Maresca JA, Bryant DA, Savikhin S. Triplet exciton formation as a novel photoprotection mechanism in chlorosomes of Chlorobium tepidum. Biophys J 2007; 93:192-201. [PMID: 17434948 PMCID: PMC1914439 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorosomes comprise thousands of bacteriochlorophylls (BChl c, d, or e) in a closely packed structure surrounded by a lipid-protein envelope and additionally contain considerable amounts of carotenoids, quinones, and BChl a. It has been suggested that carotenoids in chlorosomes provide photoprotection by rapidly quenching triplet excited states of BChl via a triplet-triplet energy transfer mechanism that prevents energy transfer to oxygen and the formation of harmful singlet oxygen. In this work we studied triplet energy transfer kinetics and photodegradation of chlorosomes isolated from wild-type Chlorobium tepidum and from genetically modified species with different types of carotenoids and from a carotenoid-free mutant. Supporting a photoprotective function of carotenoids, carotenoid-free chlorosomes photodegrade approximately 3 times faster than wild-type chlorosomes. However, a significant fraction of the BChls forms a long-lived, triplet-like state that does not interact with carotenoids or with oxygen. We propose that these states are triplet excitons that form due to triplet-triplet interaction between the closely packed BChls. Numerical exciton simulations predict that the energy of these triplet excitons may fall below that of singlet oxygen and triplet carotenoids; this would prevent energy transfer from triplet BChl. Thus, the formation of triplet excitons in chlorosomes serves as an alternative photoprotection mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyoup Kim
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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25
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Klinger P, Arellano JB, Vácha F, Hála J, Psencík J. Effect of carotenoids and monogalactosyl diglyceride on bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates in aqueous buffer: implications for the self-assembly of chlorosomes. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 80:572-8. [PMID: 15623345 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)080<0572:eocamd>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c from chlorosomes, the main light-harvesting complex of green bacteria, has been studied in aqueous buffer. Unlike other chlorophyll-like molecules, BChl c is rather soluble in aqueous buffer, forming dimers. When BChl c is mixed with carotenoids (Car), the BChl c Qy transition is further redshifted, in respect to that of monomers and dimers. The results suggest that Car are incorporated in the aggregates and induce further aggregation of BChl c. The redshift of the BChl c Qy band is proportional to the Car concentration. In contrast, the mixture of bacteriochlorophyllide (BChlide) c, which lacks the nonpolar esterifying alcohol, does not form aggregates with Car in aqueous buffer or nonpolar solvents. Instead, the position of the BChlide c Qy transition remains unshifted in respect to that of the monomeric molecule, and Car precipitates with the course of time in aqueous buffer. Similar effects on both BChl c and BChlide c are also observed when monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG), which forms the monolayer envelope of chlorosomes, is used instead of (or together with) Car. The results show that the hydrophobic interactions of the BChl c esterifying alcohols with themselves and the nonpolar carbon skeleton of Car, or the fatty acid tails of MGDG, are essential driving forces for BChl aggregation in chlorosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klinger
- Department of Chemical Physics and Optics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Adachi K, Watarai H. Two-phase Couette flow linear dichroism measurement of the shear-forced orientation of a palladium(ii)-induced aggregate of thioether-derivatised subphthalocyanines at the toluene/glycerol interface. NEW J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b517657c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Frigaard NU, Bryant DA. Chlorosomes: Antenna Organelles in Photosynthetic Green Bacteria. MICROBIOLOGY MONOGRAPHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7171_021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Zietz B, Prokhorenko VI, Holzwarth AR, Gillbro T. Comparative Study of the Energy Transfer Kinetics in Artificial BChl e Aggregates Containing a BChl a Acceptor and BChl e-Containing Chlorosomes of Chlorobium phaeobacteroides. J Phys Chem B 2005; 110:1388-93. [PMID: 16471689 DOI: 10.1021/jp053467a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are the light-harvesting organelles of green bacteria, containing mainly special bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) carrying a 3(1)-hydroxy side chain. Artificial aggregates of BChl c, d, and e have been shown to resemble the native chlorosomes in many respects. They are therefore seen as good model systems for understanding the spectroscopic properties of these antenna systems. We have investigated the excitation energy transfer in artificial aggregates of BChl e, containing small amounts of BChl a as an energy acceptor, using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence. Global analysis of the kinetic data yields two lifetimes attributable to energy transfer: a fast one of 12-20 ps and a slower one of approximately 50 ps. For comparison, BChl e-containing native chlorosomes of Chlorobium phaeobacteroides and chlorosomes in which the energy acceptor had been degraded by alkaline treatment were also studied. A similar behavior is seen in both the artificial and the natural systems. The results suggest that the artificial aggregates of BChls have a potential as antenna systems in future artificial photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Zietz
- Department of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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29
