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Sosa MJ, Fonseca JL, Sakaya A, Urrutia MN, Petroselli G, Erra-Balsells R, Quindt MI, Bonesi SM, Cosa G, Vignoni M, Thomas AH. Alkylation converts riboflavin into an efficient photosensitizer of phospholipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184155. [PMID: 37003545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
A new decyl chain [-(CH2)9CH3] riboflavin conjugate has been synthesized and investigated. A nucleophilic substitution (SN2) reaction was used for coupling the alkyl chain to riboflavin (Rf), a model natural photosensitizer. As expected, the alkylated compound (decyl-Rf) is significantly more lipophilic than its precursor and efficiently intercalates within phospholipid bilayers, increasing its fluorescence quantum yield. The oxidative damage to lipid membranes photoinduced by decyl-Rf was investigated in large and giant unilamellar vesicles (LUVs and GUVs, respectively) composed of different phospholipids. Using a fluorogenic probe, fast radical formation and singlet oxygen generation was demonstrated upon UVA irradiation in vesicles containing decyl-Rf. Photosensitized formation of conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides, and membrane leakage in LUVs rich in poly-unsaturated fatty acids were also investigated. The overall assessment of the results shows that decyl-Rf is a significantly more efficient photosensitizer of lipids than its unsubstituted precursor and that the association to lipid membranes is key to trigger phospholipid oxidation. Alkylation of hydrophilic photosensitizers as a simple and general synthetic tool to obtain efficient photosensitizers of biomembranes, with potential applications, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Sosa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - José Luis Fonseca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina; Department of Chemistry, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, QC, Canada
| | - Aya Sakaya
- Department of Chemistry, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, QC, Canada
| | - María Noel Urrutia
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Petroselli
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Erra-Balsells
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías I Quindt
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio M Bonesi
- CIHIDECAR-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry, Quebec Center for Advanced Materials (QCAM), McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, QC, Canada
| | - Mariana Vignoni
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
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Baptista MS, Cadet J, Greer A, Thomas AH. Photosensitization Reactions of Biomolecules: Definition, Targets and Mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1456-1483. [PMID: 34133762 DOI: 10.1111/php.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitization reactions have been demonstrated to be largely responsible for the deleterious biological effects of UV and visible radiation, as well as for the curative actions of photomedicine. A large number of endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers, biological targets and mechanisms have been reported in the past few decades. Evolving from the original definitions of the type I and type II photosensitized oxidations, we now provide physicochemical frameworks, classifications and key examples of these mechanisms in order to organize, interpret and understand the vast information available in the literature and the new reports, which are in vigorous growth. This review surveys in an extended manner all identified photosensitization mechanisms of the major biomolecule groups such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids bridging the gap with the subsequent biological processes. Also described are the effects of photosensitization in cells in which UVA and UVB irradiation triggers enzyme activation with the subsequent delayed generation of superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide. Definitions of photosensitized reactions are identified in biomolecules with key insights into cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Kruk J, Szymańska R. Singlet oxygen oxidation products of carotenoids, fatty acids and phenolic prenyllipids. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 216:112148. [PMID: 33556703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the major reactive oxygen species ROS causing photooxidative stress in plants which is formed predominantly in the reaction center of photosystem II during photosynthesis. To avoid deleterious effects of 1O2 oxygen on photosynthetic membrane components, plant synthesize a variety of 1O2 quenchers of lipophilic character, such as carotenoids or phenolic prenyllipids (tocopherols, plastochromanol-8, plastoquinol). In the process of chemical quenching of 1O2 by the antioxidants, both short-lived products, such as oxidized carotenoids, or relative long-lived compounds, such as oxidized phenolic prenyllipids are formed. The other target of 1O2 are unsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids that undergo peroxidation as a result of the reaction. Some of the 1O2 oxidation products, like β-cyclocitral can be components of 1O2-signallingsignaling pathway leading to acclimatory responses of plants, while some others further fulfill antioxidant functions, like hydroxy-plastochromanol or hydroxy-plastoquinol. As most of the 1O2 oxidation products are specific compounds formed only as a results of 1O2 action, they can be very useful, specific molecular markers of 1O2-dependent oxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Reymonta 19, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Mukai K, Hirata M, Ito J, Shiomi T, Nakagawa K, Nagaoka SI. Kinetic Study of Singlet-Oxygen Quenching and Aroxyl-Radical Scavenging Activities of Vitamin E Homologs and Fatty Acids Present in Vegetable Oils. