1
|
Tavallali V, Zareiyan F. Antioxidant activity, polyphenolic contents and essential oil composition of aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L.) as influenced by 5-aminolevulinic acid. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9722-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
2
|
Chatterjee A, Kundu S. Revisiting the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway using genome scale metabolic model of Oryza sativa japonica. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14975. [PMID: 26443104 PMCID: PMC4595741 DOI: 10.1038/srep14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll is one of the most important pigments present in green plants and rice is one of the major food crops consumed worldwide. We curated the existing genome scale metabolic model (GSM) of rice leaf by incorporating new compartment, reactions and transporters. We used this modified GSM to elucidate how the chlorophyll is synthesized in a leaf through a series of bio-chemical reactions spanned over different organelles using inorganic macronutrients and light energy. We predicted the essential reactions and the associated genes of chlorophyll synthesis and validated against the existing experimental evidences. Further, ammonia is known to be the preferred source of nitrogen in rice paddy fields. The ammonia entering into the plant is assimilated in the root and leaf. The focus of the present work is centered on rice leaf metabolism. We studied the relative importance of ammonia transporters through the chloroplast and the cytosol and their interlink with other intracellular transporters. Ammonia assimilation in the leaves takes place by the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) which is present in the cytosol (GS1) and chloroplast (GS2). Our results provided possible explanation why GS2 mutants show normal growth under minimum photorespiration and appear chlorotic when exposed to air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Chatterjee
- 1Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta India
| | - Sudip Kundu
- 1Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta India.,Center of Excellence in Systems Biology and Biomedical Engineering, TEQIP Phase-II, University of Calcutta India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ryan AA, Senge MO. How green is green chemistry? Chlorophylls as a bioresource from biorefineries and their commercial potential in medicine and photovoltaics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:638-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophylls are the natural green pigments par excellence and offer potential as therapeutics and in energy generation. This perspective outlines the state-of-the-art, their possible applications and indicates future directions in the context of green chemistry and their production from biorefineries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife A. Ryan
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- 152-160 Pearse Street
- Trinity College Dublin
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Alleviation of lead toxicity by 5-aminolevulinic acid is related to elevated growth, photosynthesis, and suppressed ultrastructural damages in oilseed rape. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:530642. [PMID: 24683549 PMCID: PMC3934662 DOI: 10.1155/2014/530642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a widely spread pollutant and leads to diverse morphological and structural changes in the plants. In this study, alleviating role of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was investigated with or without foliar application of ALA (25 mg L−1) in hydroponic environment under different Pb levels (0, 100, and 400 µM). Outcomes stated that plant morphology and photosynthetic attributes were reduced under the application of Pb alone. However, ALA application significantly increased the plant growth and photosynthetic parameters under Pb toxicity. Moreover, ALA also lowered the Pb concentration in shoots and roots under Pb toxicity. The microscopic studies depicted that exogenously applied ALA ameliorated the Pb stress and significantly improved the cell ultrastructures. After application of ALA under Pb stress, mesophyll cell had well-developed nucleus and chloroplast having a number of starch granules. Moreover, micrographs illustrated that root tip cell contained well-developed nucleus, a number of mitochondria, and golgi bodies. These results proposed that under 15-day Pb-induced stress, ALA improved the plant growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic parameters, and ultrastructural modifications in leaf mesophyll and root tip cells of the B. napus plants.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rau HK, Snigula H, Struck A, Robert B, Scheer H, Haehnel W. Design, synthesis and properties of synthetic chlorophyll proteins. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:3284-95. [PMID: 11389731 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A chemoselective method is described for coupling chlorophyll derivatives with an aldehyde group to synthetic peptides or proteins modified with an aminoxyacetyl group at the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue. Three template-assembled antiparallel four-helix bundles were synthesized for the ligation of one or two chlorophylls. This was achieved by coupling unprotected peptides to cysteine residues of a cyclic decapeptide by thioether formation. The amphiphilic helices were designed to form a hydrophobic pocket for the chlorophyll derivatives. Chlorophyll derivatives Zn-methyl-pheophorbide b and Zn-methyl-pyropheophorbide d were used. The aldehyde group of these chlorophyll derivatives was ligated to the modified lysine group to form an oxime bond. The peptide-chlorophyll conjugates were characterized by electrospray mass spectrometry, analytical HPLC, and UV/visible spectroscopy. Two four-helix bundle chlorophyll conjugates were further characterized by size-exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, and resonance Raman spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H K Rau