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Self-aggregates of bacteriochlorophylls-c, d and e in a light-harvesting antenna system of green photosynthetic bacteria: Effect of stereochemistry at the chiral 3-(1-hydroxyethyl) group on the supramolecular arrangement of chlorophyllous pigments. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Huber V, Katterle M, Lysetska M, Würthner F. Reversible Selbstorganisation semisynthetischer Zinkchlorine zu definierten Stabantennen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200462762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Huber V, Katterle M, Lysetska M, Würthner F. Reversible Self-Organization of Semisynthetic Zinc Chlorins into Well-Defined Rod Antennae. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:3147-51. [PMID: 15844109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Huber
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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32
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Miyatake T, Tamiaki H, Fujiwara M, Matsushita T. Coaggregate of amphiphilic zinc chlorins with synthetic surfactants in an aqueous medium to an artificial supramolecular light-harvesting system. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2173-8. [PMID: 15080917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous assemblies of zinc chlorins possessing a nonionic (oligo)oxyethylene, a cationic quaternary ammonium or an anionic sulfonate group were prepared in the presence of a synthetic surfactant. The nonionic zinc chlorin formed aggregates when admixed with a nonionic surfactant such as Triton X-100 to give a highly ordered oligomeric J-aggregate similarly as natural bacteriochlorophyll-c or d does in a chlorosome. In addition, the coassemblies of the cationic zinc chlorin with an anionic surfactant and of the anionic zinc chlorin with a cationic surfactant gave large oligomers of these chlorophyllous pigments. The structures of hydrophilic groups in both the zinc chlorin and surfactant molecules controlled their aqueous coassemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Miyatake
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan.
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33
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Umetsu M, Hollander JG, Matysik J, Wang ZY, Adschiri T, Nozawa T, de Groot HJM. Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance under Ultrahigh Field Reveals Two Forms of Intermolecular Interaction within CH2Cl2-Treated (3R)-Type Bacteriochlorophyll c Solid Aggregate. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Umetsu
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Johan G. Hollander
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Zheng-Yu Wang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Adschiri
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Nozawa
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Huub J. M. de Groot
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan, and Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aobayama 07, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Blankenship RE, Matsuura K. Antenna Complexes from Green Photosynthetic Bacteria. LIGHT-HARVESTING ANTENNAS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2087-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Arellano JB, Melø TB, Borrego CM, Naqvi KR. Bacteriochlorophyll e monomers, but not aggregates, sensitize singlet oxygen: implications for a self-photoprotection mechanism in chlorosomes. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:373-80. [PMID: 12405142 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0373:bembna>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensitization of singlet delta oxygen (O2(1delta(g))) by bacteriochlorophyll e (BChle) has been investigated to gain a better understanding of the photoprotection mechanism(s) operating in chlorosomes of green photosynthetic bacteria. The sensitization process has been studied in media where BChle forms monomers (acetone and aqueous solutions containing 0.5% Triton X-100 [TX]) and in systems where BChle aggregates, namely, aqueous solutions containing 0.003% monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) and chlorosomes(control as well as hexanol perturbed) from Chlorobium phaeobacteroides strain CL1401. In Ar-purged acetone, BChle triplets (BChle triplets) have a lifetime of a few tens of microseconds; however, in air-saturated acetone, quenching of BChle triplets by ground-state oxygen (O2(3sigma(-)g)) and formation of O2(1delta(g)) take place. The O2(1delta(g)) so formed is susceptible to quenching by BChle0, a ground-state BChle molecule. A Stern-Volmer analysis reveals a linear fit between the decay rate of O2(1delta(g)) and the BChle concentration. The rate constants for the quenching of O2(1delta(g)) by BChle0 and for the deactivation of O2(1delta(g)) by the solvent come out to be kq = (1.4 +/- 0.1) x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) and k0 = (18.5 +/- 0.7) x 10(3) s(-1), respectively. The absolute quantum yield of O2(1delta(g)) sensitization by BChle monomers is 0.65 +/- 0.15 in air-saturated acetone. In aqueous phase, the triplet lifetime of BChle aggregates in native or hexanol-perturbed chlorosomes shortens by more than two orders of magnitude when compared with the triplet lifetime of BChle monomers in 0.5% TX solution (a few hundreds of microseconds). Quenching by carotenoids (Car) makes only a minor contribution to the decay of BChle triplets in aggregates. Because O2(1delta(g)) sensitization by BChle triplets could be detected neither in MGDG aggregates nor in chlorosomes (control as well as hexanol perturbed), it is concluded that (1) this process is highly likely when BChle is present as a monomer but not when it is tightly packed in artificial aggregates or in chlorosomes; and (2) Car, though vital for the baseplate BChla, are dispensable for BChle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Arellano
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim.