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:7-22. [PMID: 31902897 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, singlet-oxygen (1O2) quenching and aroxyl-radical (ArO·) scavenging rates (kQ and kS, respectively) of eight vegetable oils were measured in the ethanol/chloroform/D2O solution. Furthermore, the kQ and kS values and concentrations of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols contained in the vegetable oils were measured. In this study, the concentrations of nine fatty acids (including stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) comprising the above-mentioned eight vegetable oils were determined by gas chromatography. The kQ and kS values for ethyl stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, and glyceryl trioleate in the ethanol/chloroform/D2O solution were measured by UV-vis spectrophotometry. Based on the results obtained for the above-mentioned fatty acid esters, the kQ and kS values were estimated for nine fatty acids. Furthermore, comparisons of kQ values observed for the vegetable oils with the sum of the product {∑kQAO-i [AO-i]} of the kQAO-i values obtained for each antioxidant-i (AO-i) and the concentrations ([AO-i]) of AO-i (i.e., four tocopherols (& four tocotrienols) and nine fatty acids) contained in vegetable oils were performed. Based on the results, a detailed comparison of the contributions of the tocopherols (and tocotrienols) and the fatty acids to the 1O2-quenching rate constants (kQ) was performed. This indicated that both the tocopherols (and tocotrienols) and the fatty acids contribute to the 1O2- quenching. A similar comparison was conducted for the ArO· -scavenging rate constants (kS). The results suggested that only the tocopherols (and tocotrienols) contained in the oils contributed to the ArO· -scavenging, with negligible contribution from the fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Mukai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University
| | - Masayuki Hirata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University
| | - Junya Ito
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Taiki Shiomi
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
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Gao M, Meng X, Guo X, Zhu J, Fan A, Wang Z, Zhao Y. All-active antitumor micelles via triggered lipid peroxidation. J Control Release 2018; 286:381-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Bacellar IOL, Oliveira MC, Dantas LS, Costa EB, Junqueira HC, Martins WK, Durantini AM, Cosa G, Di Mascio P, Wainwright M, Miotto R, Cordeiro RM, Miyamoto S, Baptista MS. Photosensitized Membrane Permeabilization Requires Contact-Dependent Reactions between Photosensitizer and Lipids. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9606-9615. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel O. L. Bacellar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures CSACS/CRMAA, McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Maria Cecilia Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, Brazil, 09210-580
| | - Lucas S. Dantas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Elierge B. Costa
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, Brazil, 09210-580
| | - Helena C. Junqueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Waleska K. Martins
- Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, Avenida Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3305, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05145-200
| | - Andrés M. Durantini
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures CSACS/CRMAA, McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Gonzalo Cosa
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures CSACS/CRMAA, McGill University, 801 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Mark Wainwright
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L3 3AF
| | - Ronei Miotto
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, Brazil, 09210-580
| | - Rodrigo M. Cordeiro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP, Brazil, 09210-580
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
| | - Mauricio S. Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-000
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Repeatable and adjustable on-demand sciatic nerve block with phototriggerable liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15719-24. [PMID: 26644576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518791112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain management would be greatly enhanced by a formulation that would provide local anesthesia at the time desired by patients and with the desired intensity and duration. To this end, we have developed near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered liposomes to provide on-demand adjustable local anesthesia. The liposomes contained tetrodotoxin (TTX), which has ultrapotent local anesthetic properties. They were made photo-labile by encapsulation of a NIR-triggerable photosensitizer; irradiation at 730 nm led to peroxidation of liposomal lipids, allowing drug release. In vitro, 5.6% of TTX was released upon NIR irradiation, which could be repeated a second time. The formulations were not cytotoxic in cell culture. In vivo, injection of liposomes containing TTX and the photosensitizer caused an initial nerve block lasting 13.5 ± 3.1 h. Additional periods of nerve block could be induced by irradiation at 730 nm. The timing, intensity, and duration of nerve blockade could be controlled by adjusting the timing, irradiance, and duration of irradiation. Tissue reaction to this formulation and the associated irradiation was benign.