- Institut für Biologie II/Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chlorophylls in dark-grown epicotyl and stipula of pea. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(99)00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
8
|
|
9
|
Griffiths WT, McHugh T, Blankenship RE. The light intensity dependence of protochlorophyllide photoconversion and its significance to the catalytic mechanism of protochlorophyllide reductase. FEBS Lett 1996; 398:235-8. [PMID: 8977114 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The light-dependent step in chlorophyll synthesis by higher plants involves hydrogen transfer from NADPH+ to the porphyrin protochlorophyllide catalysed by the photoenzyme protochlorophyllide reductase. The light intensity dependence of the process has been studied in vitro using wheat etioplast membranes. The results suggest that a single photochemical event is involved in the photoconversion. In support of this conclusion we also demonstrate that illumination of these membranes with a train of ultrashort (150 fs) flashes resulted in chlorophyll accumulation. The significance of the findings in terms of possible mechanisms for the reductase are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W T Griffiths
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C. The regulation of enzymes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 237:323-43. [PMID: 8647070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
All living organisms contain tetrapyrroles. In plants, chlorophyll (chlorophyll a plus chlorophyll b) is the most abundant and probably most important tetrapyrrole. It is involved in light absorption and energy transduction during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is synthesized from the intact carbon skeleton of glutamate via the C5 pathway. This pathway takes place in the chloroplast. It is the aim of this review to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemistry and molecular biology of the C5-pathway enzymes, their regulated expression in response to light, and the impact of chlorophyll biosynthesis on chloroplast development. Particular emphasis will be placed on the key regulatory steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants, such as 5-aminolevulinic acid formation, the production of Mg(2+)-protoporphyrin IX, and light-dependent protochlorophyllide reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Reinbothe
- Department of Genetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kumar AM, Csankovszki G, Söll D. A second and differentially expressed glutamyl-tRNA reductase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 30:419-426. [PMID: 8605295 DOI: 10.1007/bf00049321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles (e.g., chlorophylls and hemes). In the chloroplasts of plants and in several eubacterial species ALA is formed in a two-step process known as the C5 pathway. In the first step, glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR), converts glutamate of glutamyl-tRNA to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA) which is rearranged to ALA by glutamate 1-semialdehyde-2,1-aminomutase (GSA-A) in the second step. Since ALA formation is a limiting step in chlorophyll biosynthesis, GluTR, which is encoded by the HEMA gene in Arabidopsis thaliana plays a vital role in that biosynthesis. Here we report the occurrence of a second functional HEMA gene (HEMA2) in A. thaliana. This gene was isolated by screening a genomic library with a probe from HEMA1. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA and the corresponding genomic DNA indicates that the Arabidopsis HEMA2 gene contains two short introns (285 bp and 159 bp). The deduced amino acid sequence predicts a HEMA2 protein of 530 amino acids with 79% identity to the HEMA1-encoded GluTR. The 5'-flanking sequence of the HEMA2 gene includes several motifs (e.g., GT-1 boxes, GATA motifs) similar to light-responsive regulatory elements found in light-inducible genes. Unlike the HEMA1 transcript, which is present in all parts of the plant, HEMA2 is expressed in low levels in roots and flowers. The presence of a second functional HEMA gene in Arabidopsis raises the possibility that two C5 pathways exist in chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8114, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ito H, Ohtsuka T, Tanaka A. Conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a via 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:1475-9. [PMID: 8576141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.3.