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36
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Yagai S, Miyatake T, Tamiaki H. Regio- and stereoisomeric control of the aggregation of zinc-chlorins possessing inverted interactive hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. J Org Chem 2002; 67:49-58. [PMID: 11777438 DOI: 10.1021/jo010484x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As models for a self-aggregative, naturally occurring magnesium-chlorin bacteriochlorophyll-d possessing 3(1)-secondary alcoholic hydroxyl and 13(1)-oxo groups, zinc-chlorins were synthesized with 3(1)-oxo and 13(1)-secondary (1) or tertiary hydroxyl groups (2). Compared to the monomers in a tetrahydrofuran solution, diastereomers 13(1)R-1R and 13(1)S-1S gave red-shifted absorption maxima (643 --> 674 nm in 1R and 708 nm in 1S) in 1 v/v% CH(2)Cl(2)-hexane solution, indicating their self-aggregation. Therefore, the positioning of the two groups at 3(1)/13(1) or 13(1)/3(1) on the N21-N23 molecular (Q(y)) axis is not necessarily important for the self-aggregation. The (1)H NMR and CD spectroscopic studies showed that the 674 nm absorbing species of 1R was characterized as a face-to-face "closed" dimer, while the 708 nm absorbing species of 1S was a large oligomer constructed with aggregation of head-to-tail "open" dimers. This diastereomeric control over the aggregation of 1R and 1S is more pronounced than that observed in the regioisomerically 3(1)-secondary alcoholic R/S-diastereomers 3R and 3S. The difference is ascribable to the conformational fixation of the 13(1)-hydroxyl group of the exo five-membered ring in 1. In contrast to self-aggregative 3(1)-tertiary alcoholic 4, both 13(1)-epimers of 13(1)-tertiary alcoholic 2 were monomeric even in nonpolar organic media: the additional 13(1)-methyl group (1 --> 2) drastically suppressed the self-aggregation due to the interference of the methyl group in intermolecular pi-pi interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Yagai
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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37
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Abstract
Zinc analogues of bacteriochlorophylls c and d self-assembled in aqueous media with phospholipids. A methanol solution of zinc chlorin and alpha-lecithin was put in a cellulose tube and the inner methanol solvent was gradually replaced with water by dialysis to form the self-assembled oligomers. Visible absorption spectra of the aqueous solution showed that zinc chlorins formed J-aggregates within the hydrophobic core of alpha-lecithin assemblies and that the supramolecular structure of the aggregates depended upon the stereochemistry at the 3(1)-position and the alkyl substituents at the 8-, 12-, and 17(4)-positions of the zinc chlorin. When the aqueous aggregates were prepared with a mixture of 3(1)-epimers and/or 8-, 12-, or 17(4)-homologues of zinc 3(1)-hydroxy-13(1)-oxochlorins, the structurally distinct components coaggregated to make scrambled oligomers. However, during the dialysis, zinc 3(1)-hydroxy- and 7(1)-hydroxy-13(1)-oxochlorins slowly individually aggregated to give two structurally different oligomer units in the cellulose tube. In contrast, if the two zinc chlorin components rapidly self-assembled in an aqueous medium, these components coaggregated to form scrambled oligomers. The present study shows that both the molecular structure of the pigments and the speed of the oligomerization determine the molecular arrangement in chlorosome-type self-assembled oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyatake
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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38
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Linnanto J, Korppi-Tommola J. Spectroscopic Properties of Mg−Chlorin, Mg−Bacteriochlorin, and Bacteriochlorophylls a, b, c, d, e, f, g, and h Studied by Semiempirical and Ab Initio MO/CI Methods. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0021547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Linnanto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O.Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jouko Korppi-Tommola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O.Box 35, FIN-40351 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Steensgaard DB, Wackerbarth H, Hildebrandt P, Holzwarth AR. Diastereoselective Control of Bacteriochlorophyll e Aggregation. 3-S-BChl e Is Essential for the Formation of Chlorosome-Like Aggregates. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0013356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorte B. Steensgaard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hainer Wackerbarth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alfred R. Holzwarth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Wu HM, Rätsep M, Young CS, Jankowiak R, Blankenship RE, Small GJ. High-pressure and stark hole-burning studies of chlorosome antennas from Chlorobium tepidum. Biophys J 2000; 79:1561-72. [PMID: 10969017 PMCID: PMC1301049 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from high-pressure and Stark hole-burning experiments on isolated chlorosomes from the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum are presented, as well as Stark hole-burning data for bacteriochlorophyll c (BChl c) monomers in a poly(vinyl butyral) copolymer film. Large linear pressure shift rates of -0.44 and -0.54 cm(-1)/MPa were observed for the chlorosome BChl c Q(y)-band at 100 K and the lowest Q(y)-exciton level at 12 K, respectively. It is argued that approximately half of the latter shift rate is due to electron exchange coupling between BChl c molecules. The similarity between the above shift rates and those observed for the B875 and B850 BChl a rings of the light-harvesting complexes of purple bacteria is emphasized. For BChl c monomer, fDeltamu++ = 0.35 D, where Deltamu+ is the dipole moment change for the Q(y) transition and f is the local field correction factor. The data establish that Deltamu+ is dominated by the matrix-induced contribution. The change in polarizability (Deltaalpha) for the Q(y) transition of the BChl c monomer is estimated at 19 A(3), which is essentially identical to that of the Chl a monomer. Interestingly, no Stark effects were observed for the lowest exciton level of the chlorosomes (maximum Stark field of 10(5) V/cm). Possible explanations for this are given, and these include consideration of structural models for the chlorosome BChl c aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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Melø TB, Frigaard NU, Matsuura K, Razi Naqvi K. Electronic energy transfer involving carotenoid pigments in chlorosomes of two green bacteria: Chlorobium tepidum and Cholroflexus aurantiacus. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2000; 56A:2001-2010. [PMID: 10989892 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(00)00289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electronic energy transfer processes in chlorosomes isolated from the green sulphur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum and from the green filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus have been investigated. Steady-state fluorescence excitation spectra and time-resolved triplet-minus-singlet (TmS) spectra, recorded at ambient temperature and under non-reducing or reducing conditions, are reported. The carotenoid (Car) pigments in both species transfer their singlet excitation to bacteriochlorophyll c (BChlc) with an efficiency which is high (between 0.5 and 0.8) but smaller than unity; BChlc and bacteriochlorophyll a (BChla) transfer their triplet excitation to the Car's with nearly 100% efficiency. The lifetime of the Car triplet states is approximately 3 micros, appreciably shorter than that of the Car triplets in the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) in green plants and in other antenna systems. In both types of chlorosomes the yield of BChlc triplets (as judged from the yield of the Car triplets) remains insensitive to the redox conditions. In notable contrast the yield of BChlc singlet emission falls, upon a change from reducing to non-reducing conditions, by factors of 4 and 35 in Cfx. aurantiacus and Cb. tepidum, respectively. It is possible to account for these observations if one postulates that the bulk of the BChlc triplets originate either from a large BChlc pool which is essentially non-fluorescent and non-responsive to changes in the redox conditions, or as a result of a process which quenches BChlc singlet excitation and becomes more efficient under non-reducing conditions. In chlorosomes from Cfx. aurantiacus whose Car content is lowered, by hexane extraction, to 10% of the original value, nearly one-third of the photogenerated BChlc triplets still end up on the residual Car pigments, which is taken as evidence of BChlc-to-BChlc migration of triplet excitation; the BChlc triplets which escape rapid static quenching contribute a depletion signal at the long-wavelength edge of the Qy absorption band, indicating the existence of at least two pools of BChlc.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Melø
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim
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Balaban TS, Leitich J, Holzwarth AR, Schaffner K. Autocatalyzed Self-Aggregation of (3R)-[Et,Et]Bacteriochlorophyll cF Molecules in Nonpolar Solvents. Analysis of the Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp992338p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teodor Silviu Balaban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Postfach 10 13 65, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Johannes Leitich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Postfach 10 13 65, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alfred R. Holzwarth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Postfach 10 13 65, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kurt Schaffner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Postfach 10 13 65, D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Sakuragi