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Borgens RB, Liu-Snyder P. Understanding secondary injury. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2012; 87:89-127. [PMID: 22696939 DOI: 10.1086/665457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Secondary injury is a term applied to the destructive and self-propagating biological changes in cells and tissues that lead to their dysfunction or death over hours to weeks after the initial insult (the "primary injury"). In most contexts, the initial injury is usually mechanical. The more destructive phase of secondary injury is, however, more responsible for cell death and functional deficits. This subject is described and reviewed differently in the literature. To biomedical researchers, systemic and tissue-level changes such as hemorrhage, edema, and ischemia usually define this subject. To cell and molecular biologists, "secondary injury" refers to a series of predominately molecular events and an increasingly restricted set of aberrant biochemical pathways and products. These biochemical and ionic changes are seen to lead to death of the initially compromised cells and "healthy" cells nearby through necrosis or apoptosis. This latter process is called "bystander damage." These viewpoints have largely dominated the recent literature, especially in studies of the central nervous system (CNS), often without attempts to place the molecular events in the context of progressive systemic and tissue-level changes. Here we provide a more comprehensive and inclusive discussion of this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ben Borgens
- Center for Paralysis Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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de Miranda JA, da Hora Machado AE, de Oliveira CA. Comparison of the photodynamic action of methylene blue and zinc phthalocyanine on TG-180 tumoral cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424602000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of zinc phthalocyanine and methylene blue (CI 52015) in compromise the viability of TG 180 malignant cells by photodynamic action, was compared by counting the number of killed cells. The results show that, under the observed experimental conditions, zinc phthalocyanine ( ZnPc ) is at least two times more efficient than methylene blue (MB), and possesses a very low citotoxicity and high capacity to penetrate the cellular membrane. Quenching experiments using β-carothene evidence the importance of a type II mechanism during cell inactivation by ZnPc .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Antonio de Miranda
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Química, GFQL/Laboratório de Fotoquímica, P.O. Box 593; CEP 38400-089 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio Eduardo da Hora Machado
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Química, GFQL/Laboratório de Fotoquímica, P.O. Box 593; CEP 38400-089 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Química, GFQL/Laboratório de Fotoquímica, P.O. Box 593; CEP 38400-089 Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
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Wöhrle D, Suvorova O, Gerdes R, Bartels O, Lapok L, Baziakina N, Makarov S, Slodek A. Efficient oxidations and photooxidations with molecular oxygen using metal phthalocyanines as catalysts and photocatalysts. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metal phthalocyanines can be very efficient as catalysts and photocatalysts in oxidation reactions using molecular oxygen as oxidant. Different types of soluble low molecular weight or oligomeric and insoluble heterogeneous catalysts and photocatalysts were developed. The heterogeneous metal phthalocyanines exist either impregnated on SiO 2, Al 2 O 3, charcoal and TiO 2 or covalently and coordinatively bound on SiO 2 and organic polymers or ionically bound on an organic ion exchanger. The catalytic oxidations of toxic sulfide and thiol derivative are studied. In addition, toxic phenols were employed as substrates for the photooxidation. Heterogeneous catalysts can exhibit higher activities then low molecular weight phthalocyanines. These systems exhibit a good stability for re-use. Photooxidations are more efficient than oxidations. A Si(IV) phthalocyanine derivative on a polymer ion exchanger is most active and stable. Also some examples for photooxidations in the direction of photochemical synthesis are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Wöhrle
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Olga Suvorova
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia
| | - Robert Gerdes
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Oliver Bartels