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophyll b is synthesized from chlorophyll a by the oxidation of the methyl group on the ring B of the tetrapyrrole ring to the formyl group. Previously, we reported that chlorophyllide b could be converted to chlorophyll a in isolated cucumber etioplasts indicating the conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a. To identify the intermediate molecule, we used barley etioplasts instead of cucumber. Chlorophyll a and an additional pigment were found after incubation of chlorophyllide b with isolated barley etioplasts. The pigment has the same retention time and absorption spectrum as 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll, which has the hydroxymethyl group on ring B instead of the formyl group of chlorophyll b. Authentic 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll was prepared by reduction of chlorophyll b by NaBH4. Chlorophyll a accumulated during the incubation of 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyllide with etioplasts. These findings indicate that chlorophyll b is converted to chlorophyll a via 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll. Chlorophyll b and 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll accumulated within a short period of incubation of chlorophyllide b with etioplasts. However, chlorophyll a accumulated with a concomitant decrease of chlorophyll b and 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll. These observations also suggest that chlorophyll b is converted to 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll and then to chlorophyll a. Both steps required ATP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ito
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nayar P, Begley TP. Protochlorophyllide reductase. III: Synthesis of a protochlorophyllide-dihydroflavin complex. Photochem Photobiol 1996; 63:100-5. [PMID: 8577861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb02998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A mild and efficient method of linking a dihydroflavin to the C-17 carboyxlic acid side chain of protochlorophyllide, without degradation of the sensitive E ring or loss of magnesium, is described. The appended dihydroflavin was shown to quench the fluorescence of protochlorophyllide. In contrast, a dihydronicotinamide moiety was unable to effect fluorescence quenching. the relevance of these findings to a possible mechanism of action of the enzyme protochlorophyllide reductase is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Nayar
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Structure, Composition, Functional Organization and Dynamic Properties of Thylakoid Membranes. OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS: THE LIGHT REACTIONS 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48127-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
15
|
Wu Q, Vermaas WF. Light-dependent chlorophyll a biosynthesis upon chlL deletion in wild-type and photosystem I-less strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:933-945. [PMID: 8555457 DOI: 10.1007/bf00014967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Part of the chlL gene encoding a component involved in light-independent protochlorophyllide reduction was deleted in wild type and in a photosystem I-less strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. In resulting mutants, chlorophyll biosynthesis was fully light-dependent. When these mutants were propagated under light-activated heterotrophic growth conditions (in darkness except for 15 min of weak light a day) for several weeks, essentially no chlorophyll was detectable but protochlorophyllide accumulated. Upon return of the chlL- mutant cultures to continuous light, within the first 6 h chlorophyll was synthesized at the expense of protochlorophyllide at a rate independent of the presence of photosystem I. Chlorophyll biosynthesized during this time gave rise to a 685 nm fluorescence emission peak at 77 K in intact cells. This peak most likely originates from a component different from those known to be directly associated with photosystems II and I. Development of 695 and 725 nm peaks (indicative of intact photosystem II and photosystem I, respectively) required longer exposures to light. After 6 h of greening, the rate of chlorophyll synthesis slowed as protochlorophyllide was depleted. In the chlL- strain, greening occurred at the same rate at two different light intensities (5 and 50 microE m-2 s-1), indicating that also at low light intensity the amount of light is not rate-limiting for protochlorophyllide reduction. Thus, in this system the rate of chlorophyll biosynthesis is limited neither by biosynthesis of photosystems nor by the light-dependent protochlorophyllide reduction. We suggest the presence of a chlorophyll-binding 'chelator' protein (with 77 K fluorescence emission at 685 nm) that binds newly synthesized chlorophyll and that provides chlorophyll for newly synthesized photosynthetic reaction centers and antennae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Wu
- Department of Botany, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1601, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Avissar YJ, Moberg PA. The common origins of the pigments of life-early steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1995; 44:221-242. [PMID: 24307093 DOI: 10.1007/bf00048596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/1994] [Accepted: 03/30/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The complex pathway of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis can be dissected into five sections: the pathways that produce 5-aminolevulinate (the C-4 and the C-5 pathways), the steps that transform ALA to uroporphyrinogen III, which are ubiquitous in the biosynthesis of all tetrapyrroles, and the three branches producing specialized end products. These end products include corrins and siroheme, chlorophylls and hemes and linear tetrapyrroles. These branches have been subjects of recent reviews. This review concentrates on the early steps leading up to uroporphyrinogen III formation which have been investigated intensively in recent years in animals, in plants, and in a wide range of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Avissar
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 02908, Providence, RI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|