Y, Frigaard N, Shimada K, Matsuura K. Association of bacteriochlorophyll a with the CsmA protein in chlorosomes of the photosynthetic green filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1413:172-80. [PMID: 10556629 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(99)00092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein assumed to be associated with bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a in chlorosomes from the photosynthetic green filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus was investigated by alkaline treatment, proteolytic digestion and a new treatment using 1-hexanol, sodium cholate and Triton X-100. Upon alkaline treatment, only the 5.7 kDa CsmA protein was removed from the chlorosomes among six proteins detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, concomitantly with the disappearance of BChl a absorption at 795 nm. Trypsin treatment removed two proteins with molecular masses of 11 and 18 kDa (CsmN and CmsM), whereas the spectral properties of BChl a and BChl c were not changed. By the new hexanol-detergent (HD) treatment, most BChl c and all of the detected proteins except CsmA were removed from the chlorosomes without changing the BChl a spectral properties. Subsequent proteinase K treatment of these HD-treated chlorosomes caused digestion of CsmA and a simultaneous decrease of the BChl a absorption band. Based on these results, we suggest that CsmA is associated with BChl a in the chlorosomes. This suggestion was supported by the measured stoichiometric ratio of BChl a to CsmA in isolated chlorosomes, which was estimated to be between 1.2 and 2.7 by amino acid analysis of the SDS-PAGE-resolved protein bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sakuragi
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa 1-1, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Tamiaki H, Takeuchi S, Tsudzuki S, Miyatake T, Tanikaga R. Self-aggregation of synthetic zinc chlorins with a chiral 1-hydroxyethyl group as a model for in vivo epimeric bacteriochlorophyll-c and d aggregates. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Planner A, Dudkowiak A. The influence of rigid matrices on the processes of deactivation of excited bacteriochlorophyll c. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Ptak A, Dudkowiak A, Frąckowiak D. Photoelectrical properties of green bacteria cells and cell fragments located in electrochemical cell. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Investigations of Chl a aggregates cross-linked by dioxane in 3-methylpentane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(97)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Planner A, Goc J, Dudkowiak A, Frackowiak D, Miyake J. The influence of the presence of lipid on the aggregation of 8,12-diethyl farnesyl bacteriochlorophyll c located in adsorbed layers and monolayers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1997; 39:73-80. [PMID: 9210324 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(96)07473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The photoacoustic spectra and time-resolved delayed luminescence spectra in the microsecond time range were measured for layers of 8,12-diethyl farnesyl bacteriochlorophyll c adsorbed on quartz supports by solvent evaporation and as Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers. Both types of model system were also investigated with the addition of lipid. The data showed a very strong influence of lipid addition on pigment aggregation. In samples with synthetic and natural lipid addition, the pigments were found to be predominantly in the monomeric and dimeric states, whereas in the same type of sample without lipid, the pigments were aggregated to a higher degree. The influence of the presence of lipid on the aggregation of bacteriochlorophyll c in monolayers and adsorbed layers may also suggest that the contact of various pigment molecules with the lipids surrounding the chlorosome may influence the formation of various pigment aggregates in vivo. The synthetic lipid L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine dipalmitoyl and the natural lipid L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine type IVS from soy beans were used. In the latter case, only adsorbed layers were investigated. Our interpretation is preliminary as only one 8,12-diethyl farnesyl bacteriochlorophyll c homologue was present in our systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Planner
- Institute of Physics, Poznań University of Technology, Poland
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50
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Oksanen JAI, Helenius VM, Hynninen PH, Amerongen HV, Korppi-Tommola JEI, Grondelle RV. Circular and Linear Dichroism of Aggregates of Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b in 3-Methylpentane and Paraffin Oil. Photochem Photobiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb02471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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