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lukasz Lapok
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Natalia Baziakina
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia
| | - Serguei Makarov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia
| | - Aneta Slodek
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
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Kim J, Minkler PE, Salomon RG, Anderson VE, Hoppel CL. Cardiolipin: characterization of distinct oxidized molecular species. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:125-35. [PMID: 20858593 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m010520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid predominantly found in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is associated structurally with individual complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC). Because the ETC is the major mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating site, the proximity to the ETC and bisallylic methylenes of the PUFA chains of CL make it a likely target of ROS in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Oxidized cellular CL products, uniquely derived from ROS-induced autoxidation, could serve as biomarkers for the presence of the ROS and could help in the understanding of the mechanism of oxidative stress. Because major CL species have four unsaturated acyl chains, whereas other phospholipids usually have only one in the sn-2 position, characterization of oxidized CL is highly challenging. In the current study, we exposed CL, under aerobic conditions, to singlet oxygen (¹O₂), the radical initiator 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, or room air, and the oxidized CL species were characterized by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Our reverse-phase ion-pair HPLC-MS/MS method can characterize the major and minor oxidized CL species by detecting distinctive fragment ions associated with specific oxidized species. The HPLC-MS/MS results show that monohydroperoxides and bis monohydroperoxides were generated under all three conditions. However, significant amounts of CL dihydroperoxides were produced only by ¹O₂-mediated oxidation. These products were barely detectable from radical oxidation either in a liposome bilayer or in thin film. These observations are only possible due to the chromatographic separation of the different oxidized species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Rand AA, Barclay LRC. Photo-oxidations initiated by UV radiation of urocanic acid and its methyl ester in solution, micelles, and lipid bilayers: TYPE I (free radical) or TYPE II (singlet oxygen) mechanisms depend on the medium. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Triantaphylidès C, Havaux M. Singlet oxygen in plants: production, detoxification and signaling. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2009; 14:219-28. [PMID: 19303348 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) is a singular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is produced constitutively in plant leaves in light via chlorophylls that act as photosensitizers. This (1)O(2) production is spatially resolved within thylakoid membranes and is enhanced under light stress conditions. (1)O(2) can also be produced by phytotoxins during plant-pathogen interactions. (1)O(2) is highly reactive, can be toxic to cells and can be involved in the signaling of programmed cell death or acclimation processes. Here, we summarize current knowledge on (1)O(2) management in plants and on the biological effects of this peculiar ROS. Compared with other ROS, (1)O(2) has received relatively little attention, but recent developments indicate that it has a crucial role in the responses of plants to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Triantaphylidès
- CEA, IBEB, SBVME, Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Mojzisova H, Bonneau S, Maillard P, Berg K, Brault D. Photosensitizing properties of chlorins in solution and in membrane-mimicking systems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:778-87. [PMID: 19492105 DOI: 10.1039/b822269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photosensitizing properties of three chlorins, meso-tetra(3-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m-THPC), chlorin e6 (Ce6) and meso-tetraphenylchlorin substituted by two adjacent sulfonated groups (TPCS(2a)) are compared in solution and when incorporated in dioleoyl-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) liposomes. In solution, the three chlorins possess a similar efficacy to generate singlet oxygen (quantum yield approximately 0.65). The formation of conjugated dienes was used to determine their ability to induce the peroxidation of methyl linoleate as a target of singlet oxygen. In ethanol solution, the apparent quantum yield for this process is the same for the three chlorins and its value agrees with that expected from the known rates for the decay of singlet oxygen and its reaction with methyl linoleate. When incorporated in liposomes, the order of efficacy is m-THPC > TPCS(2a) > Ce6. This order is tentatively assigned to the relative embedment of the photosensitizer within the lipidic bilayer, TPCS(2a) and Ce6 being anchored by their negative chains nearer to the water-lipid interface. The photoinduced permeation of the lipidic bilayer by these chlorins was investigated by measuring the release of carboxyfluorescein entrapped into DOPC liposomes. The charged chlorins, in particular TPCS(2a), are the most efficient, a result discussed in relation with the technology of photochemical internalization, PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Mojzisova
- Laboratoire Acides Nucléiques et BioPhotonique (ANBioPhi), CNRS FRE 3207, 91030 Evry cedex, France
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Rodrigues T, de França LP, Kawai C, de Faria PA, Mugnol KCU, Braga FM, Tersariol ILS, Smaili SS, Nantes IL. Protective Role of Mitochondrial Unsaturated Lipids on the Preservation of the Apoptotic Ability of Cytochrome c Exposed to Singlet Oxygen. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25577-87. [PMID: 17567586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700009200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis in cells submitted to photodynamic therapy raises the question about the ability of photodynamically oxidized cytochrome c (cytc405) to trigger apoptosis as well as the effect of membranes on protein photo-oxidation. Cytochrome c was submitted to irradiation in the presence of MB+ in phosphate buffer and in the presence of four types of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/cardiolipin (PCPECL) liposomes (50/30/20%): totally saturated lipids (tsPCPECL), totally unsaturated lipids (tuPCPECL), partially unsaturated (80%) lipids, with unsaturation in the PC and PE content (puPCPECL80), and partially unsaturated (20%) lipids, with unsaturation in the CL content (puPCPECL20). Cytc405 was formed by irradiation in buffered water and in tsPCPECL and puPCPECL20 liposomes. In the presence of tuPCPECL and puPCPECL80, cytochrome c was protected from photodynamic damage (lipid-protected cytochrome c). In CL liposomes, 25% unsaturated lipids were enough to protect cytochrome c. The presence of unsaturated lipids, in amounts varying according to the liposome composition, are crucial to protect cytochrome c. Interesting findings corroborating the unsaturated lipids as cytochrome c protectors were obtained from the analysis of the lipid-oxidized derivatives of the samples. Native cytochrome c, lipid-protected cytochrome c, and cytc405 were microinjected in aortic smooth muscle cells. Apoptosis, characterized by nucleus blebbing and chromatin condensation, was detected in cells loaded with native and lipid protected cytochrome c but not in cells loaded with cytc405. These results suggest that photodynamic therapy-promoted apoptosis is feasible due to the protective effect of the mitochondrial lipids on the cytochrome c structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Prédio I, Sala 1S-15, Mogi das Cruzes 08780-911, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tanielian C, Mechin R, Seghrouchni R, Schweitzer C. Mechanistic and Kinetic Aspects of Photosensitization in the Presence of Oxygen †§. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0710012makaop2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Barclay LRC, Basque MC, Vinqvist MR. Singlet-oxygen reactions sensitized on solid surfaces of lignin or titanium dioxide: Product studies from hindered secondary amines and from lipid peroxidation. CAN J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Product analyses and kinetic methods were used to determine the role of singlet oxygen in lignin-catalyzed oxidations of organic substrates. Method A used the ESR analysis of nitroxide radicals formed by singlet oxygen (Type II) on 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 1, or tetramethylpiperidone, 2. Method B used HPLC analysis of the 9- and 13-linoleate chain hydroperoxides formed on oxidation of methyl linoleate to distinguish free-radical peroxidation (Type I) from singlet-oxygen oxidation (Type II) on the basis of different cis,trans (kinetic) to trans,trans (thermodynamic) product ratios. Applications of method A to solid dispersions of lignin or titanium dioxide (TiO2, a known singlet-oxygen sensitizer) indicated singlet-oxygen reactions. In addition to the nitroxide triplet, irradiation of lignin produces a persistent broad signal in the solid attributed to phenoxyl radicals. Benzophenone and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-ortho-benzoquinone, 5, coated on silica gel were used as models to compare the effects of irradiating such compounds on the products and kinetics of methyl linoleate oxidation. Benzophenone acted as an initiator, giving free-radical peroxidation, whereas 5 or lignin coated with methyl linoleate acted as singlet-oxygen sensitizers, according to both product studies (method B) and the kinetic order in oxygen consumption during UV photolysis. Photolysis of phase-separated sensitizer (TiO2 or lignin) and substrate (methyl linoleate) resulted in typical singlet-oxygen products. These results indicate that singlet oxygen plays a significant role in the photo-yellowing of high-lignin-content wood pulps. Key words: lignin, singlet oxygen, mechanism, peroxidation, products.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lipid enveloped virus. The lipid envelope differs significantly from the lipid membrane of normal human cells: it contains high amounts of cholesterol, that is of importance for the virus-cell interaction (for entry and exit of the virus) at so-called lipid rafts. Cholesterol, as a R-C=C-R compound possesses an oxidazable carbenic bond. The present work suggests the inactivation of HIV by oxidation of viral cholesterol and/or unsaturated fatty acids. For oxidation, the relatively mild oxidant singlet oxygen (1O(2)) might be used. 1O(2) is generated by redoxcyclers (e.g., of the quinone type, such as vitamin K) or by chloramines (e.g., taurine-chloramine). At the 1O(2) concentrations necessary to inactivate lipid enveloped virus in human blood the oxidation-sensible critical hemostasis parameters such as thrombocytes and fibrinogen are only partly inactivated. Therefore, it is proposed to consider generators of 1O(2) as a new form of AIDS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Stief
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Marburg, Germany.
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BEARDSELL DAVID, FRANCIS JULIE, RIDLEY DAN, ROBARDS KEVIN. HEALTH PROMOTING CONSTITUENTS IN PLANT DERIVED EDIBLE OILS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2002.tb00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Tanielian C, Schweitzer C, Mechin R, Wolff C. Quantum yield of singlet oxygen production by monomeric and aggregated forms of hematoporphyrin derivative. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30:208-12. [PMID: 11163538 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) is a complex mixture of monoporphyrinic compounds, including hematoporphyrin, and oligomers containing up to eight porphyrin units. In methanol a sensitizer concentration-independent quantum yield of 0.64 is measured for the HpD-induced production of singlet molecular oxygen O2 (1Delta(g)). This finding is consistent with the dye components remaining unassociated in this solvent. In water pH 7.4 HpD consists of a complex mixture of non-aggregated and self- and cross-aggregated monoporphyrinic and oligomeric species, and the quantum yield of O2 (1Delta(g)) formation decreases significantly with increasing HpD concentration due to the lower quantum yield of aggregates. These variations can be quantitatively described in terms of a monomer-dimer equilibrium, with quantum yields of 0.64 and 0.11, respectively, for monomers and dimers. The yields of unassociated species are identical in methanol and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tanielian
- Laboratoire de Photochimie, Ecole Européenne de Chimie Polymères et Matériaux de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lledias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F
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22
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Boscá F, Miranda MA, Morera IM, Samadi A. Involvement of type I and type II mechanisms in the linoleic acid peroxidation photosensitized by tiaprofenic acid. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2000; 58:1-5. [PMID: 11195846 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(00)00102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the photomixtures resulting from irradiation of aqueous solutions of linoleic acid sensitized by tiaprofenic acid (TPA) or its major photoproduct (DTPA) by HPLC has shown the formation of all the four possible conjugated dienic hydroperoxides. According to laser flash photolysis experiments the rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from linoleic acid by the excited triplet states of TPA and DTPA are 2 x 10(5) and 3.2x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. These data, together with the known rate constants for oxygen quenching of triplet (D)TPA and for the reaction of singlet oxygen with linoleic acid, show that the mechanism is mixed type I/type II. Finally, typical radical scavengers such as BHA and singlet oxygen quenchers such as DABCO and sodium azide are efficient quenchers of the triplet excited state of DTPA. This shows the risk of assigning mechanisms based on indirect 'evidences' using 'specific' additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boscá
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain
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23
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Chacón JN, Gaggini P, Sinclair RS, Smith FJ. Photo- and thermal-oxidation studies on methyl and phenyl linoleate: anti-oxidant behaviour and rates of reaction. Chem Phys Lipids 2000; 107:107-20. [PMID: 10974235 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photo-peroxidation of methyl and phenyl linoleate in methanol solutions at 25 degrees C, in the presence of methylene blue or 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-porphyrin (TPP) as sensitisers of singlet oxygen, was found to proceed at more than 30 times the rate of the same polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ester species undergoing thermal-peroxidation in the bulk phase at 50 degrees C. The addition of anti-oxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) quench the thermal-oxidation effectively but appear to only partially inhibit the photosensitized peroxidation reactions. The kinetics of the overall peroxidation reactions were followed by ultraviolet spectroscopy, measurements of hydroperoxide concentration and by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The photo-peroxidation reaction proceeds more rapidly in chloroform solution as the lifetime of singlet oxygen is shown to be over ten times longer in chloroform than methanol. The initial fast reaction kinetics of the photo-peroxidation reactions were evaluated using a pulsed laser technique to show that singlet oxygen reacts competitively with both the anti-oxidants and the polyunsaturated fatty acid ester. Second order kinetic rate constants (in the range 10(5)-10(7) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1)) were evaluated for the reactivity of singlet oxygen with a range of anti-oxidants and a singlet oxygen quencher, and the results used to explain the effect of anti-oxidants at different concentrations on the rate of the linoleate photo-peroxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Chacón
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Paisley, Renfrewshire, PA1 2BE Scotland, UK
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Stief TW. The blood fibrinolysis/deep-sea analogy: a hypothesis on the cell signals singlet oxygen/photons as natural antithrombotics. Thromb Res 2000; 99:1-20. [PMID: 10904099 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(00)00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T W Stief
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
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25
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Tanielian C, Mechin R, Seghrouchni R, Schweitzer C. Mechanistic and kinetic aspects of photosensitization in the presence of oxygen. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 71:12-9. [PMID: 10649884 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)071<0012:makaop>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Determining whether the first step of photooxygenation is Type I or Type II is a necessary prerequisite in order to establish the mechanism of photodynamic action. But this distinction is not sufficient, because other processes, both consecutive and competitive, commonly participate in the overall mechanism. Thus, in both Type I and Type II reactions, the initial products are often peroxides that can break down and induce free radical reactions. These aspects of photosensitization are discussed and illustrated by sensitizer/substrate systems involving (1) only radical reactions (decatungstate/alkane) and (2) reactions of singlet oxygen occurring in competitive and consecutive processes and possibly followed by radical reactions (methylene blue/2'-deoxyguanosine). Two other previously investigated systems involving, respectively, a Type II interaction followed by radical processes (methylene blue/alkene) and Type II reactions, some of which being competitive or consecutive (rose bengal/alkene), are briefly reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tanielian
- Laboratoire de Photochimie, Ecole Européenne de Chimie Polymères et Matériaux de Strasbourg, France.
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26
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Abstract
Activated phagocytes (especially polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs)) by respiratory oxidative/photonic burst (activation of NADPH-oxidase and myeloper-oxidase) generate large amounts of oxidants of the hypochlorite-/chloramine-type, which are physiologic sources for singlet oxygen (1O2), a nonradical-excited (photon (h nu) emitting) oxygen species [Weiss SJ, NEJM 1989;320:365-376]. In vitro experiments show that 1O2 (1) inhibits coagulation by inactivation of thrombocytes, fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII, and factor X and (2) activates fibrinolysis by inactivation of the main fibrinolysis inhibitors plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and alpha-2-antiplasmin, and by activation of single-chain urokinase by plasmin and oxidized fibrin. Additionally, this work suggests that 1O2/h nu acts antithrombotically, inducing selective thrombolysis in vivo (i.e., thrombolysis induced by 0.1 to 0.5 mmol/l chloramine within 30 to 60 minutes without changes of the plasmatic hemostasis system). 1O2 might activate flowing to (on the endothelium) rolling PMN, increasing their chance to get in contact with fibrin/platelet aggregates deposited on the endothelial layer. Via 1O2 generation, the thrombus-activated phagocytes might call for (acute, physiologic) inflammation/fibrinolysis amplification, resulting in the "moving front" of PMN, which infiltrates and destroys the thrombus. 1O2 seems to (partially) participate in the reactivity of nitric oxide, another prooxidative agent. The inhibition of physiologic amounts of 1O2 by blood cholesterol might be involved in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. Consequently, it is suggested that activated PMNs modulate hemostasis, shifting it into an antithrombotic state; this cellular part of fibrinolysis seems to be of greater physiologic importance than the plasmatic one. Impaired PMN function (e.g., as occurring in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies or under cytostatic treatments) often results in serious thrombotic complications. Light is the only signal whose origin can be immediately recognized by a fast moving cell in the (dark) blood stream. The cell signal action of 1O2/h nu (e.g., released by chloramines such as taurine-chloramine or vancomycin, by fiberoptic, by photodynamic therapy, or by so-called redox-cycling drugs such as quinones or tetracyclines) might be a new and physiologic principle for pharmacologic intervention in atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Stief
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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28
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Kelley EE, Buettner GR, Burns CP. Production of lipid-derived free radicals in L1210 murine leukemia cells is an early oxidative event in the photodynamic action of Photofrin. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65:576-80. [PMID: 9077143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photofrin photosensitization initiates a sequence of oxidative events that begins with singlet oxygen formation and ultimately leads to cell death. We hypothesize that membrane lipid-derived free radical formation is an early event in this process. In the presence of iron and ascorbate, lipid free radicals are generated during cellular photosensitization of L1210 cells as detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping techniques. Tocopherol levels decline in an inverse manner to lipid radical formation. Trypan blue dye exclusion by membranes also decreases inversely to lipid radical formation but at an initially slower rate than alpha-tocopherol depletion. Propidium iodide nuclear staining as an alternative measure of cell integrity was a later event, occurring when alpha-tocopherol levels had fallen by 90%, trypan blue survival had decreased to below 10%, and lipid radical formation was nearing plateau levels. Likewise, the formation of cellular debris did not occur substantially until alpha-tocopherol was virtually exhausted and radical intensity had nearly reached a maximum. These temporal observations suggest the following sequence of events that leads to Photofrin photosensitization-induced cytotoxicity in the presence of iron and ascorbate: (1) singlet oxygen-derived lipid hydroperoxide formation and subsequent radical production; (2) cellular alpha-tocopherol depletion; (3) trypan blue-detectable membrane leakage; (4) nuclear exposure to propidium; (5) cell disintegration. These observations are consistent with membrane lipid-derived free radical formation being an early and perhaps seminal event in photosensitization by Photofrin, which leads to a concatenated series of events terminating in cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Kelley
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
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29
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W�hrle D, Wendt A, Weitemeyer A, Stark J, Spiller W, Schneider G, M�ller S, Michelsen U, Kliesch H, Heuermann A, Ardeschirpur A. Metal chelates of porphyrin derivatives as sensitizers in photooxidation processes of sulfur compounds and in photodynamic therapy of cancer. Russ Chem Bull 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00700152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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